Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 1987. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 288-316).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, Dept. of Management and Marketing, 2009. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 191-205)

Exporting plays an imperative role in many firms growth and survival. For that reason, a profound understanding of export operations is of interest to researchers as well as practitioners. Choosing the export mode is one of the most important strategic decisions a firm makes when exporting to its foreign markets. This decision may affect the firm s resource allocations and shape the possibility of future foreign expansion, and thus has potential performance implications. This study acknowledges that export mode choices should contribute to the firm success initially and on a continuous basis. Hence, it recognises the interlinked nature of export mode operations, and, for the first time, adapts a holistic view on export operation modes. Introducing the portfolio logic, this study investigates antecedents of the export mode portfolio and its performance implications. Two different theoretical approaches of transaction cost economics (TCE) and real options (RO) were used to distinguish different possible export mode portfolios of a firm. The study model is empirically tested using data from 250 Chinese export firms. From the TCE perspective, the finding suggests that firms' levels of investment uncertainty and export marketing capability are the main drivers of an internalised export mode portfolio. From the RO theory viewpoint, on the other hand, the result indicates that firms' levels of endogenous uncertainties (i.e. cultural uncertainty and technological uncertainty) are positively related to the intensity of use of Joint-Investment export modes in the portfolio of firms. In ddition, as expected, the greater the preponderance of exogenous uncertainties (i.e. investment uncertainty and demand uncertainty) the higher the proportion of No-Investment export modes in the portfolio of the firm. Further analysis of firms' export performance reveals that firms shaping their export mode portfolios according to the predictions of real options out-perform firms that shape their export mode portfolio based on TCE considerations. More specifically, firms that reduce their endogenous uncertainty, by engaging more in Joint- Investment modes of export operation across their portfolio, benefit from higher profit performance. The new model developed in this study provides a tool that enables scholars to give better advice to exporters on how they can structure their export mode portfolio for enhanced export profit.

L’épissage alternatif et l’export nucléaire de l’ARN pré-génomique 35S du virus de la mosaïque du chou-fleur (CaMV) ont fait l’objet de peu d’études. Quatre isoformes épissées de l’ARN 35S ont déjà été décrites. Nos résultats montrent que l’épissage alternatif est plus complexe vu que plus d’une douzaine d’isoformes d’ARN 35S sont générées par ce mécanisme. Ce processus ne semble pas avoir pour fonction d’augmenter la complexité du protéome viral. Le rôle de l’épissage alternatif apparait encore difficile à appréhender puisque l’inactivation des sites d’épissage est systématiquement contrecarrée par l’utilisation de sites cryptiques. Pour maintenir l’intégrité du génome viral, des molécules d’ARN 35S préservées de l’épissage sont exportées vers le cytoplasme. L’essentiel de nos travaux sur ce sujet a porté sur le développement d’approches destinées à l’étude de la voie d’export nucléaire de l’ARN 35S, et des séquences et protéines virales potentiellement impliquées dans ce processus. / Alternative splicing and nuclear export of the pregenomic 35S RNA are two steps of the infectious cycle of Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) that are poorly understood. Four 35S RNA spliced isoforms were described in previous reports. Our results show that at least twelve spliced 35S RNA isoforms are generated upon infection. Alternative splicing is important for CaMV infectivity but apparently, it does not expand CaMV proteome. Its role is difficult to assess because inactivation of splice donor or acceptor sites is constantly rescued by the use of cryptic sites. In order to maintain CaMV genomic integrity, unspliced 35S RNA must be exported to the cytoplasm. Our work has been mainly focused on developing experimental tools dedicated to study the 35S RNA nuclear export pathway as well as viral sequences and proteins potentially involved in this process.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The current paper aims to verify the role of an export consortium in the acquisition of innovation and the resulting impacts in the export performance of those companies which integrate the cooperation net. From the appreciation of the literature concerning to this theme, three theoretical presuppositions were elaborated to be refused or corroborated after the analyses of their empiric data: companies that make part of any export consortium have satisfactory export performance ; companies that innovate technologically have satisfactory performance and the export consortium, as an administrative innovation, makes it possible the buy of new technologies to enterprises . By means of a descriptive study survey in firms belonging to different export consortiums and economy areas, it was also traced the profile of those companies as well as the main segments of products, export destinations and existing and permanence times in the network. Besides that, by using a descriptive statistics, it was delineated the performance of firms about their participation in the consortiums, the acquisition of innovation and their export performances. Also, aiming to verify if there is any correlation of export consortium, acquisition of innovation and export performance, it was carried out a Pearson s correlation coefficient analysis. Among other results, it is pointed out that: concerned to their profiles, some enterprises enter the consortium by the time they are set up, showing their desire for the international market since their very beginning. Once discussing their performances, it is highlighted that their participations in export consortiums has been of great importance in reducing costs in international fairs and, according to Pearson s correlation, there is only correlation between export consortium and the purchase of innovation, although it is a low correlation. Thus, only the presupposed export consortium as an administrative innovation makes it possible the acquisition of new technologies to companies has been corroborated. The research results showed that the consortiums should be more explored by business firms, focusing in group activities for the purchase of technological innovations and in increasing the sale volumes for the international market. / O presente estudo tem por objetivo verificar o papel do consórcio de exportação na aquisição de inovação e os impactos resultantes na performance exportadora das empresas que integram a rede de cooperação. A partir da apreciação da literatura referente ao tema, foram elaboradas três hipóteses a serem refutadas ou corroboradas após as análises dos dados empíricos: empresas que integram algum consórcio de exportação têm performance exportadora satisfatória ; empresas que inovam tecnologicamente têm performance satisfatória e o consórcio de exportação, como inovação administrativa, viabiliza a aquisição de inovações tecnológicas às empresas . Por meio de estudo descritivo com pesquisa survey em firmas pertencentes a diferentes consórcios de exportação e setores da economia, foi também traçado o perfil das empresas quanto aos principais segmentos de produtos, destinos de exportação, tempo de existência e permanência na rede. Além disso, utilizando-se a estatística descritiva, foi delineada a atuação das firmas quanto a participação no consórcio de exportação, aquisição de inovações e performance exportadora. Também, visando verificar se há correlação entre consórcio de exportação, aquisição de inovações e performance exportadora, realizou-se análise do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Dentre outros resultados, destaca-se que: quanto ao perfil, algumas empresas ingressam no consórcio no momento da sua criação, mostrando desejo pelo comércio internacional desde o princípio; com referência à atuação, sobressai-se que a participação no consórcio de exportação teve grande importância na redução dos custos em feiras internacionais e, de acordo com a correlação de Pearson, apenas há correlação, ainda que baixa, entre consórcio de exportação e aquisição de inovações tecnológicas, de forma que apenas a hipótese o consórcio de exportação, como inovação administrativa, viabiliza a aquisição de inovações tecnológicas às empresas foi corroborado. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que os consórcios de exportação deveriam ser mais bem explorados pelas empresas, focando em atividades conjuntas para aquisição de inovações tecnológicas e na ampliação do volume de vendas para o mercado internacional.

La plus grande famille de récepteurs membranaires est constituée par des récepteurs à sept domaines transmembranaires couplés aux protéines G (RCPG). Ces récepteurs sont impliqués dans un grand nombre de réponses cellulaires physiologiques et pathologiques et représentent la ciblé de une grande majorité des produits thérapeutiques. La fonction d’un récepteur est déterminée par la quantité de récepteur fonctionnel à la surface cellulaire, qui dépend de différents paramètres comme le niveau de biosynthèse, l’export vers la surface cellulaire à partir de stocks intracellulaires, l’endocytose et les modifications post-transcriptionelles (ex. phosphorylation). Le nouveau concept d’export régulé pour les RCPG présent l’importance physiologique de la rétention de récepteurs, leur relargage, leur interaction avec les partenaires chaperonnes et les escortes. Les études présentées ici concernent les mécanismes d’export régulé de deux RCPG, le récepteur métabotropique de l’acide γ-amino butyrique (GABAB) et le récepteur de chimiokines CC 5 (CCR5). GABAB est un récepteur constitué de deux sous-unités GB1 et GB2 et CCR5 est probablement un homo-dimer. GB1 ainsi que CCR sont retenus dans des compartiments intracellulaire (RE et appareil Golgi) d’où ils sont relâchés en réponse à un signal extern (CCR5) ou/et en interagissant avec protéines d’escorte (comme CD4 pour CCR5 et GB2 pour GB1). L’objectif de ces études était de comprendre le mécanisme de rétention de ces récepteurs et leur régulation. Dans ce contexte, nous avons déterminé en utilisant des approches biophysiques et biochimiques que ces récepteurs interagissent de façon spécifique avec les membres de Prenylated Rab Acceptors Family (PRAF). Ces protéines sont résidentes dans le RE (PRAF2 et PRAF3) et dans le appareil Golgi (PRAF1) où elles fonctionnent comme de gatekeepers pour les récepteurs. Nous avons pu démontrer que PRAF2 interagie de manière spécifique avec des motifs de rétention connus pour leur implication dans la rétention de récepteurs. Cette interaction détermine une rétention au niveau de RE donc régule de façon négatif l’export vers la membrane cellulaire. Dans le cas de récepteur GABAB, l’interaction de GB2 avec GB1 permet la libération de GB1 de sa rétention par PRAF2 par simple compétition. La modification de l’équilibre stoichiométrique entre les gatekeepers PRAF et les protéines d’escorte pour les récepteurs induit des modifications de la fonction du récepteur in vitro et in vivo. Les PRAFs sont ubiquitaires et peuvent interagir avec plusieurs RCPG représentant dans ce cas des régulateurs majors de la fonction de RCPG dans des conditions physiologiques et pathologiques. / The largest family of membrane receptors is constituted by conserved seven-membrane domain spanning receptors, the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). They are involved in numerous cell responses and diseases thus being a major drug target. Receptor function is determined by the amount of active receptors at the cell surface, which depends on various parameters, such as the biosynthetic rate, the export to the cell surface from internal stores, the endocytosis and post-transcriptional modifications (i.e. phosphorylation). Only recently, the importance of the regulated export has emerged, shedding new light on the physiological role of receptor retention, release, chaperoning and escorting. This work concerns the regulated export mechanisms of two members of the GPCRs family, the chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and the metabotropic receptor of the g amino butyric acid (GABAB). Whereas CCR5 is likely a homo-dimer of 2 identical protomers, GABAB is an obligatory hetero-dimer of 2 distinct subunit known as GB1 and GB2. Both CCR5 and GB1 are retained in intracellular compartments (the ER and the Golgi) from which they are released in response to external signals (CCR5) and/or interaction with “private escort proteins” (CD4 for CCR5 and GB2 for GB1). The main goal of our work was to understand the mechanism of retention of these receptors and its regulation. In this context, we determined using biochemical and biophysical approaches that these GPCRs specifically interact with the members of the Prenylated Rab Acceptor Family (PRAF). These proteins are resident either in the ER (PRAF2 and PRAF3) or in the Golgi apparatus (PRAF1) where they function as receptor gatekeepers. Indeed, we could document for PRAF2 that this protein likely interacts directly with previously identified receptor retention motifs and inhibits receptor egress from the ER and subsequent trafficking to the plasma membrane. In the context of the GABAB receptor, PRAF2-dependent retention of GB1 can be overridden by GB2 via simple competition. Perturbing the stoichiometry of PRAF gatekeepers respective to that of receptors significantly perturbs receptor function both in vitro and in vivo. Because PRAFs are ubiquitous and seem to interact with many other GPCRs, they might represent major regulators of receptor function both in physiological and pathological conditions.

As empresas de pequeno e médio portes (PME´s) têm procurado estabelecer várias formas de cooperação atualmente, objetivando se manterem competitivas num mercado cada vez mais globalizado. As redes de empresas representam um tipo de cooperação bastante funcional para PME´s. As redes assumem várias formas, dentre elas: os consórcios de exportação, os arranjos produtivos locais ou clusters industriais, as cooperativas, os aglomerados, as organizações virtuais. O consórcio de exportação, que é a união de empresas de pequeno e médio porte do mesmo segmento produtivo e/ou complementares para juntas exportarem seus produtos, pode ser apontado como uma importante estratégia para a inserção daquelas empresas no mercado internacional. A sinergia obtida proporciona as seguintes vantagens para as empresas participantes: redução de custos gerais de exportação (em especial a promoção), minimização do risco de exportar individualmente, aumento de competitividade das empresas, efeito motivador sobre os participantes, maior segurança na penetração e diversificação de mercados, alavancagem das vendas externas, possibilidade de exportar com marca própria, maior poder político em negociações com entidades de apoio ao comércio exterior, entre outras. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, realizou-se o levantamento bibliográfico sobre Redes de Cooperação de Empresas, Estratégia de Entrada em Mercados Internacionais e Consórcios de Exportação. O objetivo geral desse trabalho é descrever o processo de inserção das pequenas e médias empresas no mercado internacional via consórcios de exportação, discutindo o papel dessa forma de organização em redes. Como objetivos específicos, têm-se: - Identificar as motivações das PME´s para a formação de consórcios (redes de cooperação de empresas); - Identificar características de estrutura e funcionamento de consórcios de exportação no Brasil; - Verificar o desempenho exportador de consórcios de exportação no Brasil. Utilizou-se o método de estudo de caso (YIN, 2001) para se analisar: o consórcio Brazilian Health Products (BHP), do setor Médico-Odontológico-Hospitalar, estabelecido em Ribeirão Preto ? S.P., o consórcio Components & Machinery by Brasil, do setor de Componentes para Calçados, estabelecido e em atividade em Franca ? SP e o Projeto Setorial Integrado (PSI), originado a partir de um consórcio, Wines from Brazil, do setor Vinícola, estabelecido em Bento Gonçalves - RS. Entrevistas em profundidade semi-estruturadas e análise documental foram conduzidas como parte do processo de elaboração dos estudos de caso. Entrevistas complementares foram conduzidas na APEX-Brasil, com o intuito de obter informações complementares sobre consórcios de exportação no Brasil. Como alguns dos resultados obtidos, têm-se: os consórcios constituem uma importante estratégia na inserção de pequenas e médias empresas no mercado internacional; o aporte financeiro concedido pela APEX-Brasil é fundamental para o funcionamento do consórcio; os consórcios estudados obtiveram um bom desempenho exportador durante suas atividades; o governo brasileiro (APEX-Brasil) tem direcionado sua estratégia de exportação dos consórcios para os Projetos Setoriais Integrados. / Nowadays, small industries have chosen to establish different ways to cooperate, intending to keep themselves competitive face to a globalized market. The inter-organizational networks represent a strategy of cooperation very efficient for industries. The networks can adopt different types: the export consortia, the industrial clusters, the cooperatives, the agglomerates, the virtual organizations. The export consortium, which is the union of small industries of the same industry and/ or complementary intending to export together their products, can be pointed out as an important strategy to insert those industries in the international market. The synergy obtained offers the following advantages for the participant industries: export costs reduction, minimization of the risk to export individually, increasing of industries competitiveness, motivating effect among participants, safety to penetrate and diversify markets, to boost international sales, possibility to export with its own brand, political power to deal with entities related to international business, among others. To develop this research, a bibliographic review was performed about Inter-organizational Networks, Modes of Foreign Entry and Export Consortia. The general goal of this research is to describe the insertion processes of small and medium industries (SMI) in the international market through export consortia, discussing the role of this kind of networks. The specific goals are: - To identify the SMI´s motivations to the consortia formation (inter-organizational networks); - To identify characteristics of structure and operationalization of export consortia in Brazil; - To verify the exporter performance of export consortia in Brasil.The case study method was used (YIN, 2001) to analyse: the consortium Brazilian Health Products (BHP) ? Medical-Odontological industry, established in Ribeirão Preto ? S.P., the consortium Components & Machinery by Brasil ? Components for Leather Shoes industry, established and operating in Franca ? S.P. and the Integrated Sectorial Project (ISP) which originated from a consortium, Wines from Brazil ? Wine industry, established in Bento Gonçalves - RS. Semi-structured interviews and documental analysis were conducted as part of the process to elaborate the study cases. Complementary interviews were conductcted at APEX-Brasil, aiming to get further information about export consortia in Brasil. As some results, we can mention: - the export consortia are an important strategy to insert small and medium industries in the international market; - the financial add offered by APEX-Brasil is fundamental to the consortia development; - the consortia studied have a very good export performance; - the Brazilian Government (APEX-Brasil) has been redirecting its export promotion strategy from export consortia to the ISP.

Diploma thesis focuses on an issue regarding the state interventions into market economy and provides the explanation, how does different economic ideas approach this issue and whether they support or deny the state interventions. It focuses in detail on support that is provided towards exporting companies. Czech Republic has two export credit agencies, firstly Export Guarantee and Insurance Corporation (EGAP) and secondly Czech Export Bank (CEB). This diploma thesis analyses only EGAP´s structure and quantifies the impact of its existence on Czech economy. In a first part we analyze historical evolution of ideologies that deals with state interventions and market failures in connection with support for exporters. It continues by description how international institutions like WTO or OECD work. Rules for export credit agencies, which summarize Consensus OECD, are closely analyzed. From this point forward the practical part begins to focus on EGAP´s structure. Firstly we describe the mechanism of support through the specific insurance products for exporters, following by analysis of uncommon structure of premium rate. The diploma thesis presents EGAP´s different approach in areas of regulation, structure of shareholders and uncommon risks insuring from regular commercial insurance company. In the last part we describe the procedure of evaluating the output of EGAP´s support for its whole existence. The analysis measures the profits and losses in related areas that were supported by EGAP´s insurance products. Mainly these areas are following: Accumulated loss of EGAP, The amount of profit amongst supported exporters, The amount of profit amongst financing banks and in the end the analysis of the positive impact on the unemployment in Czech Republic. The result should show, how convenient is for government to possess such an institution, especially nowadays when all developed countries do own similar institutions.

La biosphère océanique module la concentration de CO2 atmosphérique via la pompe biologique (transfert vertical de carbone organique particulaire - POC - de l'océan de surface vers le fond) et la contre-pompe des carbonates (émission de CO2 lors de la précipitation du carbone inorganique particulaire - PIC). Cette thèse a pour but (1) d'identifier la contribution de différents groupes planctoniques à l'export de POC et PIC à échelle annuelle dans des zones de production contrastée de l'océan Austral et (2) de comprendre comment cette diversité influence la stœchiométrie et la labilité du matériel exporté.Des déploiements de pièges à particules à proximité les iles Kerguelen et de la Géorgie du Sud montrent que la fertilisation naturelle en fer augmente l'intensité mais pas l'efficacité de l'export de POC. Les spores de résistance de diatomées pilotent une fraction importante (40-60 %) de l'export annuel de POC dans chacun des sites productifs. L'analyse taxonomique des diatomées mène à l'identification de groupes consistants qui impactent la séquestration préférentielle du C ou du Si. Lors d'une campagne estivale, nous associons l'abondance relative de diatomées et dinoflagellés à la stœchiométrie N:P de la matière organique et soulignons l'importance des couches de transition pour le découplage des cycles du C et Si. L'étude de la composition en lipides du matériel exporté nous permet d'identifier les spores de diatomées comme des vecteurs de matière organique contenant des acides gras riches en énergie. A Kerguelen, la faible contre-pompe des carbonates est due à dominance des coccolithophoridés dans l'export de PIC au Sud du Front Polaire. / Marine biosphere impacts the atmospheric CO2 concentration by two main processes: the biological pump (vertical transfer of particulate organic carbon - POC - from the surface to the deep ocean) and the carbonate counter pump (CO2 emission during particulate inorganic - PIC - precipitation). The objectives of this PhD are (1) to identify the relative contribution of different plankton groups to POC and PIC export at annual scale in regions of contrasted productivity in the Southern Ocean and (2) to understand how this diversity impacts the elemental stoichiometry and lability of the exported material.Annual sediment trap deployments in the vicinity of the Kerguelen and South Georgia island plateaus have demonstrated that natural iron fertilisation increases the intensity but not the efficiency of export. Diatom resting spore formation drives an important fraction (40-60 %) of the annual carbon export in the productive sites. The taxonomic analyses of exported diatoms lead to the identification of consistent groups that impact the preferential export of C or Si. During a summer cruise, we associate the relative abundance of diatoms and dinoflagellates to the N:P stoichiometry of particulate organic matter and highlight the importance of transition layers for C and Si uncoupling. The study of the lipid composition of export leads to the identification of diatom resting spore as preferential vectors for the export energy-rich fatty acids. At Kerguelen, the low carbonate counter-pump is due to the dominance of coccolithophores contribution to PIC export south of the Polar Front.

Les cellules eucaryotes ont évolué de façon à s'assurer qu'aucun ARNm contenant des introns ne soit exporté du noyau. Néanmoins, les rétrovirus ont besoin d'exporter leur ARN non-épissé vers le cytoplasme afin de servir de matrice pour la traduction des protéines virales, ou d'être encapsidé comme ARN génomique dans les néo-virions. Différentes stratégies ont alors été mises en place par ces virus dans le but de détourner les voies d'export nucléaire cellulaires pour mener à bien l'export de leur ARN non-épissé. Le virus de la leucémie murine (MLV), l'un des premier rétrovirus de mammifère découvert, possède un génome qui, à l'inverse d'autres rétrovirus ne permet pas de coder pour des protéines accessoires pouvant aider à l'export de son ARN non-épissé. Bien que différentes séquences cis-régulatrices présentes sur l'ARN non-épissé ont été montrées comme favorisant l'export nucléaire de cet ARN, la/(les) voie(s) d'export détournée(s) par le MLV reste(nt) jusqu'alors inconnue(s).Dans les travaux présentés ici nous démontrons que le virus du MLV est capable de détourner la voie d'export cellulaire Tap pour exporter ses ARN épissé et non-épissé du noyau. Cet export permet notamment au virus d'exprimer ses protéines structurales et enzymatiques. De plus, nos résultats suggèrent également que l'export de l'ARN non-épissé du MLV est aussi possible par la voie d'export cellulaire CRM1, afin de favoriser leur encapsidation. En résumé, nos données révèlent un mode de régulation complexe, mis en place par le MLV, afin d'exporter l'ARN non-épissé et ainsi de distinguer sa destinée. / Eukaryotic cells have evolved to ensure that intron-containing mRNA do not leave the nucleus. However, retroviruses must export their intron-containing RNA in the cytoplasm to be either translated in viral proteins or packaged as genomic RNA in progeny viruses. Then, retroviruses are using different mechanisms in order to hijack cellular nuclear export pathway to export their unspliced RNA. Murine leukemia virus (MLV) is a simple retrovirus, one of the first discovered, which do not have the possibility to encode accessory proteins to help its unspliced RNA export. Although several cis-elements of the MLV unspliced RNA have been identified to regulate the cytoplasmic accumulation of this RNA, the pathway(s) hijacked by the MLV is(are) unrevealed until today. The researches present in this manuscript show that the MLV is able to hijack the cellular export pathway Tap dependant to export its spiced and unspliced RNA from the nucleus. This export leads to the expression of structural and enzymatic viral proteins. Moreover, our results suggest that the MLV can also hijack the cellular export factor CRM1 to export its unspliced RNA in order to package them. Finally, our data reveal the existence of a complex regulation mechanism use by the MLV to export and distinguish unspliced RNA regarding their destiny.