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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Multiple sclerosis in Västerbotten county, northern Sweden

Sundström, Peter January 2003 (has links)
One out of several distinguishing features of multiple sclerosis (MS) is the epidemiological variation of geographic distribution. Population-based studies on the prevalence and incidence of MS in Sweden have previously been performed only in Göteborg. Another feature of MS is the clinical variation between individuals. To a large extent data on the clinical characteristics of MS come from studies on cases frequenting MS clinics and therefore, may be biased. Also rare are population-based studies of the consequences of MS-related incapacity on socio­economic factors. As for MS aetiology, both environment and genes are involved. Human herpesviruses are often the main suspected environmental aetiological agents. Our aim was to estimate the prevalence of MS in Västerbotten County for 1 January 1990, the incidence during a 10-year period 1988-97, and the prevalence 31 December 1997; and also to present detailed clinical data including onset symptoms and the disability distribution for the latter two MS populations. Furthermore, we wanted to estimate the prevalence of sick leave, professional assistance, and housing; and also, to study the risk factors for sick leave. In order to investigate the association between MS and human herpesviruses, samples were identified in two regional population-based serumbank registers. This linkage identified samples collected from before MS-onset in 73 MS cases and after MS onset in 161 cases The prevalence and incidence populations were identified through multiple sources. Diagnostic ascertainment, the reliability of clinical data, and additional information were assured from a questionnaire with follow-up interview and neurological examination. The onset adjusted crude prevalence of MS was 125/100,000 (95% CI: 112-140) in January 1990, and 154/100,000 (95% Cl: 139-170) in December 1997. The increase was mainly attributable to a higher incidence than mortality. The crude incidence rate 1988-97 was 5.2/100,000 (95% CI: 4.4-6.2). The disability distribution in the 1997 prevalence population in Västerbotten was compared to the disability distribution in a Canadian MS population, which has been used for publications on the natural history of MS. One difference from the Canadian studies appears to be the better recognition of cases with more benign disease. Nevertheless almost half of prevalent MS cases aged 18-64 years were fully sick-listed, and one-fourth of all prevalent cases received professional assistance. High disability level was the strongest predictor for sick leave. All MS cases showed signs of past Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. High activity to EBV (EBNA-1 but not VCA) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) significantly (borderline significance for HHV-6) increased the risk to develop MS. These estimates show that Västerbotten County is a high risk area for MS. Both incidence and prevalence were significantly higher when compared to estimates from Göteborg. The comparison with the Canadian MS population shows that MS might be a slightly more benign disease than previously recognized. Still, the consequences of MS regarding socio-economic aspects are considerable. We suggest that EBV is a prerequisite for the development of MS. Individuals that will develop MS exhibit an altered immune response against the EBV virus characterised by high activities to EBNA-1 in the absence of high VCA activities, this being most pronounced in the five-year period preceding MS onset. A pathogenetic role is suggested for EBV and remains possible also for HHV-6. / digitalisering@umu
12

Association entre l'utilisation de la prophylaxie antivirale et la virémie du cytomégalovirus et du virus Epstein-Barr chez les receveurs pédiatriques d'une greffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques allogéniques

Diop, Ndeye Soukeyna 08 1900 (has links)
Les infections virales en particulier celles dues aux virus de la famille des Herpesviridae pendant la période d’aplasie et de lymphopénie à la suite d’une greffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques (GCSH) peuvent occasionner des complications très graves, souvent associées à une morbidité et mortalité élevées. Les recommandations cliniques actuelles préconisent l’utilisation des antiviraux pour la prévention de certaines de ces infections. L’efficacité du famciclovir et de l’acyclovir contre les virus de l’herpès simplex (HSV), le virus varicella-zoster (VZV) et l’herpésvirus humain de type 6 (HHV-6) est bien reconnue, cependant il nous manque des données quant à leur effet contre le virus Epstein-Barr (EBV) et le cytomégalovirus (CMV) dans la population pédiatrique. L’objectif principal de ce projet de maitrise a été de mesurer l’incidence de l’infection aux virus HSV, VZV, EBV, CMV et HHV-6 et de mesurer l’association entre l’utilisation de la prophylaxie antivirale (acyclovir et famciclovir) et l’infection (virémie asymptomatique et maladie) avec le CMV et l’EBV dans une cohorte pédiatrique de GCSH allogéniques. Les données d'une cohorte de sujets ayant subis pour la première fois une GCSH enrôlés dans quatre centres de greffes pédiatriques au Canada entre juillet 2013 et mars 2017 (Étude TREASuRE) ont été utilisées. Le recrutement a été effectué au : CHU Sainte-Justine (Montréal) (n=86), British Columbia Children’s Hospital (Vancouver) (n=31), Winnipeg Children's Hospital and CancerCare Manitoba (n=28) et Alberta Children’s Hospital (n=11). Le suivi des patients avait débuté 1 mois avant la greffe et avait duré 13 mois. L’âge médian des patients au recrutement était de 6,3 ans. Les courbes de Kaplan-Meier ont permis d’estimer l'incidence cumulée des infections CMV et EBV avec intervalle de confiance (IC) à 95% à 100 jours post-greffe en fonction de la prophylaxie antivirale (acyclovir ou famciclovir). Les modèles multivariés de régression de Cox à risques proportionnels ont permis de mesurer l'association entre la prise d’antiviraux (acyclovir ou famciclovir) et le développement de ces infections. L’étude a inclus 156 sujets âgés de 0 à 21 ans. Les incidences cumulées de la virémie des virus de HSV, VZV, EBV, CMV et HHV-6 à 100 jours de suivi ont été respectivement de 2.5% (IC 95% : 0.8–7.6), 0.8% (IC 95% : 0.1–6.1), 34.5% (IC 95% : 27.6–42.6), 19.9% (IC 95% : 14.5-27.1) et 3.4% (IC 95% : 1.2–9.1). Les incidences cumulées pour CMV et EBV n’ont pas montré de différence statistiquement significative entre les groupes ayant reçu la prophylaxie antivirale (acyclovir ou famciclovir) et ceux qui ne l’ont pas reçu. Les analyses de Cox n’ont montré aucun effet significatif des antiviraux sur le CMV avec un HR ajusté de 0.55 (IC 95% : 0.24–1.26) pour l’acyclovir et de 0.82 (IC 95% : 0.30–2.29) pour le famciclovir. Il en était de même pour l’EBV avec un HR ajusté de 1.41 (IC 95% : 0.63–3.14) pour l’acyclovir et de 0.79 (IC 95% : 0.36–1.72) pour le famciclovir. Notre étude n’a montré aucune preuve d’effet de la prophylaxie antivirale avec le famciclovir et l’acyclovir contre l’EBV et le CMV. Très peu de cas de HSV et de VZV ont été diagnostiqués dans cette cohorte ce qui est conforme avec l’idée selon laquelle l’acyclovir et le famciclovir sont efficaces pour ces virus. / Viral infections, especially those involving members of the Herpesviridae during the period of aplasia and lymphopenia following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), cause very serious complications, often associated with high morbidity and mortality. Current clinical guidelines recommend prophylactic use of antivirals, which has proven to be effective against certain viruses. The efficacy of famciclovir and acyclovir against herpes simplex viruses (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV) and human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) is well-recognized, however, we lack data on their effects against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the pediatric population. The main objective of this master's project was to measure the incidence of herpes virus infection, specifically by HSV, VZV, EBV, CMV and HHV-6, and to measure the association between the use of antiviral prophylaxis (acyclovir and famciclovir) and infection (including both asymptomatic viremia and disease) by CMV and EBV in a pediatric cohort of allogeneic HSCT. We used data from the TREASuRE cohort, which includes patients enrolled for a first allogeneic HSCT in four pediatric centers in Canada between July 2013 and March 2017. Recruitment was carried out at: CHU Sainte-Justine (Montreal) (n = 86), British Columbia Children's Hospital (Vancouver) (n = 31), Winnipeg Children's Hospital and CancerCare Manitoba (n = 28) and Alberta Children's Hospital (n = 11). Patient follow-up began 1 month before transplant and lasted 13 months. Median patient age at recruitment was 6.3 years. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate the cumulative incidence of CMV and EBV infections with 95% confidence interval (CI) at 100 days post-transplant according to antiviral prophylaxis (acyclovir or famciclovir). Multivariate proportional hazards Cox regression models were used to measure the association between antiviral use (acyclovir or famciclovir) and the detection of these infections. The study included 156 subjects aged 0 to 21 years. The cumulative incidences of viremia due to HSV, VZV, EBV, CMV and HHV-6 at day 100 of follow-up were respectively 2.5% (CI 95%: 0.8–7.6), 0.8% (CI 95%: 0.1-6.1), 34.5% (CI 95%: 27.6-42.6), 19.9% (CI 95%: 14.5-27.1) and 3.4% (95% CI: 1.2-9.1). The cumulative incidences for CMV and EBV did not show a statistically significant difference between the groups who received antiviral prophylaxis (acyclovir or famciclovir) and those who did not. Cox analyses showed no significant effect of antivirals on CMV with an adjusted HR of 0.55 (95% CI: 0.24–1.26) for acyclovir and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.30–2.29) for famciclovir. The same was true for EBV with an adjusted HR of 1.41 (95% CI: 0.63–3.14) for acyclovir and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.36–1.72) for famciclovir. Our study showed no evidence of an effect with use of famciclovir or acyclovir prophylaxis on EBV and CMV infections. Very few cases of HSV and VZV infections were diagnosed in this cohort, which is consistent with the idea that acyclovir and famciclovir are effective against the latter viruses.

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