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L'intérêt du programme de dépistage du cancer du sein par mammographie résulte de la balance entre la réduction de la mortalité et les effets indésirables du programme. L'objectif de ce travail était d'évaluer trois aspects du programme de dépistage dans le département de l'Isère. Nous avons utilisé une méthode Approximate Bayesian Computation pour estimer le surdiagnostic lié au dépistage par mammographie de cancers non évolutifs. Ils représentaient respectivement 1,5% (IC95% : 0,3% – 2,9%) et 28,0% (IC95% : 2,2% – 59,8%) des cancers invasifs et in situ diagnostiqués. Nous avons réalisé une revue de la littérature des méthodes d'estimation du surdiagnostic et montré sur des données simulées que les méthodes basées sur les taux d'incidence annuels étaient les moins sensibles aux biais. Par ailleurs, l'incidence des cancers de l'intervalle était inférieure lorsque les mammographies étaient réalisées avec deux clichés par sein au lieu d'un seul, aussi bien à 12 que à 24 mois. Enfin, l'exclusion du diagnostic de cancer après la réalisation d'une imagerie supplémentaire, d'une biopsie ou un suivi radiologique diminuait la participation lors de la prochaine invitation au dépistage organisé. En conclusion, l'intérêt du programme de dépistage du cancer du sein par mammographie n'est pas remis en cause avec 1,4 décès évité pour un cancer surdiagnostiqué (in situ ou invasif). / The public health interest of the breast cancer screening program depends on a balance between the reduction of mortality and the side effects of the program. The goal of our work was to evaluate three particular issues of the screening program in Isère, France. We used an Approximate Bayesian Computation method to estimate overdiagnosis resulting from the detection of non progressive breast cancer. Our estimates were 1.5% (95%CI : 0.3% – 2.9%) et 28.0% (95%CI : 2.2% – 59.8%) respectively for invasive and in situ cancers. We realized a review of the methods used to estimate overdiagnosis and we found on simulated data that annual incidence methods were the least influenced by biases. In addition, the incidence of 12 months or 24 months interval cancers was lower with 2-view than with 1-view mammographies. Finally, excluding breast cancer after additional imaging evaluation, clinical and radiological follow-up, or surgical biopsy motivated by abnormal findings on index mammograms results in uniformly decreased subsequent attendance in the routine screening program. To conclude, the interest of the breast cancer screening program was not modified by our results with 1.4 life saved for one overdiagnosed breast cancer (in situ and invasive).

The repetitive ballistic movements in highland dancing, which occur at more than 100 beats/min while the dancers try to reach a maximal vertical height with each jump, could possibly develop chronic injuries similar to ballet and aerobic dance. This study aimed to determine the following: number of injuries/dancer, number of injuries/100 hours of training, the number of chronic injuries compared to acute, anatomical location of the injuries and possible predictors for sustaining an injury in highland dancers. The 76 participants, aged 7 through 22, were from two Saskatoon Dance Schools. The information was collected by retrospective and prospective questionnaires and data analyzed using a Chi-square, analysis of variance and a binary logistic regression. The six-month retrospective survey found a total of 6 dance-related injuries compared to the 42 dance-related injuries in the four-month prospective questionnaire. When analyzing only the injured dancers the CHD (competitive) had 1.62 injuries/dancer, RHD (recreational) had 1.86 injuries/dancer and the Control group (non-highland dancers) had 2.0 injuries/dancer. Significant differences were not found for the number of injuries sustained in these three dance groups (X2 = 0.72, p<0.70). The injury rate per 100 hours of training for only the injured dancers in each group was as follows; CHD 2.59 injuries/100 hours, RHD 4.51 injuries/100 hours and the Control group 4.97 injuries/100 hours. The majority of the chronic versus acute injuries were sustained by the CHD (9 chronic, 8 acute), however they were not statistically different from the RHD (4 chronic, 7 acute) (X2 = 0.738, p<0.05). Most of the injuries occurred to the lower leg, with the knee, shins/calf, ankles and the feet as the major sites. Significant differences were found for these four lower leg sites versus the rest of the body (X2 = 11.20, p<0.05). There were also no differences for the number of lower leg injuries between the CHD and RHD (X2 = 4.605, p<0.05). The three variables associated with an increased risk for sustaining an injury were age, having a previous injury and the onset of menarche.

The repetitive ballistic movements in highland dancing, which occur at more than 100 beats/min while the dancers try to reach a maximal vertical height with each jump, could possibly develop chronic injuries similar to ballet and aerobic dance. This study aimed to determine the following: number of injuries/dancer, number of injuries/100 hours of training, the number of chronic injuries compared to acute, anatomical location of the injuries and possible predictors for sustaining an injury in highland dancers. The 76 participants, aged 7 through 22, were from two Saskatoon Dance Schools. The information was collected by retrospective and prospective questionnaires and data analyzed using a Chi-square, analysis of variance and a binary logistic regression. The six-month retrospective survey found a total of 6 dance-related injuries compared to the 42 dance-related injuries in the four-month prospective questionnaire. When analyzing only the injured dancers the CHD (competitive) had 1.62 injuries/dancer, RHD (recreational) had 1.86 injuries/dancer and the Control group (non-highland dancers) had 2.0 injuries/dancer. Significant differences were not found for the number of injuries sustained in these three dance groups (X2 = 0.72, p<0.70). The injury rate per 100 hours of training for only the injured dancers in each group was as follows; CHD 2.59 injuries/100 hours, RHD 4.51 injuries/100 hours and the Control group 4.97 injuries/100 hours. The majority of the chronic versus acute injuries were sustained by the CHD (9 chronic, 8 acute), however they were not statistically different from the RHD (4 chronic, 7 acute) (X2 = 0.738, p<0.05). Most of the injuries occurred to the lower leg, with the knee, shins/calf, ankles and the feet as the major sites. Significant differences were found for these four lower leg sites versus the rest of the body (X2 = 11.20, p<0.05). There were also no differences for the number of lower leg injuries between the CHD and RHD (X2 = 4.605, p<0.05). The three variables associated with an increased risk for sustaining an injury were age, having a previous injury and the onset of menarche.

A point-weighted structure is an incidence structure with each point assigned an element of some set W C Z+ as a 'weight'. A point-weighted structure with no repeated blocks and the property that the sum of the weights of the points incident with anyone block is a constant k is called a point-weighted design. A t - (v, k, Aj W) point-weighted design is such a structure with the sum of the weights of all the points equal to v and the property that every set of t distinct points is incident with exactly A blocks. This thesis introduces and examines this generalisation of block designs. The first chapter introduces incidence structures and designs. Chapter 2 introduces and defines point-weighted designs. Three constructions of families of t - (v, k, Aj W) point-weighted designs are given. Associated with any point-weighted design is the incidence structure on which it is based - the 'underlying' incidence structure (u.i.s.). It is shown in Chapter 3 that any automorphism of the u.i.s. of a t - (v, k, Aj W) point-weighted design with more than one block and t > 1 preserves weights in the point-weighted design. The u.i.s. of such a point-weighted design is shown to be a block design if and only if every point is assigned the same weight. A necessary and sufficient condition is obtained for the assignment of weights in any point-weighted design to be essentially uniquely determined by the u.i.s. Chapter 4 considers t-{v, k, Aj W) point-weighted designs in which all of the points apart from a 'special' point have the same weight. It is shown that when v > k the weight of the special point is an integer multiple of the weight assigned to all the other points. A class of these point-weighted designs is demonstrated to be equivalent to a class of group-divisible designs with specific parameters. The final chapter uses the procedure of point-complementing incidence structures to construct point-weighted designs. Trivial point-weighted designs are defined and a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a member of a certain class of these is obtained. A correspondence between this class of point-weighted designs and certain trivial block designs is given using point-complementing.

Rugby league is an international collision sport. Players complete physically demanding activities such as running, tackling and passing which often result in musculoskeletal injuries. Injury rates increase as playing level increases. From 1999 to 2007 there were 42,754 rugby league claims costing Accident Compensation Corporation $48,704,704. Moderate to severe injury claims (MSC) represented 14% of these claims but 88% of costs. New Zealand Maori recorded significantly more injury claims and total injury entitlement costs than all other ethnic groups. Soft tissue MSC injuries were common (47%) for females. Concussions accounted for 70% of total rugby league injuries to the head while the knee represented 23% of total injury claims and 20% of injury costs. Neck and spine injuries accounted for 6% of total MSC injury claims but 16% of total MSC costs. In video analysis of 80 games at international, national and youth competition levels, 50% of tackles involved tacklers from behind the visual fields of the ball carrier, either two or three tacklers, and contact with the mid-torso or hip-thigh region. From the prospective injury analysis of one professional team over two consecutive years, tackle-related injuries occurred more to the ball carrier when tackled at shoulder or mid-torso height, in their blind vision, with two or more tacklers, and in the fourth quarter of matches. Tackle-related injury type and site varied by positional group. Hit-up forwards and outside backs recorded more tackle-related injuries as the ball carrier than the tackler. In the prospective study of 63 amateur rugby league players, 80% of players injured as a result of match or training activities saw a health professional as part of their rehabilitation. Team coaches asked players to return to rugby league activities in 28% of cases for training participation and 29% of cases for match participation. In the cross sectional study assessing 95 rugby league support personnel's first aid, injury prevention and concussion knowledge, only 2% achieved an 80% pass mark, 39% incorrectly stated loss of consciousness was required for concussion and only 24% of coaches had a rugby league coaching qualification. This PhD research has contributed knowledge regarding costs and characteristics of injuries to amateur rugby league participants analysed by ethnicity, gender, injury site and injury type. Changes in anthropometric characteristics and speed in regards to incidence of injury, characteristics of tackles in match situations and common tackling positions and positional groups where injuries occur, player perspectives on why they return from injury to participation in rugby league, and the lack of first aid knowledge for rugby league personnel, have all been described.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1927. / Typescript. With this is bound: Tax burdens compared, farm - city - village, [by] B.H. Hibbard and B.W. Allin, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Bulletin 393, March 1927 (26 p.).