O presente trabalho busca analisar a aplicação da Transferência de Potencial Construtivo (TPC), no âmbito da Operação Urbana Centro, na área central de São Paulo. Através de uma perspectiva histórica, onde se estuda a formulação da política de preservação brasileira, observando seu caráter distanciado das questões econômicas, de um pensamento prospectivo no que se refere a gestão dos bens protegidos e, ainda, se utilizando da história para embasar a concepção do Solo Criado; procuramos analisar o funcionamento de dois instrumentos internacionais cujos modelos serviram de base para a formatação do nosso objeto de estudo. Em funcionamento há vinte anos, o referido mecanismo é o único instrumento urbanístico que visa promover a conservação do patrimônio cultural edificado por intermédio da concessão de contrapartida financeira, paga pela iniciativa privada, em troca da permissão para exceder o coeficiente de aproveitamento do solo imposto pela legislação de zoneamento. Após a análise dos documentos e dados referentes a operacionalização da TPC iremos verificar a efetividade desta por meio do estudo de dois casos de transferência de potencial, escolhidos num rol de seis processos finalizados durante o período compreendido entre 1997, ano de instituição da Lei nº12.349/97 e 2016, quando a Norma Regulamentadora que rege a operacionalização dos trabalhos na Operação Urbana Centro, foi revisada. / This master thesis aims to investigate the operationalization of the land use regulation tool called Transferência de Potencial Construtivo (TPC), which has been implemented as part of the Operação Urbana Centro in the main area of São Paulo. By studying the formation of Brazil\'s preservation policy through a historical perspective, observing its character distanced from economic issues; and through a prospective inspection of the management of historic buildings, still using history as the basis of the Solo Criado its conception; we seek to analyse the functioning of two international mechanisms whose models served as the basis for drawing out the instrumental object of our study. In operation since 1997, this mechanism is the only urban instrument that sought to promote the conservation of historic buildings by granting a financial contribution, financed by private initiative, in exchange for the permission to exceed the right to build controlled by zoning. After the analysis of the documents and data pertaining the operation of the TPC we intend to observe the mechanism\'s effectiveness trough two case studies, selected from a list of six completed processes during the period from 1997, year of establishment of Law No. 12.349/97, and 2016, when the document responsible for the regulation of norms of the Operação Urbana Centro was revised.

This study examines the effects of homeownership, tenancy, and vacancy on the preservation of historic housing stock. Using six blocks within the Emily Kimbrough Historic District as my study area, I utilized city directories and deed transfers to determine the number of housing units each year as well as the percentages of ownership, tenancy, and vacancy for each home. I developed a rating system to assess the current condition of each home and completed statistical analysis of the association between ownership rates and current condition. The results of the study are a repeatable methodology for critically examining homeownership. The findings defy popular assumptions of the benefits of homeownership, showing no association between homeownership and present housing condition. The methodology of this study is useful in determining whether city governments should establish homeownership programs as a viable preservation strategy. / Department of Architecture

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed April 9, 2009). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 489-534).

Thesis (M. U. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Also available in print.

Thesis (M.U.R.P.)--University of New Orleans, 2004. / Title from electronic submission form. "A thesis ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Urban and Regional Planning in the College of Urban and Public Affairs."--Thesis t.p. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

This three-article dissertation uses a mixed-method research design to examine a contemporary phenomenon related to grassroots resistance to urban gentrification. In New York City, Los Angeles, and other high-growth US cities, community-based organizations are utilizing National Register of Historic Places listing and local designation of historic districts as strategies to resist residential displacement in the context of gentrification and diminishing housing affordability. The central issue with this practice is quantitative research overwhelmingly finds that neighborhood socioeconomic trends follow indicators of gentrification after the implementation of historic districts. Qualitative studies also demonstrate that historic districts are most often associated with the interests of homeowners who seek districts to protect or increase property values. Therefore, the use of historic districts for anti-displacement purposes can appear counter-intuitive. Arguably, the few existing studies of this practice do not thoroughly analyze the value of publicly stating the intention of districts for anti-displacement purposes or how organizational entities hypothesize causal links between historic districts and the reduction of displacement by gentrification. This gap between research and practice presents an opportunity to examine the functions of historic preservation regulations and participatory venues within the uneven distribution of racial, political, and economic resources necessary to affect authoritative land use decisions. The three articles are sequential. The first article uses logistic regression to estimate the organizational, contextual, and neighborhood socioeconomic factors that influenced a sample of community-based organizations in New York City, NY, and the City of Los Angeles, CA, between 2000-2020 to state motivations for anti-displacement purposes at public hearings for new historic districts. The second article further examines organizations’ motivations through archived conference proceedings and focused interviews with the key informants of six (6) New York City community-based organizations on the political, socioeconomic, and racial processes that influenced their use of local and NRHP districts as anti-displacement strategies. The interviewed organizations were identified by the review of public hearing testimony and correspondence for Article 1. Finally, Article 3 uses a difference-in-differences statistical technique to test the neighborhood socioeconomic impacts of contextual rezoning in New York City between 1986-2020 as a type of non-FAR rezoning. Contextual zoning and historic districts are similar in that their implementation depends on the presence and maintenance of neighborhood character. Unlike historic districts, new development in contextual zones functions as an administrative process with the Department of Buildings without reliance upon discretionary review of proposals by a city agency. The articles find that community-based organizations pursue historic districts for a blend of procedural, regulatory, and financial benefits related to anti-displacement activism. Some organizations seek historic districts as substitutes for neighborhood-wide downzoning due to rezoning’s high financial and administrative costs, reflecting power inequalities in urban politics. The articles’ findings also suggest that there are causal links between regulatory restrictions on development and the exclusion of new socioeconomic groups, albeit in the interest of excluding residents of higher-socioeconomic status to resist gentrification. Ostensibly neutral, character-based discourse in urban development is implicated in preserving historical patterns of urban racial and economic isolation. Without state and federal interventions in the provision of urban growth, historic districts and character-based rezonings have limited influence on long-term urban equity.

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

The decline in patronage, decrease in building density, and loss in property values suffered by Downtown Muncie, Indiana is a result of competition from shopping malls. This deterioration will continue unless there is a concerted effort by citizens, property owners, and the city to promote commercial revitalization of this area.The National Trust for Historic Preservation's Main Street Center suggest that communities can achieve commercial revitalization through a four part program which combines organization, design, promotion, and economic restructuring. Mary Jo Ruccio of the National Development Council, suggests that commercial revitalization cannot be successful unless the approach includes a comprehensive plan that addresses a downtown's unique problems.In order to create a functional commercial revitalization strategy for Muncie's downtown, the commercial district's history was reviewed, the existing buildings were surveyed, published historic preservation plans and commercial revitalization plans ware reviewed, and a variety of funding sources were studied. These efforts led to the development of a commercial revitalization strategy that is patterned after the Main Street Center's program. A major component of this strategy is the Downtown Commercial Revitalization Network that is recommended to act as a steering committee for a Downtown Development Director whose sole purpose is to direct downtown revitalization. The strategy recommends residential adaptive-use of the second stories in downtown buildings to promote economic development, and to preserve the historic structures. Low-interest loans with design standards are recommended to provide funds to create this housing stock without damaging the historic fabric. This will supply downtown with regular customers, thus strengthening existing establishments, creating the need for new businesses downtown, and diversifying the economic base.This strategy can be applied to the current downtown revitalization efforts by the City of Muncie. The ideas and general theories can also be applied by small Indiana towns which suffer from economic problems. A comprehensive plan that is tailored specifically for a downtown which account for the organization, design, economic, and promotion needs of downtown will set the course for successful commercial revitalization. / Department of Architecture

This thesis investigates how proximity to parks, historic district designations, and water quality are valued at residential housing prices. The first essay argues that the negative influences of parks and historic districts, if not noticed, could promote negative externalities and unincentivized investments. I find a negative impact on housing values for a close proximity to a park, suggesting disamenities in park features. When the boundary discontinuity and park amenities are considered, I find a positive valuation for a park. Overall, these results imply a mixed influence of parks on homeowners. From the historic district standpoint, I find a positive valuation of the local historic districts over the surrounding neighborhoods. The latter findings indicate that the benefits of locally designated areas outweigh the negative impacts. The second essay researches a probable lead risk in the water supply on the residential market. I argue strongly for the possibility of hidden-type information relative to lead in water supplies. I find that the influence of lead risk in their water supply is not statistically significant. The test for asymmetric information validates the expectation that homes in the relatively high lead-risk neighborhoods might not be informed of the level of lead-risk in their water supply.