Magister Artium - MA / There is widespread concern in the democratic South African context over economic inequalities. However, given the problems of poverty, unemployment and inequality, there is a need to consider economic restitution. Restitution is used in public policy often without conceptual clarity. This study is situated in the field of economic ethics; therefore it will contribute to philosophical and more specifically ethical discourse on the concept of economic restitution. The focus of the study is on South African economic policy documents released by the government in response to current economic inequalities in the period between 1994 and 2014. Such policy documents include the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP, 1994); Growth Employment and Redistribution Programme (GEAR, 1996); Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative South Africa (AsgiSA, 2005); Industrial Policy Action Plan (IPAP, 2007) and its iterations; New Growth Path (NGP, 2010); and the National Development Plan (NDP, 2012). This study focuses on how the concept of restitution is understood in South African policy documents in the period between 1994 and 2014 in response to current economic inequalities. It identifies implicit and explicit references to the concept of economic restitution; describes the scope of the term as used in such policy documents; analyses and compares how the term restitution is understood; and indicates any emerging patterns in this regard.

The purpose of this thesis is to establish a theological basis for an ecclesiology which takes account of the claim which the Lordship of Jesus Christ asserts over his appointed servants and the appropriate response from the Christian community corporately and from the members of the community individually. The interpretation and application of Christian discipleship by liturgical acts of the community in which the individual members participate and are prepared, trained and nourished for the purpose of equipping them for their corporate and individual task of witness is based on the promise and command of Jesus Christ recorded in Acts 1:8. The theological interpretation of the key concepts of the promise of power in the Holy Spirit and the commission to witness in the world is based on the theology of Karl Barth. Chapter I outlines the immediate context of the doctrine of vocation and the sending of the Christian community and the wider context of the doctrine of reconciliation and its place in the whole of theology. Chapters II and III enlarge on the vocation of man and the sending of the Christian community in the power of the Holy Spirit as the two parts of the doctrine of reconciliation which have particular relevance for our interpretation of the great commission. Chapter IV is devoted to a hypothesis of a special ethic based on Barth's unfinished work and Appendix A to methodological outline. Appendix B considers the practicality of this hypothesis in the light of two contemporary ecumenical interpretations and applications of the great commission. A concluding critique recognises the problems of the hypothesis and the inevitable problems that arise from any attempt to formulate a system or to define in precise categories the unique event of God's free and gracious love poured out and given to us in his Son, Jesus Christ our Lord.

A indústria de mineração investiga continuamente processos de reconciliação e técnicas adequadas para mapear possíveis riscos na recuperação do minério e no planejamento de lavra. Um estudo de caso em uma mina de cobre brasileira investiga a adequação do uso de teores simulados para a definição de áreas de risco que afetam o planejamento mineiro e as reservas minerais definidas. Simulações condicionais foram usadas para derivar múltiplos modelos de teores de cobre dentro de um típico corpo de minério do depósito e esses modelos foram comparados com os dados reais de produção (reconciliação). A comparação permitiu uma melhor compreensão sobre a variabilidade da qualidade e ajudou na definição de um plano de produção mais consistente. Com os intervalos de valores provenientes das simulações foi possível mapear importantes áreas de incerteza que afetam o plano de lavra. Análises de risco foram conduzidas para a definição da cava final através da comparação do limite previsto pela estimativa por krigagem ordinária e as cavas resultantes dos modelos simulados de teor de cobre, sendo possível avaliar os impactos operacionais nos principais fatores econômicos (valor presente líquido e fluxo de caixa descontado). Várias cavas finais foram geradas para vários modelos de blocos simulados, comparando-se com a cava anteriormente planejada através da utilização do modelo de blocos produzido pela krigagem ordinária. Além disso, foi definida uma escala de risco utilizando os modelos condicionalmente simulados e os valores estimados pela krigagem (comumente utilizados como referência para definição do orçamento e da alimentação de metal no moinho) a fim de minimizar as variações dos teores. Estas medidas se propõem a reduzir o risco no cumprimento das metas de produção de metal no planejamento de lavra. Esta abordagem, considerando o risco durante o sequenciamento de lavra, foi utilizada no plano de produção anual da mina e comparada com o realizado no período e com a abordagem tradicionalmente aplicada. Os resultados evidenciaram possíveis riscos associados com o limite da cava final operacional e demonstraram os benefícios do uso de análise de risco como uma ferramenta para visualizar e analisar os limites de cava final e planejamento de lavra, ajudando a tomar melhores decisões estratégicas no gerenciamento da mina referente aos fatores técnicos e indicadores econômicos. / Mining industry continuously investigates proper reconciliation procedures and techniques for mapping possible risks in ore recovery and mine planning. A case study at a Brazilian copper mine investigates the adequacy of using simulated grades for defining high risk areas affecting mine planning and the defined mineral reserves. Conditional simulations were used to derive multiple copper grade models within a typical ore-body of the deposit and compared these models against the real production data (reconciliation). The comparison allowed a better understanding of grade variability and helped in defining a more consistent mine plan. The range of values derived from the simulations mapped areas of significant uncertainty affecting the pushback’s plan. Risk analysis were conducted for the final pit definition by comparing the projected final pit limit and mining sequence against the simulated models of copper grade, assessing the operational impacts on key economical factors (mine net present value, discounted cash flow). Several final pit limits were generated for various simulated grade block models and compared to the previously pit planned using the ordinary kriging grade block model. Also, it was defined a risk scale using the conditional simulated models and the ordinary kriged values (commonly used for budget and mill feed reference) in order to minimize grade variations ensuring less risk on completion of the metal production goals on mine planning. This approach considering the risk for the mining sequencing was used on the annual mining plan and compared to the real production and to the traditional approach. The results highlighted possible risks associated with the operational pit limit and demonstrated the benefits of using risk analysis as a tool to preview and review the final pit limits and mine planning, helping to make better strategic decisions by the copper mine management related to the technical factors and economical indicators.

This work is concerned with healing practices that are created within a participatory framework in pastoral theology. It works in post-colonial and postapartheid times in South Africa following on from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. The thesis looks to forms of participation with both victims and perpetrators of apartheid. It seeks to challenge singular identities of victims and perpetrators, whites and blacks, which are bound up in juridical practices that are embedded within binary forms of identity. It exposes some of the problems associated with the splitting of a subject from an object of enquiry. The research concerns a journey with a group of Mothers who lost their sons and husbands to the violence of the apartheid state. It is also a journey with some of the perpetrators who were responsible for the elimination of these men. It seeks to deconstruct identity in order to find alternate descriptions of people, both the victims and perpetrators that are not constructed within a binary oppositional form. This is worked with ideas from the social construction movement particularly ideas relating to relational responsibility. The research attempts to create a safe enough context for accountability, vulnerability and healing to take place within a participatory frame of pastoral care. It works with post-modern theology and some of the philosophy of Derrida, Foucault and Levinas. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D.Th.(Practical Theology with specialisation in Pastoral Therapy)

In the aftermath of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa J.M.Coetzee writes of the "system" of guilt and shame, debt and retribution which operates throughout society. He and writers like Doris Lessing and Barbara Kingsolver tell stories which traverse and explore the paths tracked by society's quest for healing and restitution. (White) women too, Coetzee's protagonist (in Disgrace) muses, must have a place, a "niche" in this system. What is this "niche" and what role do the women in these texts play in the reparation of colonial wrong? How is their position dictated by discourses which acknowledge the agency of the (female) body in epistemologies of guilt and power? This mini-dissertation attempts to trace the figure of the white woman in three late 201h-/early 21 51-century postcolonial literary texts, in order to read the phrases of meaning that have been inscribed on her body. The novels read are J.M.Coetzee's Disgrace, Barbara Kingsolver's The Poisonwood Bible and Doris Lessing's The Grass is Singing. / English Studies / M. Eng. (Gender, Identity and Embodiment)

This study is an attempt to critique the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission from a theological ethical perspective. The central critique and argument of this study will be that, it is impossible to reconcile the dispossessor and the dispossessed or the oppressor and oppressed in the way the South African TRC did. As such, it will be befitting to start off this study which explores some of the noticeable lessons and challenges emerging from the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (hereafter, the TRC) by elucidating that this study is an attempt to contribute to the on-going discussions on reconciliation. It is also vital to mention up front that this study attempts to contribute to the discussion on reconciliation which seeks to remove injustice at the root. It contributes to a discussion of the weeds of alienation and fragmentation, and it stands in contrast to the frequent use of reconciliation merely to reach some political accommodation and not to address the critical questions of justice, equality and dignity (Boesak & DeYoung 2012). It is also befitting to point out that two central themes – political pietism and Christian quietism – form the backdrop to this study (Boesak & DeYoung 2012). The study contends that reconciliation in South Africa was used merely to reach some political accommodation and did not address the three critical questions of justice, equality and dignity. These arrangements perpetually favour the rich and powerful but deprive the powerless of justice and dignity. Hitherto, this reconciliation is presented as if it does respond to the need for genuine reconciliation and employs a language that sounds like the truth, but it is in fact deceitful – and this we call political pietism. It is also vital to mention that “reconciliation” is a Christian concept, and as such, Christians’ measure matters of reconciliation with the yardstick of the gospel and therefore should know better. However, as it will be shown in this study, when Christians in South Africa discovered that the TRC was not really promoting reconciliation, they became complicit in a deceitful reconciliation. This may have been for reasons of self-protection, fear or a desire for acceptance by the powers that govern the world. Whichever way one looks at it, they tried to seek to accommodate the situation, to justify it and to refuse to run the risk of challenge and prophetic truth telling. As a result, they denied the demands of the gospel and refused solidarity with the powerless and oppressed. This is called Christian quietism (Boesak & DeYoung 2012:1). This study in its attempt to critique the South Africa TRC from a theological ethical perspective will point out that, the TRC which was obviously the product of the negotiated settlement needs to be understood against the background of the global struggle of particularly Third-World countries which were resisting authoritarian regimes put in place by the West for the benefit of the West. As such, this study will point out how the West, in their attempt to keep a grip on the Third-World countries – particularly on their resources – had to recommend and promote their notion of democracy. Democracy became the only option for Third-World countries as a result of the fall of the Soviet Union. It must, however, be mentioned that the problem is not democracy but the manifestation thereof under capitalism. This is because the notion of democracy was recommended to Third-World countries when capitalism was becoming global. As such, this presented some contradictions because democracy emphasizes joint interests, equality and common loyalties whilst capitalism is based on self-seeking inequality and conflicting individual and group interest (Terriblanche 2002). This means that a transition to democracy (especially constitutional democracy) means that the former oppressor or dispossessor will hold on to economic power. As such, the sudden interest of both the NP and the corporate sector in South Africa to a transition to democracy needs to be understood against this background. This study will argue and demonstrate how the ANC was outsmarted during the negotiations in that, at the formal negotiations, the ANC won political power whilst the NP/corporate sector in South Africa won economic power. This is mentioned to here to point out that both the elite compromise reached at the formal and informal negotiations and the influence of the Latin-American truth commissions led to the inability or unwillingness of the TRC to uncover the truth about systemic exploitation. As such, this study will argue and demonstrate that, on the one hand, reconciliation was not added to the truth commission for the purpose of confronting the country with the demands of the gospel and, on the other hand, the TRC was set up (from its inception) for failure. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Theological Ethics)

The White Terror in Taiwan was a 43-year period during which the Kuomintang (KMT) regime, with significant support from the United States during the Cold War era, persecuted its political opponents, imprisoning tens of thousands of people and executing some 1200. In the wake of democratisation since the 1980s, Taiwan has instituted a scheme of transitional justice to acknowledge and atone for the past political oppression and to promote national reconciliation. As this initiative was undertaken by the same regime that perpetrated the White Terror, questions of objectivity and transparency arise. Accordingly, this thesis aims to assess the progress of transitional justice in Taiwan by examining the official discourse on the subject and also analysing the non-official discourses amongst survivors of the White Terror in present-day Taiwan. Tensions between the different discourses are identified. This thesis focuses on the construction of the past in the present, which refers to contestation of the past in the context of present-day society in Taiwan. Drawing on discursive analysis of Taiwan’s transitional justice initiatives since the late 1990s, as well as in-depth interviews with 24 former political prisoners, it discerns how the official transitional justice discourse is circumscribed and limits our knowledge of the White Terror. Since the implied fall of communism, the aim of reconciliation has not embraced the former socialists and communists at the global level, enabling the KMT government to elude accountability in its transitional justice efforts by rationalising the White Terror in the name of anti-communism. As a result, Taiwan’s socialist dissidents remain stigmatised in the official discourse, which offers redress only to those individuals who disassociate themselves with subversion and identify as ‘political victims’. This restriction in the official discourse suggests that the government wishes to reconcile only with those who were ‘innocent’ of treason. By the same token, the identity of White Terror victims is de-politicised, distorting the content of their trauma and shame and their survivorhood in present-day Taiwan. Informants’ non-official discourses, which point up the contradictions in the government discourse, reveal that survivors tend to feel profound shame owing to the failure of their political projects, viewing themselves as inept revolutionaries. Much of their interest in transitional justice lies in seeking opportunities to advocate for the causes to which they still adhere. Thus, their identity as survivors is focused less on persecution than on sustaining their political activism in the era of reconciliation. Thus, the tension between the official and non-official transitional justice discourses in Taiwan is not only a contestation of the past but, more profoundly, a contestation of the vision for the nation’s future.

Background:  Diabetes mellitus is a common disease and people with diabetes have doubled the last 20 years. Individual’s experiences in living with diabetes is useful to increase the understanding of persons with diabetes ability to manage, accept and possibilities to reconcile with a life with diabetes. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe person’s experiences of living with insulin dependent diabetes. Method: The study is a qualitative descriptive study with an inductive approach. Nineteen persons with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus was recruited from diabetic clinics at two hospitals in the middle of Sweden. The analysis was made with a qualitative content analysis. Findings: Time around the diagnosis living with diabetes was losing control of self and life. By flexible strategies they could regain control of self and life. By living in the present they found a way to live with illness as a part of life.  Conclusions: Persons with insulin dependent diabetes needed to develop flexible strategies for daily life. With the help of strategies and a positive attitude they could continuously re-evaluate their planning for outer form of reconciliation. The threat of future complications constitutes an obstacle to inner form of reconciliation.

abstract: Dimensional Metrology is the branch of science that determines length, angular, and geometric relationships within manufactured parts and compares them with required tolerances. The measurements can be made using either manual methods or sampled coordinate metrology (Coordinate measuring machines). Manual measurement methods have been in practice for a long time and are well accepted in the industry, but are slow for the present day manufacturing. On the other hand CMMs are relatively fast, but these methods are not well established yet. The major problem that needs to be addressed is the type of feature fitting algorithm used for evaluating tolerances. In a CMM the use of different feature fitting algorithms on a feature gives different values, and there is no standard that describes the type of feature fitting algorithm to be used for a specific tolerance. Our research is focused on identifying the feature fitting algorithm that is best used for each type of tolerance. Each algorithm is identified as the one to best represent the interpretation of geometric control as defined by the ASME Y14.5 standard and on the manual methods used for the measurement of a specific tolerance type. Using these algorithms normative procedures for CMMs are proposed for verifying tolerances. The proposed normative procedures are implemented as software. Then the procedures are verified by comparing the results from software with that of manual measurements. To aid this research a library of feature fitting algorithms is developed in parallel. The library consists of least squares, Chebyshev and one sided fits applied on the features of line, plane, circle and cylinder. The proposed normative procedures are useful for evaluating tolerances in CMMs. The results evaluated will be in accordance to the standard. The ambiguity in choosing the algorithms is prevented. The software developed can be used in quality control for inspection purposes. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2014

A indústria de mineração investiga continuamente processos de reconciliação e técnicas adequadas para mapear possíveis riscos na recuperação do minério e no planejamento de lavra. Um estudo de caso em uma mina de cobre brasileira investiga a adequação do uso de teores simulados para a definição de áreas de risco que afetam o planejamento mineiro e as reservas minerais definidas. Simulações condicionais foram usadas para derivar múltiplos modelos de teores de cobre dentro de um típico corpo de minério do depósito e esses modelos foram comparados com os dados reais de produção (reconciliação). A comparação permitiu uma melhor compreensão sobre a variabilidade da qualidade e ajudou na definição de um plano de produção mais consistente. Com os intervalos de valores provenientes das simulações foi possível mapear importantes áreas de incerteza que afetam o plano de lavra. Análises de risco foram conduzidas para a definição da cava final através da comparação do limite previsto pela estimativa por krigagem ordinária e as cavas resultantes dos modelos simulados de teor de cobre, sendo possível avaliar os impactos operacionais nos principais fatores econômicos (valor presente líquido e fluxo de caixa descontado). Várias cavas finais foram geradas para vários modelos de blocos simulados, comparando-se com a cava anteriormente planejada através da utilização do modelo de blocos produzido pela krigagem ordinária. Além disso, foi definida uma escala de risco utilizando os modelos condicionalmente simulados e os valores estimados pela krigagem (comumente utilizados como referência para definição do orçamento e da alimentação de metal no moinho) a fim de minimizar as variações dos teores. Estas medidas se propõem a reduzir o risco no cumprimento das metas de produção de metal no planejamento de lavra. Esta abordagem, considerando o risco durante o sequenciamento de lavra, foi utilizada no plano de produção anual da mina e comparada com o realizado no período e com a abordagem tradicionalmente aplicada. Os resultados evidenciaram possíveis riscos associados com o limite da cava final operacional e demonstraram os benefícios do uso de análise de risco como uma ferramenta para visualizar e analisar os limites de cava final e planejamento de lavra, ajudando a tomar melhores decisões estratégicas no gerenciamento da mina referente aos fatores técnicos e indicadores econômicos. / Mining industry continuously investigates proper reconciliation procedures and techniques for mapping possible risks in ore recovery and mine planning. A case study at a Brazilian copper mine investigates the adequacy of using simulated grades for defining high risk areas affecting mine planning and the defined mineral reserves. Conditional simulations were used to derive multiple copper grade models within a typical ore-body of the deposit and compared these models against the real production data (reconciliation). The comparison allowed a better understanding of grade variability and helped in defining a more consistent mine plan. The range of values derived from the simulations mapped areas of significant uncertainty affecting the pushback’s plan. Risk analysis were conducted for the final pit definition by comparing the projected final pit limit and mining sequence against the simulated models of copper grade, assessing the operational impacts on key economical factors (mine net present value, discounted cash flow). Several final pit limits were generated for various simulated grade block models and compared to the previously pit planned using the ordinary kriging grade block model. Also, it was defined a risk scale using the conditional simulated models and the ordinary kriged values (commonly used for budget and mill feed reference) in order to minimize grade variations ensuring less risk on completion of the metal production goals on mine planning. This approach considering the risk for the mining sequencing was used on the annual mining plan and compared to the real production and to the traditional approach. The results highlighted possible risks associated with the operational pit limit and demonstrated the benefits of using risk analysis as a tool to preview and review the final pit limits and mine planning, helping to make better strategic decisions by the copper mine management related to the technical factors and economical indicators.