The marginalization of people through classification schemes results in inadequate access to information about these people when the context is, for example, a bibliographic classification system. When the context is the classification of the people themselves, they themselves are underrepresented, for instance, by society and government support. Taking the case of the natural disaster survivor, this paper explores appropriate steps to devising an accurate classification scheme of the survivors.

James Duff Brown (1862-1914), an important figure in librarianship in late nineteenth and early twentieth century England, made contributions in many areas of his chosen field. His Subject Classification (SC), however, has not received much recognition for its theoretical and practical contributions to bibliographic classification theory and practice in the twentieth century. This paper discusses some of the elements of SC that both did and did not inform future bibliographic classification work, considers some contrasting evaluation methods in the light of advances in bibliographic classification theory and practice and of commentaries on SC, and suggests directions for further research.

INTRODUCTION Medical professionals seek to capture papers which can be located via keyword or free text search in digital libraries or on the web but are also interested in finding material that has not yet been indexed in on-line databases. Search engines provide a multitude of results [1]. Social bookmarking, where users tag items for their own use, offers a way to locate new and relevant information. CiteULike (citeulike.org), a social bookmarking service, allows articles to be tagged with useful keywords for later retrieval. RELATED STUDIES A previous study [2] compared social bookmarking to existing information organisation structures and found similarities in terminology use and intriguing differences. A sample of articles tagged on CiteULike was examined for contextual differences in keyword usage between users of social bookmarking sites, authors and indexers. Many tags were related to thesaurus terms (descriptors), but were not formally in the thesaurus. [2] This study examines how term usage patterns in tags, keywords and descriptors suggest a similar (or differing) context between users, authors and intermediaries. METHODOLOGY This study examines the use of tags on CiteULike from three medical or biology journals (JAMA, Proteins, and Journal of Molecular Biology) indexed in Pubmed. 1299 unique articles were retrieved from Citeulike; Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) were collected from Pubmed. Articles were analysed using standard informetric techniques to examine the use of user assigned tags and their Pubmed assigned MeSH index terms. Data was analysed for term usage and categorised to see what contextual clues users expose in their tag use. RESULTS Articles were tagged by up to 14 users (average 2-4). 1449 unique tags were used in the data set. Some articles were heavily tagged by users (max. 29, min. 1, median 2). Descriptors were more heavily assigned to articles (2746 unique descriptors). Articles had, on average, 10 descriptors assigned (max. 40, min. 2). Some tags occurred frequently: protein_structure (140), no-tag (134), and protein (114). By journal, tags were: docking (Proteins, 85), no-tag (JAMA, 20), and protein_structure (J Mol Biol, 52). No-tag (system assigned) indicated no tag assigned. Descriptors were more heavily reused than tags, for example: 'Models, Molecular' (550), Protein Conformation (363), and Humans (341). By journal, descriptors were: 'Models, Molecular' (Proteins, 252), 'Models, Molecular' (J Mol Biol, 235), and Humans (JAMA, 137). DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS Comparison of tag and descriptor lists shows many of the same similarities and differences as the previous study [2]. Many user terms were related to the author and intermediary terms but not in the thesaurus (e.g. 'diet' and 'fat' used separately in the tag lists where they were linked as 'dietary fats' in the thesaurus). Terms such as 'human' and 'family-studies' show users tagging biology articles are interested in methodology and user groups associated with articles. This study has system design implications for accessing, indexing and searching document spaces. Users express frustration trying to narrow search results. Controlled vocabularies help narrow a search to a manageable size but can be expensive. User tagging could provide additional access points to traditional controlled vocabularies and the associative classifications necessary to tie documents and articles to time and task relationships among other novel items. REFERENCES [1] Tang H, Ng J.HK. 2006. Googling for a diagnosis -- use of Google as a diagnostic aid: internet based study. BMJ 333 (2 Dec), 1143-1145. [2] Kipp MEI. 2006. Complementary or discrete contexts in online indexing: A comparison of user, creator, and intermediary keywords. Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science (in press) http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/1533/

Geospatial information technologies revolutionize the way we have traditionally approached navigation and browsing in information systems. Colorful graphics, statistical summaries, geospatial relationships of underlying collections make them attractive for text retrieval systems. This paper examines the nature of georeferenced information in academic library catalogs organized according to the Library of Congress Classification (LCC) with the goal of understanding their implications for geovisualization of library collections.

This keynote address recounts the many important accomplishments and advancements in cataloguing theory and practice which have occurred between 1900 and 1999, and provides a backdrop for the papers and discussions which presented in the Conference on Bibliographic Control in the New Millennium. The address also serves as an upbeat reminder of all the progress that has been made and, we hope, will inspire conference participants to tackle the challenges of networked resources and the Web with enthusiasm and resolve.

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<p>Within the discourse of scholarly research into organizational culture, intelligence studies, law enforcement reform and organizational change, the examination of post-9/11 organizational assessments and implementation has become an emerging area of investigation. This mixed-methods research focused on how mandated organizational culture change affected a traditionally hierarchical organizational subculture. After the terrorist attacks of 9/11, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was mandated to implement an organizational culture change. The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States directed the FBI to move from a traditional reactive investigative paradigm, to one of an intelligence-based, preventative framework. Utilizing a survey based on the competing values framework of organizational culture, and semi-structured qualitative interviews, the effects of mandated organizational culture change were identified in the FBI Special Agent organizational subculture. The data from the quantitative portion of the research identified an ongoing hierarchical organizational culture, and also revealed a preference for a more inclusive based organizational culture. The qualitative interviews provided a deeper understanding of the quantitative data in that the organizational subculture under study reported experiencing an organizational identity crisis because of the mandated organizational change. Through the research, the Special Agent organizational subculture was identified as having experienced a loss of positional primacy within the organization. The research implications identify areas of further study within several academic disciplines including organizational culture, organizational change, organizational identity, public administration and intelligence studies. </p>

The chapters in this thesis are each concerned with problems of coordination. The coordination issues examined here each arise in distinct situations and imply the need for a different modeling approach in each case. The first case, Chapter 2, considers gender discrimination in contemporary, competitive labour markets. It is sh9wn there that such discrimination can arise as an outcome of maximizing activities on the part of firms facing the problem of worker motivation in the light of imperfect monitorability. This is shown to lead to firms’ hiring practices (in particular discrimination) depending on the practices of other firms and consequently to labour market equilibria of discrimination and of non discrimination. It is shown that a policy of affirmative action can be useful in moving the labour market away from the discrimination equilibrium. The next chapter, Chapter 3, considers an avenue by which the structure of industries in an economy can affect the development of new technologies through its general equilibrium impact on profits relative to wages. It shows that a monopolistic structure in one industry, by increasing the share of profits in aggregate income, tends to increase the relative profitability of innovative activities elsewhere thereby leading to the creation of further monopoly rents which, in turn, feeds back into incentives for innovation thus causing a self-perpetuating cycle. This leads to the possibility of an economy exhibiting multiple steady states including a “Poverty trap” or situation of zero growth. The conditions under which multiple steady states exist are analyzed and the economy’s behaviour out of the steady state is also characterized. The role of government intervention, in the form of subsidies, direct provision of research and patent protection is also examined. Finally it is shown that the model can also explain the existence of clustering of innovations and consequent sporadic growth. The final substantive chapter, Chapter 4, centres on problems of investment coordination in the context of LDCs. These arise when the fall in the price of one good raises the demand for complementary goods, thereby implying that investment decisions leading to such price falls may not be privately undertaken whereas, when coordinated across sectors, such investments could be profitable. This chapter shows that the existence of multiple equilibria hinges upon the more restrictive Definition of complementarity between goods, namely, the Hicks definition. As a result, gross complementarity between goods (on its own), even though causing horizontal externalities, can not lead to the existence of multiple equilibria. A later section looks at gross complements in the presence of knowledge spillovers and shows, in contrast, that this can lead to multiple equilibria and coordination problems. The chapter also examines the social optimality of coordination in the Hicks complements case, showing that it is not always implied by the multiplicity of equilbria.

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