The term "personality" nowadays occurs more often not only in psychological studies of humans but also in animal studies. Studying of personality help us to define the behavioural characteristics which can vary within the age, sexes, species or enviroments. Behavioral experiments are used to detect these behavioral patterns and they can divide the animals into the different groups. The subject of our research became three populations of house mouse (Mus musculus sensu lato) which we tested in a series of experiments involving free exploration, forced exploration, hole- board test, test of vertical activity and Elevated plus-maze. These experiments should reveal wheter the mice differ in their behaviour through the context of sex, comensalism or subspecies. We found (with in excepcion of one test) that intrapopulation variability differences are very small but interpopulation differences purely increase in the cas of comensalism and effects of subspecies. Keywords: Mus musculus, comensalism, open fieldtest, Elevated plus-maze, Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

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Cette thèse est une contribution à la connaissance des impacts, quantitatifs et qualitatifs, liés à la déprise minière de la région d’Alès. Le travail a consisté en l’analyse et l’interprétation de données quantitatives et qualitatives des eaux d’émergences des anciennes mines de charbon du bassin alésien afin de connaître la composition chimique des eaux d’émergences et de l’expliquer. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé des Analyses en Composantes Principales (ACP), des diagrammes de Piper et de Schoeller-Berkalov sur l’ensemble des émergences. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons réalisé une analyse de l’évolution temporelle des concentrations de chaque élément pour les émergences où les données sont disponibles. L’aspect quantitatif est étudié grâce à une synthèse des connaissances disponible sur le réservoir minier de Fontanes (géologie, répartition spatiale, données de pompage et de niveaux piézométriques). Certaines émergences présentent une qualité qui rend impossible leur rejet direct dans l’environnement et il est important dans cette situation de bien définir la masse d’eau concernée. Pour cela, nous avons élaboré un modèle hydrodynamique par automates séquentiels. Il est appliqué aux anciens travaux de Rochebelle-St-Martin, aboutissant à la détermination des paramètres perméabilité et épaisseur du réservoir par reconstitution du niveau piézométrique du réservoir tout en tenant compte d’un pompage encore maintenu dans l’exploitation. Cette modélisation permet de mieux connaître les paramètres définissant l’aquifère minier dans la perspective d’exploiter cette réserve. Ces eaux de mines présentent une qualité médiocre. A partir d’une meilleure connaissance hydrodynamique du système, obtenue par la modélisation, il devient possible de proposer une valorisation de cette eau par utilisation de ses calories en géothermie connaissant la géométrie du réservoir minier. Les anciennes exploitations minières sont à nouveau source d’énergie / This thesis is a contribution to the knowledge of the quantitative and qualitative impacts, linked to the abandonment of the mining works on Alès coal basin. This work consisted in analysis and interpretation of quantitative and qualitative data on the waters outflows of former coal mines in order to determine the chemical composition of groundwaters outflows and the water chemistry. For that, we used principal component analysis, diagrams of Piper and Schoeller-Berkalov on all waters outflows. Secondly, we analyzed the temporal evolution of concentrations of each element for the waters outflows. The quantitative aspect is therefore considered by the synthesis of knowledge available on the mining reservoir of Fontanes (geology, spatial distribution, pumping data and piezometrics levels). Some groundwaters outflows have a quality that makes their direct discharge into the environment impossible and it is important, in this situation, to define the affected body of the water. For that, we have developed a hydrodynamical model by sequential automaton. It is applied to the former works of Rochebelle-St-Martin de Valgalgues leading to the determination of the parameters permeability and thickness of mining aquifer recovery of piezometric level of the reservoir while taking into account a pumping still maintained. This model will lead to a better comprehension of the parameters defining the aquifer in the mining perspective to exploit this reserve. The mine water has a poor quality. After a better knowledge obtained by a hydrodynamical modeling, it becomes realistic to propose a recovery of this water by use of its calories from geothermal and knowing the geometry of the tank mine

Photoconductive antenna (PCA) array based THz near-field imager incorporating Hadamard multiplexing method is developed in this work. By using a 2 × 2 dipole antenna array as the THz transmitter, the system signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is demonstrated to be improved by a factor of 2 as the theory predicts. Additionally, a 2-D scanning of a metallic structure on a THz-transparent substrate (with a total scanning area of 1 × 1 mm2) is experimentally implemented. Correlation coefficient estimation is made afterwards to quantify the reconstructed image quality.

[pt] Alguns óxidos cerâmicos apresentam Coeficiente de Expansão Térmica Negativa (ETN). Estes materiais usados como compósitos podem controlar a expansão térmica em valores determinados, inclusive zero. Este trabalho tem como objetivo propor novos óxidos da família A2M3O12 com coeficiente de expansão próximo a zero. Foi usada a Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) para se verificar estatisticamente a causa de ETN em 45 óxidos conhecidos desta família e a partir daí foi usada uma Rede Neural para simulação de novos óxidos. / [en] Some ceramic oxides exhibit negative coefficient of thermal expansion. These material generally used as compounds can control the thermal expansion in determined values, including zero. The aim of this work is to propose new oxides of the family type A2M3O12 with coefficient of thermal expansion close to zero. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to statistically verify the reason for negative thermal expansion in 45 known oxides of this family and then, the neural network approach is used for simulation of new oxides.

Neste estudo realizamos uma prova de conceito através da combinação de três técnicas com a finalidade de monitorar a mosturação e fermentação da cerveja durante o processo de fabricação. O princípio deste trabalho é baseado em uma análise espectral, utilizando um equipamento de absorção na região do infravermelho médio por transformada de Fourier (FTIR - Fourier Transform Infrared) de amostras coletadas durante a fabricação da cerveja. Combinado com técnicas de processamento de Análise de Componentes Principais e Redes Neurais Artificiais é possível quantificar a concentração dos principais carboidratos e etanol presentes nestas amostras. Estas medidas físicas e químicas irão permitir a redução de erros durante a produção de cerveja além de optimizar as reações enzimáticas intrínsecas de suas principais etapas de análise. As técnicas ópticas de absorção, juntamente com o processamento neural, apresentam grandes vantagens, principalmente devido ao fato de serem facilmente adaptáveis aos equipamentos industriais, fornecendo respostas em curtos intervalos de tempo com alta sensibilidade e especificidade. / This study is fundamentally a proof of concept. By the combination of three techniques, our aim is to develop a new method of monitoring beer wort production and fermentation during brewing. The principle is based on spectral analyses, using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to collect absorption data from beer wort samples. This data is refined by the application of a statistical method, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), to reduce the number of variables. A computational method, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), enables quantification of carbohydrates and ethanol concentrations. Such physical-chemical measurements are expected to allow both reduction of mistakes during beer processing and optimization of enzymatic reactions, enhancing brewing processes. Optical absorption techniques associated with Artificial Neural Network present great advantages, mainly because the first ones are more easily inserted in industries than the latter ones, since they enable assessing the process status at short intervals, with high sensibility ; specificity.

O estudo integrado da paisagem permite a verificação dos níveis de interconexão, da estrutura e da funcionalidade de diversas porções da superfície terrestre. Sob este aspecto muitas pesquisas têm incluído como temática, o estudo dos mecanismos de funcionamento da paisagem e a interação entre os seus componentes. Desta forma, torna-se essencial para a ampliação das investigações, a introdução de metodologias e novas técnicas, que inseridas adequadamente, contribuem para o melhor entendimento dos elementos que compõem a paisagem. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar, interpretar e compreender a diversidade de fisionomias da paisagem e sua fisiologia, na bacia hidrográfica do rio Botucaraí, Rio Grande do Sul, a partir da aplicação de técnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto, especificamente a Análise por Componentes Principais (ACP). Nesta perspectiva, entende-se que o tratamento das bandas espectrais, a partir de imagens de satélite, configura-se em uma complementação no estudo e no entendimento dos elementos constituintes da paisagem: solos, relevo, litologia e vegetação, além de gerar produtos cartográficos com níveis de detalhamento mais precisos. A técnica de ACP foi aplicada a partir do mapeamento de uso e cobertura da terra, do mapa do relevo, dos mapas temáticos básicos (hipsometria e declividades), do mapa geológico, do mapa da cobertura vegetal e do mapa de solos. Assim, geraram-se as imagens de Componentes Principais (CPs), sendo que as cinco primeiras foram utilizadas para a análise. Desta forma, com a combinação de bandas, identificaram-se novas interfaces e feições, a partir da contribuição e representatividade de cada CP, que se configurou em cinco agrupamentos, denominados de Fisionomias: 1 (Norte- Planalto Meridional), 2 (Serra Geral), 3 (Depressão Central), 4 (Depósitos Aluviais), associadas aos mapas Hipsométrico/declividades com as CPs geradas e com os elementos da paisagem. Estas fisionomias expressaram as diferenças e/ou similaridades no uso da terra, permitindo o seu agrupamento, a partir das características do relevo, litologia, solos, vegetação e uso e cobertura da terra, destacando-se a considerável interferência antrópica na modificação da fisionomia da paisagem. / The integrated study of the landscape allows the verification of the interconnection levels, structure and functionality of various portions of the earth\'s surface. In this aspect, many researches have included as a theme, the study of the mechanisms of landscape functioning and the interaction between its components. In this way, it becomes essential for the expansion of the investigations, the introduction of methodologies and new techniques, that inserted properly, contribute to the better understanding of the elements that compose the landscape. Thus, this study aimed to identify, interpret and understand the diversity of physiognomy of the landscape and its physiology, in the hydrographic basin of river Botucaraí, Rio Grande do Sul, from the application of remote sensing techniques, specifically the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). In this perspective, it is understood that the treatment of the spectral bands, from satellite images, constitutes a complementation in the study and understanding of the constituent elements of the landscape: soil, relief, lithology and vegetation, besides generating cartographic products with more precise levels of detail. The PCA technique was applied from land use and land cover mapping, relief mapping, basic theme maps (hypsometry and declivity), the geological map, the vegetation cover map, and the soil map. Thus, the images of Principal Components (CPs) were generated, and the first five were used for the analysis. In this way, with the combination of bands, new interfaces and features were identified, based on the contribution and representativeness of each CP, which was configured in five groups, called Physiognomies: 1 (north- Planalto Meridional), 2 (Serra Geral), 3 (Central Depression), 4 (Alluvial deposits) associated with Hypsometric maps/declivity with CPs generated and landscape elements. These physiognomies expressed the differences and/or similarities in the land use, allowing their grouping, from the characteristics of the relief, lithology, soils, vegetation and use and cover of the land, highlighting the considerable anthropic interference in the modification of the physiognomy of the landscape.

Cette thèse porte sur la conception de méthodes de surveillance de système à partir de données collectées sur des composants de conceptions identiques exploités par plusieurs processus. Nous nous sommes intéressés aux approches de diagnostic sans modèle a priori et plus particulièrement à l'élaboration des modèles de bon fonctionnement des composants à partir des données collectées sur le parc. Nous avons ainsi abordé ce problème comme un problème d'apprentissage multi-tâches qui consiste à élaborer conjointement les modèles de chaque composant, l'hypothèse sous-jacente étant que ces modèles partagent des parties communes. Dans le deuxième chapitre, on considère, dans un premier temps, des modèles linéaires de type multi-entrées/mono-sortie, ayant des structures a priori connues. Dans une première approche, après une phase d'analyse des modèles obtenus par régression linéaire pour les machines prises indépendamment les unes des autres, on identifie leurs parties communes, puis on procède à une nouvelle estimation des coefficients des modèles pour tenir compte des parties communes. Dans une seconde approche, on identifie simultanément les coefficients des modèles ainsi que leurs parties communes. Dans un deuxième temps, on cherche à obtenir directement les relations de redondance existant entre les variables mesurées par l'ACP. On s'affranchit alors des hypothèses sur la connaissance des structures des modèles et on prend en compte la présence d'erreurs sur l'ensemble des variables. Dans un troisième chapitre, une étude de la discernabilité des modèles est réalisée. Il s'agit de déterminer les domaines de variation des variables d'entrée garantissant la discernabilité des sorties des modèles. Ce problème d'inversion ensembliste est résolu soit en utilisant des pavés circonscrits aux différents domaines soit une approximation par pavage de ces domaines. Finalement, une application des approches proposées est réalisée sur des simulateurs d'échangeurs thermiques / This thesis deals with the conception of diagnosis systems using the data collected on identical machines working under different conditions. We are interested in the fault diagnosis method without a priori model and in modelling a fleet of machines using the data collected on all the machines. Hence, the problem can be formulated as a multi-task learning problem where models of the different machines are constructed simultaneously. These models are supposed to share some common parts. In the second chapter, we first consider linear models of type multiple-input/single-output. A first approach consists in analyzing the linear regression models generated using the data of each machine independently from the others in order to identify their common parts. Using this knowledge, new models for the machines are generated. The second approach consists in identifying simultaneously the coefficients of the models and their common parts. Secondly, the redundancy models are searched for using PCA. This way, no hypothesis on the knowledge of the structures of models describing the normal behavior of each machine is needed. In addition, this method allows to take into consideration the errors existing on all the variables since it does not differentiate between input or output variables. In the third chapter, a study on the discernibility of the outputs of the models is realized. The problem consists in identifying the range of variation of the input variables leading to discernible outputs of the models. This problem is solved using either the confined pavements to the different domains or a pavement method. Finally, the multi-task modelling approaches are applied on simulators of heat exchangers

The concept of a hub airport has evolved widening its scope as a national civil aviation policy-making tool, due to the ability to deliver wider socio-economic benefits to a country. However, not all airports can be converted into hubs. This research proposes a methodological approach to structural analysis of the airport industry, that could be applied to determine the competitive position of an airport in a given aviation network and devise airport strategies and national policy measures to improve the current position of the airport. This study presents a twelve-group taxonomy of airports, which analyses the changing geography of the airport industry in the East (Asia and The Middle East). Multivariate data have been used in a two-step Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering exercise which represents three airport strategies: namely, degree-of-airport-activity (size and intensity of operations), network strategies (international and domestic hub), and the market segmentation strategies (service and destination orientation). Principal Component Analysis has been utilised as a data reduction tool. The study confirms the general hypothesis that a sound macro environment and liberalised approach to economic regulation in the air transport industry are important for successful hub operations. In addition, it sheds light on the fact that while the factors of geographical advantage, economic development, urbanisation, tourism and business attractiveness, physical and intellectual infrastructure, and political and administrative frameworks, are all basic prerequisites (qualifiers) for successful hubbing in the region, those factors would not necessarily guarantee a hub status unless the governments are also committed to develop the sector and take timely decisions (differentiators) to allow airports to benefit from the first mover advantage. Application of the proposed taxonomy was tested on a case study of the major international airport of Sri Lanka, to provide policy inputs to develop the airport that is currently identified as being overshadowed by the mega hubs in the region.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T20:06:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 29 / Nenhuma / Introdução: O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar Focada Análise de Componentes Principais (FPCA) como um novo método exploratório, adequado para situações em que se quer conhecer a conformação dos padrões alimentares a partir de determinadas características da amostra. Métodos: Para exemplificar o uso do FPCA, foram utilizados os dados de um inquérito com uma amostra representativa de 1.968 adultos que vivem na cidade de Pelotas, no sul do Brasil. O consumo alimentar foi obtido através de um questionário de freqüência de consumo (IQA), abrangendo 26 itens alimentares. As variáveis de população - denominadas variáveis foco na FPCA - utilizados para análise foram: idade, renda e escolaridade. Todas as análises foram realizadas utilizando o software R (R Development Core Team, 2009). Resultados: Os gráficos gerados mostram evidências de desigualdades socioeconômicas no padrão alimentar dos adultos. Padrão de ingestão de alimentos integrais, frutas, legumes e foi positivamente correlacionada com a renda, enqu / Introduction: The aim of the present article is to introduce Focused Principal Component Analysis (FPCA) as a novel exploratory method for providing insight into dietary patterns that emerge based on a given characteristic of the sample. Methods: To exemplify the use of FPCA, we used the database of a survey of a representative sample of 1,968 adults living in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Food intake was obtained using an intake frequency questionnaire (IFQ) covering 26 food items. The population variables – termed focus variables in FPCA – used for analysis were age, income, and schooling. All analyses were carried out using R software (R Development Core Team, 2009). Results: The graphs generated show evidence of socioeconomic inequities in the dietary patterns of adults. Intake of whole foods, fruit, and vegetables was positively correlated with income, whereas for refined cereals, animal fats (lard), and white bread this correlation was negative. When the focus variable was schooling, the graph