<p> This thesis is an experimental study of the effects of injecting dilute polymer solutions into a turbulent boundary layer developed on a flat plate submerged in water.</p> <p> A flat plate having a plexiglass surface together with a separate leading edge piece were specially designed for observing the boundary layer phenomena. Aqueous polymer solutions were introduced into the boundary layer through a slit situated in the leading edge piece. Hot-film anemometer technique was employed in the measurements of velocity profiles, turbulence intensities and lateral correlation coefficients at several locations on the plate. The investigation was carried out for two Reynolds Numbers, based on the length of the plate, of 2.4 x 10^5 and 6.4 x 10^5. The variation in the drag force with respect to the polymer concentrations and the injection rates was assessed based on the velocity profile data. It was found that the momentum diffusivity was smaller than for pure water, and that the presence of the polymer molecules seemed to promote a more uniform distribution of the sizes of the turbulence eddies.</p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)

It is widely accepted that the accuracy and efficiency of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations is heavily influenced by the quality of the mesh upon which the solution is computed. Unfortunately, the computational tools available for assessing mesh quality remain rather limited. This report describes a methodology for rigorously investigating the interaction between a flow solver and a variety of mesh configurations for the purposes of deducing which mesh properties produce the best results from the solver. The techniques described herein permit a more detailed exploration of what constitutes a quality mesh in the context of a given solver and a desired flow regime. In the present work, these newly developed tools are used to investigate mesh quality as it pertains to a high-order accurate discontinuous Galerkin solver when it is used to compute inviscid and high-Reynolds number flows in domains possessing smoothly curving boundaries. For this purpose, two flow models have been generated and used to conduct parametric studies of mesh configurations involving curved elements. The results of these studies allow us to make some observations regarding mesh quality when the discontinuous Galerkin method is used to solve these types of problems. Briefly, we have found that for inviscid problems, the mesh elements used to resolve curved boundaries should be at least third order accurate. For viscous problems, the domain boundaries must be approximated by mesh elements that are of the same order as the polynomial approximation of the solution if the theoretical order of accuracy of the scheme is to be maintained. Increasing the accuracy of the boundary elements to at least one order higher than the solution approximation typically results in a noticeable improvement in the computed error norms. It is also noted that C1-continuity of the mesh is not required at element interfaces along the boundary.

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<p> We look for time-dependent solutions to a general class of supergravity models in an arbitrary amount of dimensions. Previously, many static solutions of these models have been found and studied, of which a subclass of these solutions support membrane-like configurations. While many properties of these solutions are known, their dynamics - and therefore stability - are not. We follow this motivation, and investigate the possibility of time dependent solutions that will also support this membrane configuration. Under various conditions, it turns out this is the case, bringing a better understanding to the stability of these branes. In addition, the form of the time dependence found suggest possible applications of supergravity to cosmological models.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

This paper presents a semi-theoretical computer model that estimates individual and mean ionic activity coefficients in the NaCl-NaOH-HCl-H₂O system at 25°C. This extra thermodynamic model incorporates long-range electrostatic ion-ion interaction (Debye- Hückel effects), short-range ion-ion interactions (ion association), and short-range ion-solvent interactions (hydration). The activity of water in NaCl, NaOH, and HCl solutions is fit with maximum deviations from experimental values of 0.78%, 0.79%, and 2.09%, respectively. Ion size parameters, å, were modified slightly from literature values. Hydration numbers for individual species were chosen on the basis of best fit. Ion pair dissociation constants of 15.0 were chosen for reactions involving NaCl(aq), NaOH(aq), and HCl(aq) ion pairs. The model predicts individual ionic activity coefficients for ions and ion pairs, and predicts mean molal ionic activity coefficients for NaCl, NaOH, and HCl for solutions up to 6.0 m with maximum deviations from experimental values of 0.73%, 1.77%, and 3.86%,respectively. The estimated degree of dissociation varies widely if the ion pair dissociation constants are varied between 5 and 1000. Calculated values for trace activity coefficients, saturation solubility, and vapor pressure compare favorably to experimental data. / Master of Science

This investigation was based upon the work of Lenth and DuPuis and Stengel and Maple, who hydrogenated sugar suspended in methanol at 240°C and 1500 lbs. per sq. in. for three hours with the primary purpose of developing a new process. to produce glycerine to make up for the shortage created in World War II. The products of the hydrogenation were water, propylene glycol, glycerol and congeners, and a residue made up of the tarry decomposition products of sugar. The actual glycerol and congeners fraction obtained by Lenth and DuPuis was secured from the Miner Laboratories in Chicago. This impure glycerine fraction and propylene glycol were mixed together, and its suitability as an automotive antifreeze was tested. AB far as viscosity and freezing point depression were concerned, such an automotive antifreeze compares favorably with ethylene glycol. The economics of the process were studied, and a tentative plant was designed to produce 3000 tons per year which would require a capital investment of about $529,775 and have a wholesale price of $0.217 per lb. with sugar costing $0.04. This coat may be reduced by catalyst recovery and a reduction in sugar cost. / M.S.

M.S.

No / We report the structure of the electrical double layer, determined from molecular dynamics simulations, for a range of saline solutions (NaCl, KCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2) at both 0.16 and 0.60 mol kg(-1) on different facets of the gold and silver aqueous interfaces. We consider the Au/Ag(111), native Au/Ag(100) and reconstructed Au(100)(5×1) facets. For a given combination of metallic surface and facet, some variations in density profile are apparent across the different cations in solution, with the corresponding chloride counterion profiles remaining broadly invariant. All density profiles at the higher concentration are predicted to be very similar to their low-concentration counterparts. We find that each electrolyte responds differently to the different metallic surface and facets, particularly those of the divalent metal ions. Our findings reveal marked differences in density profiles between facets for a given metallic interface for both Mg(2+) and Ca(2+), with Na(+) and K(+) showing much less distinction. Mg(2+) was the only ion for which we find evidence of materials-dependent differences in interfacial solution structuring between the Ag and Au. / Veski, Air Force Office for Scientific Research grant #FA9550-12-1-0226