Global ETD Search

1	Co-Infection Dynamics of the Tick-Borne Bacteria: Rickettsia Parkeri and "Candidatus Rickettsia Andeanae" Lee, Jung Keun 09 December 2016 (has links) Amblyomma maculatum Koch (Acari: Ixodidae) is the primary vector for Rickettsia parkeri which is a causative agent of American Boutonneuse fever. Infection rates of R. parkeri in A. maculatum populations from the United States are approximately 0-56%. The first human clinical case of Rickettsia parkeri infection was reported in 2014 and the patient presented with a febrile illness similar to Rocky Mountain spotted fever but showing milder clinical symptoms. Through 2016, approximately 40 human clinical cases of R. parkeri infection have been reported within southern United States. Amblyomma maculatum may also be infected with a rickettsia of unknown pathogenicity “Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae” which has 0-6.3% infection rates in much of the southeastern United States. However, the interaction between R. parkeri and “Ca. R. andeanae” is largely unknown. In studies presented here, we found infection rates of R. parkeri and “Ca. R. andeanae” in questing A. maculatum from Mississippi between 2013 and 2015 to be within the reported ranges for the Southeast, though higher than those previously reported for this area; levels of R. parkeri were also higher than “Ca. R. andeanae” in individual infected ticks. Using animal tickeeding trials, we found tick tissue levels of both rickettsiae to increase over time, while transovarial transmission was most successful for “Ca. R. andeanae” when present alone in ticks or co-infecting with R. parkeri. Finally, adult ticks transmitted R. parkeri to naïve coeeding ticks, and tick acquisition and survival was more efficient when coeeding ticks were in close proximity and naïve ticks uninfected with “Ca. R. andeanae.” In summary, this dissertation research filled specific gaps in our knowledge of R. parkeri-“Ca. R. andeanae” interactions in individual A. maculatum ticks and tick populations. Through this research, we have contributed to a better understanding of the human pathogen, R. parkeri, and sympatric species, “Ca. R. andeanae.” We anticipate that sharing these data with the research community will lead to a better understanding of the complexities of spotted fever rickettsiosis in the United States. candidatus Amblyomma parkeri Rickettsia andeanae
2	High Prevalence of "Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae" and Apparent Exclusion of Rickettsia Parkeri in Adult Amblyomma Maculatum (Acari: Ixodidae) From Kansas and Oklahoma Paddock, Christopher D., Denison, Amy M., Dryden, Michael W., Noden, Bruce H., Lash, R. Ryan, Abdelghani, Sarah S., Evans, Anna E., Kelly, Aubree R., Hecht, Joy A., Karpathy, Sandor E., Ganta, Roman R., Little, Susan E. 01 January 2015 (has links) Amblyomma maculatum (the Gulf Coast tick), an aggressive, human-biting, Nearctic and Neotropical tick, is the principal vector of Rickettsia parkeri in the United States. This pathogenic spotted fever group Rickettsia species has been identified in 8-52% of questing adult Gulf Coast ticks in the southeastern United States. To our knowledge, R. parkeri has not been reported previously from adult specimens of A. maculatum collected in Kansas or Oklahoma. A total of 216 adult A. maculatum ticks were collected from 18 counties in Kansas and Oklahoma during 2011-2014 and evaluated by molecular methods for evidence of infection with R. parkeri. No infections with this agent were identified; however, 47% of 94 ticks collected from Kansas and 73% of 122 ticks from Oklahoma were infected with ". Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae" a spotted fever group Rickettsia species of undetermined pathogenicity. These preliminary data suggest that " Ca. R. andeanae" is well-adapted to survival in populations of A. maculatum in Kansas and Oklahoma, and that its ubiquity in Gulf Coast ticks in these states may effectively exclude R. parkeri from their shared arthropod host, which could diminish markedly or preclude entirely the occurrence of R. parkeri rickettsiosis in this region of the United States. Amblyomma maculatum Rickettsia parkeri Rickettsial interference
3	Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae, Rickettsia Parkeri And "Candidatus Rickettsia Andeanae", Associated With The Gulf Coast Tick, Amblyomma Maculatum Koch Ferrari, Flavia Araujo Girao 11 August 2012 (has links) The public health and veterinary importance of Gulf Coast ticks, Amblyomma maculatum Koch (1844) have become more apparent during the last several decades. In addition, new records of this three-host ixodid tick presently show a geographic distribution throughout much of the southern United States. Rickettsia parkeri, a spotted fever group rickettsia (SFGR) that is commonly found infecting the Gulf Coast tick, was only recently recognized as a human pathogen. Over the last decade, more than 20 human cases of disease caused by R. parkeri have been recognized in the Americas, all of which were similar in presentation to mild Rocky Mountain spotted fever. In addition, a novel, poorly characterized SFGR, “Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae”, was recently identified in A. maculatum from Peru, United States, Chile and Argentina. As the recognition of R. parkeri as a pathogen and “Ca. R. andeanae” as an additional SFGR in A. maculatum only recently occurred, a general gap exists in our understanding of the biology of these SFGRs. The overall objective of this dissertation was to contribute to our knowledge of SFGR infecting A. maculatum. In Chapter 3, we present a prevalence study of R. parkeri, and “Ca. R. andeanae” in A. maculatum from Mississippi where we detected 15.2% R. parkeri-singly infected ticks and 3.1% total “Ca. R. andeanae” infected ticks of which 1.7% were co-infected with R. parkeri. In Chapter 4, we discuss finding four genetically different populations of A. maculatum from Mississippi infected with a homogenous population of R. parkeri, using Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism analysis. Those initial data relating to “Ca. R. andeanae” provided a foundation for studies described in Chapters 5 and 6. We report the first morphological study of “Ca. R. andeanae” using transmission electron microscopy in Chapter 5 and isolation of this SFGR in ,A. maculatum cell co-culture in Chapter 6. We anticipate that results presented in this dissertation will contribute to our understanding of the ecology of ,A. maculatum as a vector for the human pathogen, R. parkeri, and increase the current understanding of both R. parkeri and “Ca. R. andeanae” in A. maculatum. Gulf Coast tick Amblyomma maculatum spotted fever group rickettsia Rickettsia parkeri America boutonneuse fever “Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae” prevalence population heterogeneity single strand conformation polymorphism transmission electron microscopy embryonic tick cell line
4	Off-Host Biology and Ecology of Immature Gulf Coast Ticks (Amblyomma Maculatum Koch) in Mississippi Portugal, Jose Santos 06 May 2017 (has links) Little is understood about off-host behavior and ecology of immature Amblyomma maculatum Koch (Gulf Coast tick). A more complete understanding of this tick is essential to protect human and animal health. My research focused on seasonality and distribution of immatures in Mississippi, potential suitability of some insect and human hosts to larvae, and aspects of nymphal questing behavior. A single larva was collected (third off-host collection reported) when sampling A. maculatum habitat using a novel device. Collection of this larva in November expands the stage’s known seasonality and confirmed a prediction concerning seasonality of larval A. maculatum. Low frequency of immatures (8.3%) confirmed that they’re incredibly difficult to collect off-host. Nymphal collections peaked in March, and known seasonality was extended for both nymphs and adults. I examined known records, elucidating seasonality and distribution of A. maculatum in Mississippi. Either multiple generations per year or diapause are responsible for observed bi-modal distribution of immature collections. Additionally, I compiled the most extensive host record of immature A. maculatum in Mississippi and investigated seasonality patterns using USDA plant hardiness zones. I compiled the most complete record of ticks found on arthropods. Amblyomma americanum and A. maculatum were both confirmed to crawl onto arthropods, giving support to occasional, unintentional dispersal by phoresy. There was no conclusive evidence that larval A. maculatum feed on arthropods, however data supported feeding by larval A. americanum. These results have interesting implications regarding evolution of pathogens/endosymbionts. I provided the first evidence that larval A. maculatum can attach to humans. Rickettsia parkeri, a human pathogen transmitted by this species has recently been shown to be capable of transovarial transmission. Therefore, larval A. maculatum may provide another avenue of transmission. I have demonstrated that A. maculatum are difficult to collect off-host in part because they prefer to quest low to the ground. In choice studies, 5-cm-tall stems were most likely to be occupied by nymphs released into an array of stems. Low vapor pressure deficit encouraged questing, while higher VPD and warmer temperature increased questing height. These results may have implications in understanding host-seeking behavior in other tick species as well. water vapor relative humidity fall armyworm house cricket European honey bee Spodoptera frugiperda Acheta domesticus Apis mellifera parumapertus Tidewater spotted fever Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis Heartwater Ehrlichia ruminantium Hepatozoon americanum scapularis Maculatum group Neotropical Water vapor Ixodes Dermacentor critical equilibrium humidity critical equilibrium activity Nearctic Boophilus Rhipicephalus southeast National Tick Collection hemolymph americanum nitens variabilis Andropogon virginicus broomsedge tickarium photophase fixed action pattern fixed behavior Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae

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