Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / The problem of the dissertation is to present from an historical perspective the life, work, and thought of Charles Freer Andrews (1871-1940), Anglican missionary to India. In examining Andrews' life, special attention is given to those factors which influenced his work and thought. C. F . Andrews was truly a product of his environment. Born in Newcastle- upon- tyne, England, during the latter half of the nineteenth century, he was reared in the Irvingite tradition. His father and grandfather were ministers in the Catholic Apostolic Church founded by Edward Irving. While they provided a religious structure around Jesus Christ, Andrews ' mother exemplified a sympathetic, Christ-like servant. Andrews' national heritage also influenced him. He accepted the prevalent belief that Great Britain was part of God's plan to r ule the backward colonies, but he also was a true Englishman, believing deeply in the democratic system of government. During his college years, Andrews felt the impact of the new scientific age and its attack on Christian beliefs (Virgin Birth, Resurrection of the body, literal interpretation of the Bible) that could not be proven or adequately defended by the new findings of the natural scientists and literary critics. While pondering his own religious beliefs, Andrews became closely associated with Brooke Foss Westcott, Bishop of Durham, and his family. Through this intimate contact, Andrews was led into membership and the priesthood of the Anglican Church and became interested in missions. From 1904-1940, Andrews endeavored to bring into reality his Christ-like servitude as a missionary in India. His major concerns during these years were indentured labor which Andrews investigated in the Fiji Islands and assisted in its eventual abolishment, opium in Assam where he endeavored to show to the British Government of India its ineffective policies in the matter of increasing consumption of the drug, and Indian independence which Andrews advocated as early as the 1920's when others were willing to accept dominion status. In addition to his social concerns, Andrews also became concerned about his beliefs and relationship to the Anglican Church while he was in India. Because of his questioning of doctrines, the restrictiveness of the Anglican priesthood, and his contact with the non-Christians, he finally decided in 1915 to become a priest without a parish and to serve all men, Christians and non-Christians alike. This decision began Andrews' quest to answer such questions as: How does one explain the existence of great reli gious men outside the Christian faith? What is the "church"? Is there only one true and apostolic ministry? Although he did not resolve these questions completely, he sincerely attempted throughout his life to find the answers and tried to lead a Christ-like life. After two operations, Andrews died on April 5, 1940, in Calcutta. His body was carried to a nearby cemetery followed by a throng of Christians and non-Christians, rich and poor, walking together on foot to Andrews' last resting place. / 2031-01-01

This thesis documents the five principal areas of architectural development in St Andrews from 1810 to c1894. The Overview examines the factors for change and pattern of expansion, and identifies education, recreation and retirement as the three main pillars of the expanding economy. Part One comprises a detailed examination of the circumstances surrounding the rebuilding of the United College, and extension to the University Library from 1810 to 1854. Part Two examines in equal detail the establishment and erection of the Madras College during the 1830s. Parts Three and Four are concerned with the development of two completely new areas of middle class housing; the 'new town' to the west, and 'Queen's Park' to the south. The stylistic shift from classicism to romanticism implicit in these schemes is highlighted by the new baronial Town Hall. The development of the Scores on the town's northern boundary constitutes Part Five. This is divided on a thematic and chronological basis into four sections, identifying issues relevant to changes of style and building type. The final section re-examines the reasons for the town's expansion and redevelopment, and concludes with observations on the relationship between (a), local and non-local architectural practices; (b), developments within the building community; and (c), the sometimes contradictory attitudes inherent in the creation of nineteenth century St Andrews, particularly in relation to surviving mediaeval remains.

Through analysis of the site, and of the important historic precedents in the area of St. Andrew's, Manitoba, the project attempts to fill a void in the fabric of life of a rural community. Moreover, the project seeks to ameliorate the negative effects that sub-urbanization is having in the present, and will have in the future, upon the community of St. Andrew's. A community hall in a strategic location - at the junction of the historic Red River Heritage Parkway, and St. Andrews's Road - will increase the civic and community presence at the heart of the small town. Sited in relation to St. Andrew's Church, the St. Andrew's Rectory, and St. Andrew's Elementary, the proposed Community Hall will first of all provide a place for people in and outside the community to gather, be it for socials, dances, political meetings, or fall suppers. Secondly, the Community Hall will address the life of the Red River. A problem identified by the research was that new subdivisions within St. Andrew's fail to address the Red River. A Community Hall, which refocuses considerable attention towards river recreation, would increase the awareness of planners and other professionals so that St. Andrew's will be developed in ways which contribute to the fabric of life in St. Andrew's. To this end, the project supports the development of a descriptive, rather than prescriptive, park-like area along the banks of the Red River. Such a park would provide places for children and adults to seek out the river's edge for recreation, both in winter and in summer. Small hills will be enjoyed as sledding opportunities, while a concerted effort in cleaning and scraping the ice of the river will provide for public skating. Boat launches will be used in summer by visitors, and small shacks provided in both winter and summer for respite from the elements. The programme of the building will also support such activities. The main floor and mezzanine should be viewed as "formal," as they address the events of the community at large and ingrain themselves into the life of school, church, and town. The lower floor of the building, however, will have public washrooms, rentable rooms for boy scout meetings, floor hockey and the like, and a concession area. This lower level will address itself to the informal life of the community as embodied through the symbol of the Red River.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Andrews University, School of Education, 2008. / Vita. Bibliography: leaves 327-370.

In this thesis we study algorithmic aspects of balanced group presentations which are finite presentations with the same number of generators and relations. The main motivation is that the decidability of some problems, such as the triviality problem, is open for balanced presentations. First, we summarize known results on decision problems for general finite presen- tations and we show two group properties which are undecidable even for balanced presentations - the property of "being a free group"' and the property of "having a finite presentation with 12 generators". We also show reductions of some graph problems to the triviality problem for group presentations, such as determining whether a graph is connected, k-connected or connected including an odd cycle. Then we show a reduction of the determining whether a graph with the same number of vertices and edges is a cycle to the triviality problem for balanced presentations. On the other hand, there is also a limitation of reduction to balanced presentations. We prove that there is no balanced presentation with two generators a, b|ap(m) bq(m) , ar(m) bs(m) for p(m), q(m), r(m), s(m) ∈ Z[m] which describes the trivial group if and only if m is odd. In the last part of this thesis, we describe a relation between group presentations and topology. In addition,...

Orientadores: Roy Edward Bruns, Ieda Spacino Scarminio / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T09:42:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soares_PatriciaKaori_D.pdf: 5987452 bytes, checksum: b7f6d3605c80bd74286d32f100d29f54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Nos últimos anos muitos avanços foram feitos em termos da descoberta de novos princípios ativos de plantas medicinais. Mesmo com toda a tecnologia dos dias de hoje, uma das etapas mais importantes na busca pelo isolamento de novas substâncias continua sendo o processo de extração. Nesta etapa, além do método de extração, outra escolha fundamental é o solvente extrator a ser utilizado, pois a informação química a ser obtida, tanto qualitativa quanto quantitativa dependerá exclusivamente desses dois fatores. O planejamento de misturas neste caso permite identificar as interações entre os solventes utilizados, ou mesmo constatar que não há interação significativa entre eles, auxiliando na maximização ou minimização de uma resposta. Neste trabalho, a composição química das folhas da planta Erythrina speciosa Andrews foi investigada. Os extratos foram preparados com base em um planejamento experimental de misturas do tipo Centróide-Simplex com quatro componentes; etanol, diclorometano, hexano e acetona. Ao todo foram quinze misturas diferentes, sendo que o ponto central foi feito em quintuplicata, totalizando 19 extratos. Os extratos brutos passaram por um processo de fracionamento, que resultou nas fibras, nas frações neutra, básica e orgânica e também nas sobras, que foram calculadas subtraindo do extrato bruto, o peso das fibras e de todas as frações. Para avaliar os rendimentos através da metodologia de superfície de resposta, foram utilizados os pesos dos extratos brutos, das fibras, das frações neutra, básica e orgânica e também das sobras. Os resultados dos dados gravimétricos demonstraram a importância do planejamento experimental de misturas aplicado à obtenção dos extratos brutos de Erythrina speciosa e das frações em termos da quantidade extraída por cada um dos diferentes extratores, pois em todos os casos destacaramse as misturas binárias e ternárias. Os extratos brutos e as frações básica e orgânica foram analisados por cromatografia líquida. Os dados cromatográficos obtidos foram interpretados com a aplicação dos métodos de análise de componentes principais e análise hierárquica de agrupamentos e os dados cromatográficos de segunda ordem foram avaliados através da aplicação do método Tucker3. A análise exploratória dos dados cromatográficos permitiu discriminar as quinze misturas diferentes de acordo com os solventes utilizados e com base em alguns picos mais importantes / Abstract: In recent years many advances have been made in terms of discovering of new substances from medicinal plants. Even with all the present day technology, one of the most important steps to achieve the isolation of new substances remains the extraction process. Besides the extraction method itself, another fundamental choice is the organic solvent to be used because the chemical information to be obtained, both qualitatively and quantitatively depend solely on these two factors. The experimental mixture design in this case, can identify the interactions between the solvents used, or even perceive no significant interaction between them, helping to maximize or minimize a response. In this work, the chemical composition of the leaves of Erythrina speciosa Andrews was investigated. The extracts were prepared based on a Simplex Centroid mixture design with four components, ethanol, dichloromethane, hexane and acetone. A total of nineteen extractions were carried out with fifteen different mixtures. A five run replicate was performed at the center point. The extracts were submitted to a fractionation process, which resulted in the fibers, in the neutral, basic and organic fractions and also on the rest, which were calculated by subtracting from the crude extract, the weight of the fibers and fractions. To evaluate the yield by response surface methodology, the weights of the crude extract, the fibers, neutral, basic and organic fractions and also the rest were used. The results of the gravimetric data demonstrated the importance of mixture design applied to obtain the crude extracts of Erythrina speciosa and its fractions in terms of quantity extracted by each of the different extracts, because in almost all cases binary and ternary mixtures were more efficient. The extracts, basic and organic fractions were analyzed by liquid chromatography. The chromatographic data were interpreted by the application of principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis and the second-order chromatographic data were evaluated by the application of the Tucker3 method. The exploratory analysis of the chromatographic data allowed discriminating the fifteen different mixtures according to the solvents used based on some major peaks / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Ciências

Through analysis of the site, and of the important historic precedents in the area of St. Andrew's, Manitoba, the project attempts to fill a void in the fabric of life of a rural community. Moreover, the project seeks to ameliorate the negative effects that sub-urbanization is having in the present, and will have in the future, upon the community of St. Andrew's. A community hall in a strategic location - at the junction of the historic Red River Heritage Parkway, and St. Andrews's Road - will increase the civic and community presence at the heart of the small town. Sited in relation to St. Andrew's Church, the St. Andrew's Rectory, and St. Andrew's Elementary, the proposed Community Hall will first of all provide a place for people in and outside the community to gather, be it for socials, dances, political meetings, or fall suppers. Secondly, the Community Hall will address the life of the Red River. A problem identified by the research was that new subdivisions within St. Andrew's fail to address the Red River. A Community Hall, which refocuses considerable attention towards river recreation, would increase the awareness of planners and other professionals so that St. Andrew's will be developed in ways which contribute to the fabric of life in St. Andrew's. To this end, the project supports the development of a descriptive, rather than prescriptive, park-like area along the banks of the Red River. Such a park would provide places for children and adults to seek out the river's edge for recreation, both in winter and in summer. Small hills will be enjoyed as sledding opportunities, while a concerted effort in cleaning and scraping the ice of the river will provide for public skating. Boat launches will be used in summer by visitors, and small shacks provided in both winter and summer for respite from the elements. The programme of the building will also support such activities. The main floor and mezzanine should be viewed as "formal," as they address the events of the community at large and ingrain themselves into the life of school, church, and town. The lower floor of the building, however, will have public washrooms, rentable rooms for boy scout meetings, floor hockey and the like, and a concession area. This lower level will address itself to the informal life of the community as embodied through the symbol of the Red River. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of students and student affairs personnel of student affairs services at Andrews University's main campus in Berrien Springs, Michigan. A modified questionnaire, based on the work of Selgas and Blocker (1974) and Glenister (1977), was developed for this study. Eleven student services found in the Council for the Advancement of Standards for Student Services/Development Program's guidelines were included. A random sample of 280 students at Andrews University received surveys, with 165 (59%) responding. The 30 full-time student affairs personnel also received surveys, with 20 (67%) responding. Students and student affairs personnel rated their perceptions of student services, using 77 statements associated with these services. Services were rated on a 6-point scale in the categories of status of knowledge, relative importance, and effectiveness. Respondents were asked to include additional comments concerning the services and to provide biographical data. The following are some of the main findings: Significant differences between students' and student affairs personnel's status of knowledge of student services were found in career planning/employment, commuter programs/services, counseling services/substance abuse education, religious programs/services, student activities, and wellness/health. Significant differences between the two groups' perceptions of relative importance of student services were found in counseling services/substance abuse education, housing/residential life programs, international student/multicultural services, religious programs/services, student activities, and wellness/health. Significant differences between the two groups' perceptions of the effectiveness of student services were found in counseling services/substance abuse education, minority student programs/services, religious programs/services, services for students with disabilities, student activities, and wellness/health. Important information for the improvement of student services has resulted from this study, which provides student insights about student services that go beyond those of the current student affairs personnel. The study also provides a program-evaluation model unique to Andrews University for periodic assessment of the status and progress of student affairs services.

This thesis examines the impact of the Reformation on the estates of ecclesiastical institutions and officials based in St Andrews. It argues that land and wealth were redistributed and power structures torn apart, as St Andrews changed from Scotland's Catholic ecclesiastical capital to a conspicuously Protestant burgh. The rapid dispersal of the pre-Reformation church's considerable ecclesiastical lands and revenues had long-term ramifications for the lives of local householders, for relations between religious and secular authorities, and for St Andrews' viability as an urban community. Yet this major redistribution of wealth has had limited attention from scholars. The first part of this study considers the role played by the Catholic Church in St Andrews before the Reformation, and the means by which it was financed, examining the funding of the city's pre-Reformation ecclesiastical foundations and officials, and arguing that (contrary to some traditional assumptions) the Catholic Church in St Andrews was on a reasonably sound financial footing until the Reformation. The second section considers the immediate disruption to St Andrews' religious lands and revenues caused by the burgh's public conversion to Protestantism, and then explores the more planned reorganisation of the 1560s. The disputes and difficulties triggered by the redistribution of ecclesiastical wealth are examined, as well as the longer term impact on St Andrews of the treatment of church revenues at the Reformation. Evidence for this study is chiefly drawn from the extensive body of manuscripts concerning St Andrews held by the National Library of Scotland, the National Records of Scotland, and the University of St Andrews Special Collections.

The link between aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and resource gradients generated by complex terrain (solar radiation, nutrients, and moisture) has been established in the literature. Belowground ecosystem stocks and functions, such as soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and belowground productivity have also been related to the same topography and resource distributions, and therefore it is expected that they share spatial and temporal patterns with ANPP. However, stand structure on complex terrain is a function of multiple trajectories of forest development that interact with existing resource gradients, creating feedbacks that complicate the relationships between resource availability and ANPP. On a 96 ha forested watershed in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Western Cascades range of Oregon, spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the secondary succession of a replanted Pseudotsuga menziesii stand following harvest results from the interaction of stand composition and abiotic drivers and may create unique "hot spots" and "hot moments" that complicate gradient relationships. In this dissertation, I tested the hypotheses that (chapter 3) multiple successional trajectories exist and can be predicted from a general linear model using specific topographic, historical, and biological parameters and that an estimated "maximum ANPP" may better represent stand characteristics than ANPP measured at a particular moment in time. I also test that (chapter 4) the distribution of light fraction carbon (LFC; C with a density of less than 1.85 g/cm��) is spatially variable, elevated on hardwood-initiated sites (hardwood biomass > 50% of biomass), and positively correlated with litter fall and ANPP. Chapter 4 also tests that heavy fraction carbon (HFC; C with a density of greater than 1.85 g/cm��) is a function of both soil mineralogy, stand composition, and ANPP, such that edges observed spatially in site mineralogy (changes in soil type) are reflected in sharp changes in the composition of the forest community and the magnitude of HFC stores. Finally, I hypothesized (chapter 5) that in complex terrain, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export can be predicted from landform characteristics, relates to ANPP, and may be measured by several methods which are well-correlated with one another. In chapter 6, I discuss how litter fall measurements can be extrapolated to a watershed extent, and use litter fall as an example of the error that can occur in scaling up measurements taken at a small scale, within a heterogeneous stand on complex terrain, to a landscape scale extent. / Graduation date: 2013