This study is undertaken to characterize the aerodynamic behavior of Kevlar-wall test sections and specifically those containing two-dimensional, lifting models. The performance of the Kevlar-wall test section can be evaluated against the standard of the hard-wall test section, which in the case of the Stability Wind Tunnel (SWT) at Virginia Tech can be alternately installed or replaced by the Kevlar-wall test section. As a first step towards the evaluation of the Kevlar-wall test section aerodynamics, a validation of the hard-wall test section at the SWT is performed, in part by comparing data from NACA 0012 airfoil sections tested at the SWT with those tested at several other reliable facilities. The hard-wall test section showing good merit, back-to-back tests with three different airfoils are carried out in the SWT's hard-wall and Kevlar-wall test sections. Kevlar-wall data is corrected for wall interference with a panel method simulation that simulates the unique boundary conditions of Kevlar-wall test sections including the Kevlar porosity, wall deflection, and presence of the anechoic chambers on either side of the walls. Novel measurements of the boundary conditions are made during the Kevlar-wall tests to validate the panel method simulation. Finally, sensitivity studies on the input parameters of the panel method simulation are conducted. The work included in this study encompasses a wide range of issues related to Kevlar-wall as well as hard-wall tunnels and brings to light many details of the performance of such test sections. / Master of Science

On-blade hot wire anemometry measurements as well as far field sound measurements at several receiving angles have been previously made for a rotor partially embedded in a boundary layer. The inflow distortion effect on the rotor angle of attack distribution was determined directly from the on-blade measurements, and was found to minimally affect the angle of attack at the blade tips and lower the angle attack in the rotor disk plane as the radial location moves towards the hub. A narrow, sharp increase in angle of attack as the rotor blades approached the wall was also observed, indicating blade interaction with flow reversal. The haystacking pattern, or spectral humps that appear at multiples of the blade passage frequency, was studied for a wide range of advance ratios. At high advance ratios, evidence of vortex shedding from the blade trailing edges was observed. For low advance ratios, the haystacks narrowed, became more symmetric and increased in number. A method of determining the average acoustic signature of an eddy passage through a rotor was developed from time delay aligning multiple microphone signals and eddy passages detected using the continuous wavelet transform. It was found that the eddy passage signatures were similar to a cosine wave with a Gaussian window. It was also found that normalized timescales obtained directly from the eddy passage signatures remained somewhat constant with advance ratio, but increases slightly for fixed free stream velocities with increasing rotor RPM. For advance ratios less than 0.6, the eddy passage signatures were dominated by a tonal component due to rotor ingestion of misaligned flow caused by a boundary layer separation at the wall. This indicates that flow reversal known as the Pirouette Effect is interacting with the rotor blades. / Master of Science

Incubators in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) are known to produce high Sound Pressure Levels (SPL) that can have detrimental effects on infants. Currently measured SPL in NICU's using traditional incubators are above the recommended 45 dB[A] threshold value [1]. Due to operating equipment and environmental noise, the sound level that is perceived by the developing newborn can cause both short and long term hearing loss as well as psychological damage [1].This thesis presents a study on how passive noise control devices can be used to reduce SPL levels in incubator NICU environments. A combination of experimental testing coupled with Finite Element simulations were performed for a modern incubator. In the experimental portion, porous mattresses were analyzed to reduce SPL values. These same test scenarios were modeled using the FE software. Using this model, extensive studies were performed on an arrangement of porous mattress materials with simple foam shapes to determine sound absorbing characteristics of several designs. Data was collected and studied at a NICU at Children\'s Hospital in Norfolk, Va. Experimental work showed improvement in reducing SPL with multiple thicknesses for different sound absorbing mattresses. The experimental outcomes validated the FE simulation model by showing similar trends at the baby\'s ears. In simulation work, polyimide foam had the best low frequency performance while polyurethane had the greatest performance in middle and high frequencies. Designs that used full-width foam treatments across the incubator produced the overall greatest reduction in noise around the baby control volume by approximately 26%. / Master of Science

This thesis is focused on a detailed analysis of the mechanisms of electromagnetic wave propagation in anechoic chambers. The analysis takes into account the influence of the measurement distance, setup of anechoic chamber and other parameters. Furthermore, the work deals with a validation of both types of anechoic chambers and examines the impact of selected parameters on the measurement results. Based on the theoretical analysis and practical measurement, the comparation between semi and fully anechoic chamber, or a three and ten meter measuring distance was made. This thesis also contains a detailed analysis of sources of the uncertainty.

This final diploma thesis deals with the issue of vibration and noise measurement of transmission devices. The research part describes the basic issues of noise and vibration generation, their measurement, as well as sources of vibrations in gear units. The practical part deals with the design proposal of the attachment of the experimental single-stage gearbox and the load dynamometer to the anechoic chamber including the drawings. Further, by checking the modal properties of the proposed test stand, using the finite element method, the analytical and numerical control of the torsional vibrations of the rotating parts with respect to the expected frequency ranges of use.

The purpose of the thesis is to design transmitting antenna based on septum polarizer solution for indoor measurement range. The antenna is considered for both senses of circular polarization. The design is divided into three main sections. First section is devoted to analysis and selection of a suitable waveguide. Ridge waveguide as a crucial part of a septum polarizer is mentioned in this section. Second part is the most critical; here the septum polarizer is analyzed and based on simple procedure also designed. Two suitable horn apertures are then developed as a part of the third section. Individual transmitting antenna parts are assembled together into one model and simulated with excellent results for axial ratio, cross-polarization discrimination, return loss and isolation between ports.

For the future implementation of high speed communication,safety remains one of the main concerns. To ensurethe safety of new applications, specifically the new 5G antennas,it is crucial to know that they will not cause any harm to thehuman body. There are a few ways to test how safe a systemusing high frequency radiation is but the industry standard is byusing the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). The SAR is directlycorrelated to the initial temperature rise in the volume exposedto radiation which is what the method used in this report is basedon. The temperature rise in a skin-like phantom due to 5 GHzexposure was recorded using an IR-camera, which in turn wasused to calculate the SAR. The purpose of this report was to testif this method is a valid way of obtaining the peak surface SAR.It was concluded that the method is valid but there are someuncertainties in regards to abstracting the method to far-fieldexposure for our considered frequency. The SAR value that isachieved in this report is 333.4 W/Kg which is high in relationto the SAR-limits in IEEE guidelines, although the set up is notsupposed to reflect a realistic use of the antenna. This is due tothe fact that the waveguide in the setup is close to measurementsample, and has a higher intensity than is to be expected fromreal world applications. The method may be applicable for farfieldexposure with a higher frequency as that would concentratethe measurable heat to the surface of the measurement sampleand would also carry more energy by default. / För all framtida implementering avhöghastighetskommunikation kommer säkerhetsgarantin varaen av de stora frågorna. För att fastställa säkerheten hos nyatillämpningar, specifikt 5G antenner, är det viktigt att vetaatt det är oskadligt för människor. Det finns olika metoderför att påvisa säkerheten i applikationer som använder sig avhögfrekvent strålning men industristandarden är att användaSAR (Specific Absorption Rate). SAR är direkt korrelerat medvärmeutvecklingen i volymen utsatt för strålning vilket är detfaktum denna rapport är baserad på. Temperaturökningeni en skinnliknande fantom från 5 GHz-strålning mättes meden IR-kamera. Detta användes för att räkna ut SAR-värdet.Poängen med rapporten var att testa om denna metod äracceptabel för att räkna ut högsta SAR-värdet i en punkt.Slutsatsen är att denna metod fungerar men det kan finnasproblem med att abstrahera metoden till fjärrfält för vårtilltänka frekvens. Det uppnådda SAR-värdet är 333.4 W/Kgvilket är högt jämfört med IEEE-standarden, detta är på grundav att uppställningen inte är tänkt att återspegla en realistisksituation. Antennen är för nära fantomen och intensiteten ärockså högre än vad som används i vanliga fall. Metoden kanmöjligtvis användas vid fjärrfältstrålning vid högre frekvenseri och med att detta leder till en värmeökning koncentrad vidytan. Dessutom har högre frekvenser högre energi vilket innebären större värmeökning. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2021, KTH, Stockholm

An aeroacoustic study was conducted on a 26%-scale Boeing 777 main landing gear in the Virginia Tech (VT) Anechoic Stability Wind Tunnel. The VT Anechoic Stability Wind Tunnel allowed noise measurements to be carried out using both a 63-elements microphone phased array and a linear array of 15 microphones. The noise sources were identified from the flyover view under various flow speeds and the phased array positioned in both the near and far-field. The directivity pattern of the landing gear was determined using the linear array of microphones. The effectiveness of 4 passive noise control devices was evaluated. The 26%-scale model tested was a faithful reproduction of the full-scale landing gear and included most of the full-scale details with accuracy down to 3 mm. The same landing gear model was previously tested in the original hard-walled configuration of the VT tunnel with the same phased array mounted on the wall of the test section, i.e. near-field position. Thus, the new anechoic configuration of the VT wind tunnel offered a unique opportunity to directly compare, using the same gear model and phased array instrumentation, data collected in hard-walled and semi-anechoic test sections. The main objectives of the present work were (i) to evaluate the validity of conducting aeroacoustic studies in non-acoustically treated, hard-walled wind tunnels, (ii) to test the effectiveness of various streamlining devices (passive noise control) at different flyover locations, and (iii) to assess if phased array measurements can be used to estimate noise reduction. As expected, the results from this work show that a reduction of the background noise (e.g. anechoic configuration) leads to significantly cleaner beamforming maps and allows one to locate noise sources that would not be identified otherwise. By using the integrated spectra for the baseline landing gear, it was found that in the hard-walled test section the levels of the landing gear noise were overestimated. Phased array measurements in the near and far-field positions were also compared in the anechoic configuration. The results showed that straight under the gear, near-field measurements located only the lower-truck noise sources, i.e. noise components located behind the truck were shielded. It was thus demonstrated that near-field, phased-array measurements of the landing gear noise straight under the gear are not suitable. The array was also placed in the far-field, on the rear-arc of the landing gear. From this position, other noise sources such as the strut could be identified. This result demonstrated that noise from the landing gear on the flyover path cannot be characterized by only taking phased array measurement right under the gear. The noise reduction potential of various streamlining devices was estimated from phased array measurements (by integrating the beamforming maps) and using the linear array of individually calibrated microphones. Comparison of the two approaches showed that the reductions estimated from the phased array and a single microphone were in good agreement in the far-field. However, it was found that in the near-field, straight under the gear, phased array measurements greatly overestimate the attenuation. / Master of Science

Les mesures utilisées actuellement en chambres anéchoïque, pour la caractérisation de la surface équivalente radar (SER) sont généralement perturbées, en particulier en basse fréquence lorsque les parois de la chambre génèrent des trajets multiples. En basse fréquence l’épaisseur des matériaux absorbants devient faible devant la longueur d’onde et ceux-ci ne peuvent plus être considère comme parfaitement absorbants. Dans ce cas, le champ total incident sur la cible sous test est ainsi la somme du champ incident direct et des champs réfléchis par les parois. Basé sur le principe de retournement temporel qui permet de focaliser spatialement et temporellement une onde électromagnétique, l’objectif de la thèse est de présenter une nouvelle méthode d’imagerie microonde qui profite des degrés de liberté spatio-temporels de la propagation au sein d’un milieu diffusant afin de détecter une cible avec une haute résolution. / The currently used methods for radar cross section (RCS) measurements at low frequencies encounter several disturbing phenomena, such as the multipath propagation caused by reflections from the walls. Descending in frequency, the thickness of absorbent materials becomes small compared with the wavelength and they are no longer perfectly absorbent. Therefore, the total incident field on the target becomes the sum of the incident wave and the reflected waves from the walls of the chamber. Inspired by time reversal technique which allows spatial and temporal focusing of an electromagnetic wave, the objective of the thesis is to present a novel imaging method in the microwave range which benefits from the spatio-temporal degrees of freedom provided by the transmission through a random medium in order to detect a target with high resolution.

Ο σκοπός αυτής της εργασίας είναι να προωθηθεί ένας οδηγός σχετικά με τις κατασκευαστικές προδιαγραφές και την απόδοση των ηλεκτρομαγνητικών ανηχοικών θαλάμων και των εσωτερικών εγκαταστάσεων δοκιμής. Εντούτοις, απαιτείται κάποια γνώση ηλεκτρομαγνητικών μετρήσεων, για να εξασφαλιστεί ότι όλοι οι εφαρμόσιμοι κατασκευαστικοί παράγοντες, έχουν εφαρμοστεί στις καταστάσεις που θα ζητηθούν. Η μέτρηση των ηλεκτρομαγνητικών κυμάτων περιλαμβάνει μεγάλο αριθμό ηλεκτρονικών συσκευών. Αυτές οι συσκευές μπορούν να ταξινομηθούν σε άμεσους ή σε έμμεσους εκπομπούς. Η μέτρηση των άμεσων εκπομπών (όπως οι κεραίες) ή η εκπομπή της ηλεκτρομαγνητικής ενέργειας, όπως στη διατομή του ραντάρ, απαιτεί εξειδικευμένες εγκαταστάσεις. Ο καθορισμός του επιπέδου ακτινοβολίας από τους έμμεσους εκπομπούς όπως οι ψηφιακές συσκευές ή ο καθορισμός του επιπέδου «ευαισθησίας» που έχει μια ηλεκτρονική συσκευή, όσον αφορά ένα εισερχόμενο ηλεκτρομαγνητικό κύμα περιλαμβάνει επίσης τη μέτρηση των ηλεκτρομαγνητικών κυμάτων στις εγκαταστάσεις που σχεδιάζονται συγκεκριμένα για τη μέτρηση που πραγματοποιείται. Ηλεκτρομαγνητικό κύμα είναι το αποτέλεσμα από την επιτάχυνση των ηλεκτρικών φορτίων. Το ηλεκτρικό πεδίο λόγω μιας ανεπιθύμητης φόρτισης (σε κάποια δοκιμή ή στην ομοιόμορφη κίνηση σε μια ευθεία γραμμή) κατευθύνεται ακτινωτά και μειώνεται ως το τετράγωνο της απόστασης από τη φόρτιση. Εντούτοις, η επιτάχυνση της φόρτισης προκαλεί αύξηση του ηλεκτρικού πεδίου, και μειώνεται γραμμικά με την απόσταση. Στην πράξη, σχεδόν πάντα υπάρχει ενδιαφέρον για τα μακροσκοπικά αποτελέσματα. Στην μακροσκοπική κλίμακα, η αλληλεξάρτηση μεταξύ των ηλεκτρικών και μαγνητικών πεδίων περιγράφεται από μαθηματική άποψη από τις εξισώσεις Maxwell [ 2 ..3 ]. Τα μαθηματικά των ηλεκτρομαγνητικών πεδίων και των σχετικών μέσων χρησιμοποιούν την διανυσματική ανάλυση. Η ανάλυση μπορεί να αναμιχθεί πολύ, σε πολλά προβλήματα, ειδικά εκείνα που περιλαμβάνουν τη διάδοση στα μη ισοτροπικά , μη-αμοιβαία, μη γραμμικά, ή ανομοιογενή μέσα. Αν και ορισμένα προβλήματα στις ηλεκτρομαγνητικές μετρήσεις μπορούν να απαιτήσουν την εφαρμογή πιο λεπτομερών μαθηματικών. Στους ανηχοικούς θαλάμους πραγματοποιούνται δύο ειδών δοκιμές, η δοκιμή ηλεκτρομαγνητικής παρεμβολής (EMI) και η δοκιμή ηλεκτρομαγνητικής συμβατότητας (EMC). Ηλεκτρομαγνητική παρεμβολή (EMI) είναι κάθε σήμα ή εκπομπή που ακτινοβολείται στον χώρο ή άγεται σε καλώδια τροφοδοσίας ή σημάτων και θέτει σε κίνδυνο τη λειτουργία συστημάτων ασύρματης πλοήγησης ή άλλες υπηρεσίες ασφαλείας ή υποβαθμίζει, παρεμποδίζει ή διακόπτει επανειλημμένα μια αδειοδοτημένη υπηρεσία ασύρματων επικοινωνιών. Στις υπηρεσίες ασυρμάτων επικοινωνιών περιλαμβάνονται, ενδεικτικά, οι εμπορικές εκπομπές AM/FM, η τηλεόραση, η κινητή τηλεφωνία, τα ραντάρ, ο έλεγχος εναέριας κυκλοφορίας, η τηλεειδοποίηση και οι Υπηρεσίες Προσωπικής Επικοινωνίας (Personal Communication Services ή PCS). Αυτές οι αδειοδοτημένες και οι μη αδειδοτημένες υπηρεσίες ασυρμάτων επικοινωνιών, όπως το WLAN ή το Bluetooth, μαζί με ακούσιους πομπούς όπως ψηφιακές συσκευές, συμπεριλαμβανομένων συστημάτων υπολογιστών, συμβάλλουν στο ηλεκτρομαγνητικό περιβάλλον. Η ηλεκτρομαγνητική συμβατότητα (ΗΜΣ) είναι η δυνατότητα στοιχείων του ηλεκτρονικού εξοπλισμού να λειτουργούν ομαλά μαζί, μέσα σε ηλεκτρονικό περιβάλλον. Παρόλο που το συγκεκριμένο σύστημα υπολογιστή έχει σχεδιαστεί και έχει προσδιοριστεί ως συμβατό με τα όρια που καθορίζονται από το φορέα κανονισμών για ηλεκτρομαγνητικές παρεμβολές, δεν παρέχεται κανενός είδους εγγύηση ότι δεν θα υπάρξει παρεμβολή σε μία συγκεκριμένη εγκατάσταση. Τα προϊόντα της EMC Corporation είναι σχεδιασμένα, ελεγμένα και κατηγοριοποιημένα σύμφωνα με το συγκεκριμένο ηλεκτρομαγνητικό περιβάλλον χρήσης τους. Αυτές οι κατηγορίες ηλεκτρομαγνητικού περιβάλλοντος αναφέρονται γενικά στους ακόλουθους εναρμονισμένους ορισμούς: • Τα προϊόντα κατηγορίας B προορίζονται για χρήση σε οικιακά περιβάλλοντα, αλλά μπορούν επίσης να χρησιμοποιηθούν σε μη οικιακά περιβάλλοντα. Σημείωση: Οικιακό περιβάλλον είναι ένα περιβάλλον όπου η χρήση πομπών ραδιοσυχνοτήτων και τηλεοπτικών δεκτών μπορεί να είναι αναμενόμενη σε απόσταση 10 m από το σημείο που χρησιμοποιείται το προϊόν. • Τα προϊόντα κατηγορίας A προορίζονται για χρήση σε μη οικιακά περιβάλλοντα. Τα προϊόντα κατηγορίας A μπορούν επίσης να χρησιμοποιηθούν σε οικιακά περιβάλλοντα, αλλά ενδέχεται να προκαλέσουν παρεμβολές και να απαιτηθεί η λήψη διορθωτικών μέτρων από το χρήστη. Εάν αυτός ο εξοπλισμός προκαλέσει παρεμβολή σε υπηρεσίες ραδιοεπικοινωνιών, η οποία παρεμβολή διαπιστώνεται ενεργοποιώντας και απενεργοποιώντας τον εξοπλισμό, επιχειρήστε να διορθώσετε την παρεμβολή ενεργώντας ως εξής: • Επαναπροσανατολισμός της κεραίας λήψης. • Αλλαγή θέσης του υπολογιστή σε σχέση με το δέκτη. • Μετακίνηση του υπολογιστή μακριά από το δέκτη. • Σύνδεση του υπολογιστή σε διαφορετική πρίζα έτσι ώστε ο υπολογιστής και ο δέκτης να βρίσκονται σε διαφορετικά κυκλώματα. Εάν είναι απαραίτητο, επικοινωνήστε με έναν τεχνικό υποστήριξης της EMC Corporation ή κάποιο εξειδικευμένο τεχνικό ραδιοφώνων/τηλεοράσεων ή ειδικό ΗΜΣ για περαιτέρω υποδείξεις. Ο εξοπλισμός τεχνολογίας πληροφοριών (ITE) που περιλαμβάνει περιφερειακά όπως κάρτες επέκτασης, εκτυπωτές, συσκευές εισόδου/εξόδου (I/O), οθόνες κ.λπ., και οι οποίες είναι ενσωματωμένες μέσα στο σύστημα ή συνδεδεμένες σε αυτόν, πρέπει να συμμορφώνεται με την κατηγορία ηλεκτρομαγνητικού περιβάλλοντος του υπολογιστή. / The purpose of this paper is to provide a guide on the design and performance specification of electromagnetic anechoic chambers or indoor test facilities. However, some knowledge of electromagnetic measurements is required to ensure that all applicable design factors have been applied in any given design situation. The measurement of electromagnetic waves involves a large number of electronic devices. These devices can be categorized as intentional or unintentional radiators. Measurement of intentional radiators (such as antennas) or the scattering facilities. Determining the level of radiation from unintentional radiators such as digital devices or determining the level of immunity an electronic device has with respect to an impinging electromagnetic wave also involves the measurement of electromagnetic waves in testing facilities designed specifically for the measurement to be performed. Electromagnetic waves result from the acceleration of electric charges. The electric field due to an unaccelerated charge (one at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line) is radially directed and decreases as the square of the distance from the charge. However, the acceleration of the charge gives rise to a tangential component of the electric field, and this decreases linearly with distance. This time-varying electric field has associated with it a time varying magnetic field, together, they comprise an electromagnetic field. An electromagnetic field that decreases linearly with distance represents an outward radiation. In practice, one is almost always concerned with macroscopic effects resulting from acceleration of gross numbers of charges. On the macroscopic scale, the interrelationship between electric and magnetic fields is described mathematically by Maxwell’s equations. An additional set of equations called constitutive relationships specifies the characteristics of the medium in which the field exists. The mathematics of electromagnetic fields and the associated media makes use of vector and tensor analysis. The analysis can become very involved in many problems, especially those involving propagation in nonisotropic, nonreciprocal, nonlinear, or nonhomogeneous media. Although certain problems in electromagnetic measurements can require application of more detailed mathematics. In anechoic chambers, take place two types of tests, the electromagnetic interference test (EMI) and the electromagnetic compatibility testing (EMC). Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is any signal or emission radiated in space or is induced in cables or signals and threatening the operation of wireless navigation services or other security or degrade, obstruct or repeatedly interrupts a licensed radio communications service. In wireless communications services including, without limitation, commercial broadcasting AM / FM, TV, mobile telephony, radar, air traffic control, paging and personal communications services (Personal Communication Services or PCS). These licensed and non licensed wireless communications such as WLAN or Bluetooth, along with unintentional transmitters such as digital devices, including computer systems, contribute to the electromagnetic environment. The electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is the potential components of electronic equipment to operate seamlessly together in an electronic environment. While this computer system has been designed and determined to be compatible with the limits set by the service regulations for electromagnetic interference, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. Its products are EMC Corporation is designed, tested and categorized according to the specific electromagnetic environment of use. These types of electromagnetic environment generally refers to the following harmonized definitions: • Products category B for use in domestic environments, but can also be used in non-domestic environments. Note: the domestic environment is an environment where the use of RF transmitters and television receivers may be expected within 10 m from where the product is used. • Class A products are intended for use in non-domestic environments. Class A products can also be used in domestic environments, but it may cause interference and require remedial action by the user. If this equipment cause interference to radio services, which insert shows activating and disabling the equipment, try to correct the interference by acting as follows: • Reorient the receiving antenna. • Relocating the computer to the receiver. • Move the computer away from the receiver. • Connect the computer into a different outlet so that computer and receiver are on different circuits. If necessary, contact technical support EMC Corporation or any qualified radio / TV technician or special EMC for further instructions. Information technology equipment (ITE), including peripherals such as expansion cards, printers, input / output (I / O), monitors, etc., which are embedded in the system or connected to it, must comply with Category electromagnetic environment of the computer.