Dans une démarche globale de durabilité, l'aviculture doit identifier des solutions pour mieux valoriser ses intrants, réduire ses rejets et minimiser ses consommations d'énergie. Pour ce faire, le développement d'un modèle des flux d'éléments et d'énergie est la démarche la plus appropriée. Cette thèse présente donc la conception et l'application de MOLDAVI, modèle dynamique à l'échelle de l'atelier de production avicole simulant les flux d'énergie et de C, N, P, K, Cu, Zn et d'eau. MOLDAVI est composé d'un module " Animal " simulant les performances de volailles de chair (croissance, ingestion, excrétion, chaleur), d'un module " Bâtiment " producteur et consommateur d'énergie et source d'émissions gazeuses (H2O, CO2, NH3, N2O, N2, CH4) et d'un module optionnel " Parcours " sur lequel une partie des déjections est excrétée et source d'émissions gazeuses. Cependant, peu de connaissances étant disponibles sur les ateliers avec parcours, des expérimentations sur deux ateliers de production biologique de poulets de chair ont été réalisées afin d'acquérir des facteurs d'émission gazeuse (NH3, N2O, CH4) en bâtiment et sur parcours ainsi que des références sur la répartition des déjections entre le bâtiment et le parcours. A l'issue de cette thèse, MOLDAVI pourra être associé à d'autres modèles à l'échelle de l'exploitation ou encore à la méthode d'Analyse du Cycle de Vie afin d'évaluer les impacts environnementaux de systèmes existants et innovants.

Livestock keeping has been the essential source of livelihood in Babati District for many hundreds of years. The traditional ecological knowledge about this semi-arid environment has influenced the general view on livestock management. This essay discusses the measures that are, or could be taken in Babati District to prevent overstocking and overgrazing in the woodlands. With the continuing population density increase also the livestock population grows. More houses and roads are built and the grazing lands diminish. To avoid overgrazing forest management programmes restrict grazing in forests. This additionally decreases availability of grazing land. My conclusion is that minimizing number of livestock is necessary to not exceed carrying capacity of pasture during drought. Hence this is not free from problems since it is traditionally rooted to have a large number of livestock as a buffer of energy and wealth. One solution for both how to prevent overstocking and how to survive with small number of livestock is to practise zero-grazing. Zero-grazing is to keep a small number of healthy big cattle e.g. exotic cows or crossbreeds in stables or tied up. However, when tying cattle on the spot the fact that cattle have four legs is disregarded.

Abstract AI (Avian Influenza) it is originally a kind of epidemic disease infecting among the poultry, once the poultry are infected with the Avian Influenza, will cause high death rate and even the poultry do not die and recover may cause productivity drop : laying hens decrease egg production, breeders reduce hatchery, broilers have poor weight gain, therefore increase the farmers producing cost. And in order to prevent Avian Influenza farmers have to avoid infecting and use the right vaccines. But the Taiwan environment is open disinfectant can do not much . The directly effective method is to use the vaccines.But Taiwan no one produces the vaccines at present, the government has not allowed vaccines to import yet either. Even government allow to import but there are too many serum types of the Avian Influenza, and the types do not have cross protect , let farmers have no effective method to prevent the Avian Influenza. once the avian got infection the farmer losses much. The Avian Influenza happens for many years in the poultry, with the time and mutation of the virus, the Avian Influenza become to high pathogenic Avian Influenza (High pathogen Avian Influenza, is abbreviated as HPAI) and infect to the human being . The poultry industry is very important in the animal husbandry of Taiwan, occupy the important position in agricultural production. NowTaiwan farmers not only have to face the internal Avian Influenza infection problem but also to face the step that opens with the internationalization of accession to the WTO. The animal husbandry of Taiwan has produced and faced the serious impact. Though high pathogenic Avian Influenza did not happen in Taiwan yet, but some parts of the world release the case of infecting successively, some cases even cause death. World Health Organization (WHO, World Health Origanization) monitor and control tightly, and prophesy Avian Influenza will lead to the fact that prevails greatly. This research studies the past events in the animal livestock and finds the effect and change of the market. Also use SWOT to know present animal livestock situation.And then to know the changes of high pathogenic Avian Influenza happened in Taiwan (HPAI, High Pathogen Avian Influenza), Finally gives some recommend and strategy to G company. Key words: AI (Avian Influenza), HPAI, High Pathogen Avian Influenza, WTO, Animal production, Strategy

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2009. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Approche expérimentale de deux systèmes de production porcine différenciés par le mode de logement : Contribution à la recherche d'un développement durable.Les éleveurs de porcs, confrontés à de nouvelles problématiques en relation avec le développement durable, formulent des demandes de recherche de références de plus en plus complexes et diversifiées. Pour y répondre, les Chambres d'agriculture de Bretagne ont mis en place une expérimentation système. Cette thèse questionne l'intérêt de la démarche et des premiers résultats obtenus. La configuration des systèmes d'élevage mis en comparaison a été définie dans le cadre d'une approche participative et les systèmes on été comparés en s'appuyant sur une méthodologie d'approche expérimentale systémique.La définition et la hiérarchisation des objectifs ont constitué l'étape préalable. C'est principalement la demande sociale qui a conduit au choix de deux systèmes différenciés par le mode de logement des animaux, sur litière ou sur caillebotis, et le mode de gestion des effluents, sous la forme de lisier ou de fumier, avec des effets attendus sur le bien-être animal et l'environnement. Au sein de chaque système plusieurs itinéraires techniques ont été mis en comparaison, correspondant à différentes options techniques possibles. Des règles de conduite ont ensuite été définies pour chacun de ces itinéraires techniques. Intra-système, les truies en gestation sont logées en groupes soit dans des petites cases (4 à 8 truies) équipées de réfectoires et d'une aire d'exercice, soit dans une grande case (24 truies) équipée d'un automate de distribution d'aliment. Chaque loge de post-sevrage et d'engraissement des salles sur caillebotis accueillent 11 animaux selon deux modalités de surface (normes actuelles ou surface accrue de 1/3). Sur litière, les animaux sont élevés en post-sevrage et en engraissement dans des loges de 42 porcs, sur paille ou sur sciure. En post-sevrage, les porcelets sont alimentés à volonté au nourrisseur. En engraissement, ils sont alimentés soit à volonté au nourrisseur, soit rationné en soupe. Les performances et la durabilité des différents itinéraires techniques sont évaluées à partir des données collectées entre janvier 2006 - peuplement du dispositif - et mai 2008. Les performances zootechniques moyennes sont élevées et diffèrent peu entre les deux systèmes d'élevage. Elles sont également voisines pour les différents itinéraires techniques : 10,9 porcelets sevrés par portée, 159 jours d'âge à l'abattage, 2,50 points d'indice de consommation en engraissement, 2,1% de perte d'animaux entre le sevrage et la vente. [...] Suite et fin du résumé dans la thèse.

The first three experiments of this thesis examined the effects of particle size reduction of grains in relation to feed form (mash vs. pellet), grain type (wheat vs. maize) and xylanase supplementation on broiler performance, energy utilisation, digestive tract development and digesta parameters. The fourth experiment examined the interaction between wheat hardness and xylanase supplementation. The effects of insoluble fibre source and whole wheat inclusion were studied in the fifth experiment. In the first experiment (Chapter 4), pelleting reduced nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn), but broiler performance was superior in birds fed pelleted wheat-based diets compared to those fed mash diets. Feed form had a greater effect on various measured parameters than did particle size. Pelleting evened out differences in particle size distribution between treatments and, as a result, wheat particle size had no effect on the performance of broilers fed pelleted diets. In contrast, the second experiment (Chapter 5) showed that differences in particle size distribution persisted between diets after pelleting and, as a result, coarse grinding of wheat or maize improved broiler performance compared to those fed diets based on fine particles. These results may be related, in part, to changes in size distribution following pelleting. In mash diets, inconsistency in performance reponses were found. In the first experiment (Chapter 4), coarse grinding of wheat improved weight gain and feed per gain compared to medium grinding. In the third experiment (Chapter 6), however, grinding particle size had no influence on broiler performance. The observed discrepancy suggests involvement of other factors such as wheat cultivar and grain hardness. Data reported in Chapter 6 showed that xylanase supplementation improved feed per gain of birds fed the coarse particle size diet, but had no effect on those fed the medium particle size diet. In Chapter 7, there was a significant interaction between wheat hardness and xylanase supplementation due to the improved feed per gain and AMEn of birds maintained on hard wheat-based diet, while there was no effect of xylanase on sort wheat-based diet. These findings suggest that the efficiency of exogenous enzymes is influenced by both particle size and wheat hardness. Data reported in Chapter 7 showed that inclusion of soft or hard whole wheat pre-pelleting produced different particle size distributions in the pelleted diets. This suggested that hardness of the grain must be considered when choosing whole wheat for inclusion in broiler diets. Data on the effect of feed particle size on its subsequent distribution in poultry digesta are scanty. Results reported in Chapters 4 and 5 showed that there was no effect of feed particle size within feed form on duodenal digesta particle size. On the other hand, particle size of duodenal digesta was influenced by feed form (mash vs. pellet). Wheat hardness was also found to influence the particle size of proximal (duodenum and jejunum) intestinal digesta (Chapter 7). These results indicated that the gizzard does not uniformly reduce the size of all particles. However, the gizzard appears highly efficient in grinding large particles, although some large particles escape the grinding. The final experiment demonstrated that the effects of insoluble fibre on digestive tract development and broiler performance differed depending on the fibre source. Wood shavings, a source of coarse insoluble fibre, increased relative gizzard size and improved corrected feed per gain and ileal starch digestibility. In contrast, cellulose, a source of fine insoluble fibre, had no influence on these parameters. In conclusion, dietary manipulations, which stimulated gizzard development, positively influenced broiler performance and starch digestibility. The findings of this thesis suggest that energy savings during feed processing could be achieved by coarse grinding of grains with no adverse effect on broiler performance and that cereals used in broiler diets can be ground more coarsely than the current practice. Wheat hardness appears to be an important criterion to consider when choosing a cultivar for whole wheat inclusion in broiler diets. Another major finding was that the effectiveness of exogenous xylanase in wheat-based diets could be improved by considering factors such as particle size and wheat hardness.

Since bellyache bush invaded to East Timor it has significantly reduced crop and animal production and consequential loss of income from farm enterprises. Methods of control of bellyache bush chosen should be appropriate to the poor economic position of the farmers. An integrated method of controlling bellyache bush involving slashing combined with mulching and or burning is low cost and is widely used by the Timorese farmers. Although these practices are commonly used to control weeds, there are still many problems that appear in the field during and after weed control. For instance, rapid regeneration of cut stems and production of less fuel than mixed stands to support burning management. / Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate mechanical control such as cutting stems at different heights and cutting stems at different heights in combination with mulch, handpulling and mulching of small plants and mulching of seedlings. This study also investigates bellyache bush properties as a fuel for burning management in the late dry season to control its infestations. / Mechanical control of bellyache bush plants was undertaken south of Darwin at Acacia (12º45’S, 131º09’E) which has an annual average rainfall of 1588.1 mm and Channel Island (12º33’S, 130º51’E) which has annual rainfall of 1713.9 mm. This study was conducted from January 2007 to February 2008. All bellyache bush plants were cut off at different heights according to treatment 0cm (ground level), 10cm, 20cm, 30cm, 40cm and uncut plants considered as a control. / The results indicated that all cutting treatments achieved 100% mortality under low canopy cover, irrespective of season. While, under high canopy cover bellyache bush plants only achieved 100% mortality if cut at 0cm and 10cm height. Stems cut at 20cm, 30cm and 40cm heights re-sprouted in the dry season. Hand-pulling completely killed small plants while mulching did not. Mulching achieved a partial kill of seedlings however it stimulated seedling emergence in the wet season, irrespective of site. / The use of bellyache bush as a fuel for burning management was studied. The study was undertaken at Channel Island, Acacia and Katherine (14º22’S, 132º09’E). The latter has a mean annual rainfall of 875 mm. All bellyache bush plants in the plot were cut in May. Five 1m x 1m quadrat samples were selected within a 10m x 10m plot to measure wet weight and dry weight for the curing rate calculation. In addition, 15 of the cut stems were randomly selected to measure re-sprouting. From five randomly selected 25cm x 25 cm quadrat samples were taken to calculate the weight of fine fuel (less than 6mm in diameter), medium (6mm-25mm) and coarse (greater than 25mm). Heat yield of fuel combustion of this material was calculated by using a bomb calorimeter (As 10-38.5 leco 350 calorimeters). / The results indicated that cut stems of bellyache bush from a low canopy cover site had 7 percent moisture content while stems from a high canopy cover site had a 66 percent moisture content by the end of the dry season. The proportion of these stems in the site with low canopy cover re-sprouted significantly less than those in the high canopy cover site. The fuel load at bellyache bush monoculture had less fine, medium and coarse fuel compared with tropical savanna fuel. However, results from this study indicated that it had a similar heat yield of combustion to other plants in the tropical savanna. / A study of the use of fire as a control tool for bellyache bush was undertaken at Acacia and Katherine from May 2007 to February 2008. This study was carried out on established plants of bellyache bush. The experiment was undertaken in three 10m X 10m plots at each of the two sites. The experiment consisted of three treatments namely: cutting stems at 30 cm and followed by burning, uncut plants plus burning and unburnt plants considered as a control. Each of 20 pieces of bellyache bush stems were randomly selected for fine 0-6 mm, medium 6-25 mm and coarse 25 mm fuel. All these pieces were weighed before and after fire to calculate fuel consumption. Fire intensity was calculated by using Byram’s fire intensity equation. Fifteen soil temperature sensors were buried under uncut plants before burning. After burning all soil temperature sensors were dug out the temperature read and used to calculate fire temperature. Plant mortality was calculated by counting live bellyache bush plants before and after fire. Seed germination and seed recruitment was calculated by counting all seedlings within five 1m x 1m randomly chosen quadrats. / The results show that fire consumed all bellyache bush stems in the late dry season burning. Fire intensity of bellyache bush fuels was quite low compared to other tropical savanna fuel. Soil temperatures ranged between 54.17ºC to 126.13ºC. All bellyache bush plants were completely killed by the fire treatment, but fire stimulated seedling emergence in the following wet season. It was concluded from the results of the experiments that mechanical control slashing system may provide a suitable fuel for the burning management if cut early in the dry season. By late in the dry season bellyache bush plants cut early in the dry season have a low moisture content are completely cured and able to support fire spread of adequate intensity to destroy the plants.

A series of grazing experiments were conducted in the summer/autumn of 2003 and 2004 at Massey University's Riverside dryland farm near Masterton in Wairarapa on the East Coast of NZ, to study the effects of grazing willow fodder blocks (6,000 stems/ha) upon the production and reproductive performance of ewes relative to ewes grazing drought pastures. Drought pastures were simulated in this study and included short drought pasture and long drought pasture. Pasture with a low pre-grazing mass of approximately 1500 kg OM/ha, a dead matter content of >50 % and a sward height of 5-7 cm was defined as short drought pasture typical of drought conditions. Long drought pasture was similar to pasture growing in the willow fodder blocks, with a pre-grazing pasture mass of >4000 kg OM/ha, a sward height of > 30cm and a dead matter content of 30-60 % . Willow fodder blocks were established on low-lying wet, marshy areas of the farm that had very low or zero productivity in the undeveloped state. Pasture development in the fodder blocks was noticed with the growth of unsown grasses and legumes, as the areas dried up following the planting of willow stakes, due to evapotranspiration from the trees. Forage in the willow fodder blocks included both trees and pasture that was grown under the trees. The nutritive value of short drought pasture was low with an ME of 8 MJ/kg O M ; long drought pasture ranged between 8- 1 0 MJ ME/kg DM; willow pasture contained 8 MJ M Elkg DM in 2003 and 1 0 MJ ME/kg OM in 2004. The nutritive value of edible willow tree (<5 mm diameter) was superior to drought pasture with an ME of > 10 MJ/kg OM. The concentrations of the secondary compounds such as condensed tannins (CT ; 30- 40 glkg OM) and phenolicglycosides ( PG ; 1 5-35 g/kg DM) were higher in willow trees compared to their concentrations (CT ; 2-3 g/kg DM) and (PG; 2-9 g/kg OM) in control drought pastures. Experiments involving short drought pasture, long drought pasture and willow fodder blocks as treatment groups were grazed by ewes for 10 weeks in regular breaks from mid February to early May. Ewes were mated during this period and were joined together after mating and grazed on normal pasture until weaning. Live weight (LW) change and body condition score (BCS) were recorded throughout the experiments, whilst reproductive performance of ewes was measured as the number of lambs recorded at ultrasound pregnancy scanning, lambing, docking and weaning. Measurements on wool production were also recorded at weaning. In 2003, experimental ewes grazed control drought pastures (short and long) and willow fodder blocks (restricted and full access) as treatment groups (n= 1 00 ewes/group; Chapter 2). Ewes grazing short drought pasture had an allowance of 0.8 k g DM/ewe/d whilst ewes with restricted access had an allowance of 0.8 kg DM/ewe/d from drought pasture and 0 .4 kg OM/ewe/d from willow fodder blocks. Ewes in full access treatment group had no access to pasture but were confined to willow fodder blocks at an allowance of 2.0 kg OM/ewe/d, which was the same allowance given to long drought pasture ewes. Ewes grazing short drought pasture lost weight at approximately 1 00g/d and recorded a low reproductive rate (90 lambs weaned/100 ewes mated) with a high proportion of single lamb births. Live weight loss was significantly reduced to 40 g/d in ewes grazing willow fodder blocks (full access) with a 20% units increase in reproductive rate due to more multiple births (P <0. 05). Ewes grazing long drought pasture performed intermediate to ewes with full access to fodder blocks and ewes grazing short drought pasture, whilst ewes with restricted access performed similar to ewes grazing short drought pasture. In 2004 (Chapter 3), the restricted access to willow fodder blocks treatment was eliminated from the study and the number of ewes was increased to 165 ewes per treatment group. Performance of ewes grazing short drought pasture was similar to that of ewes grazing short drought pasture in 2003 , with ewes loosing live weight (40g/d) and a low reproductive rate (90 lambs weaned/l00 ewes mated) whilst ewes grazing long drought pasture gained L W (54 g/d) and had a higher reproductive rate (P<0.05). Ewes grazing willow fodder blocks performed better than ewes grazing short drought pasture by maintaining L W and their reproductive rate was intermediate to ewes grazing short and long drought pasture. In 2005, a short grazing trial with rumen fistulated sheep was conducted to study the effect of supplementing willow to ewes grazing drought pastures upon plasma amino acid concentrations (Chapter 4) and upon the microbiology of the rumen (Chapter 5 and 6). Grazing occurred during summer/autumn for 10 weeks with two treatment groups; control (short drought pasture; n=7) at an allowance of 0.8 kg DM/ewe/d and ewes grazing short drought pasture at 0.8 kg DM/ewe/d plus a supplement of fresh willow at 1.4 kg fresh willow/ewe/d (n=7) . Blood samples for the quantification of plasma amino acids were collected at week 5 and 10, with L W and BCS measured at fortnightly intervals. Short drought pasture in this experiment had a low pasture mass (2000 k g DM/ha) and a low nutritive value (8 MJ/kg DM), whilst willow had a higher M E of 10 MJ/kg OM. Both groups of ewes lost live weight at the rate of 50 g/d. Plasma concentration of 3 methylhistidine (3-MTH; 88 vs 127μ mole/L) at week 5 and non essential amino acids (NEAA; 1082 vs 1417μ mo1e/L) at week 5 and ( 1155 vs 1324 μ mole/L) at week 10, were substantially lower (P<0 .05) in w illow supplemented ewes than control ewes. It was concluded that the increased reproductive rate from willow supplementation in ewes grazing drought pasture might be partly explained by reduced body protein catabolism, besides also increasing plasma branched chain amino acids CBCAA) and essential amino acids (EAA) concentrations. To investigate the effects of willow supplementation on rumen microbes, rumen samples were collected during the 2005 experiment with fistulated ewes over a 10 week period. The study involved the use of a molecular technique ( Chapter 5), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), to compare the rumen microbial populations between the control and supplemented ewes and a cultivation technique (Chapter 6) to study the effect on rumen bacteria of ewes grazing drought pastures with and with out willow supplementation. DGGE analysis of the V3 region of 16S ribosomal RNA genes in DNA extracted from samples of rumen contents taken fortnightly over a 10 week feeding period showed a distinct difference in banding patterns between treatment groups which progressively developed over time, showing rumen microbial adaptation to willow supplementation. However, phylogenetic analysis of the DNA sequences retrieved from the DGGE bands from willow-supplemented and control ewes did not cluster by treatment group. It was deduced that willow supplementation induced a change in rumen bacterial populations through selecting sub-populations of organisms already present in the rumen. The changes in the rumen bacterial populations is attributed to the ability of these bacteria to metabolise secondary compounds in willow such as phenolicglycosides and flavanoid monomers and their ability to resist the inhibitory effects of condensed tannins. The cultivation study involved enumeration, isolation and purification of bacterial colonies on Complete Carbohydrate, Salicin, Xylan, Cellulose and Willow media followed by full characterisation of a representative set of pure bacterial cultures. Total bacterial counts on the above media at week 5 and week 10 were generally lower in willow-supplemented ewes compared to control ewes and the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the majority of iso lates characterised from both Salicin and Xylan media, were most closely related to species from the Pseudobutyrivibrio genus. Isolates from Willow medium clustered as two distinct groups. One group (mostly isolated from control ewes) was made up of mainly of organisms not usually associated with the rumen and probably represent non-resident organisms that are passing through the rumen. The other group of bacteria were mainly retrieved from willow-supplemented ewes and were most closely related to species of the Ofsenella genus. Compared to bacteria isolated on Salicin and Xylan media, isolates on Willow medium showed little ability to ferment various carbohydrates or trypticase (hydrolysed protein) but were able to utilise secondary compounds from willow. It was concluded that willow fodder blocks are useful sources of supplementary fodder for mating ewes during drought situations. Both the field and m icrobiological studies showed adaptation to the willow supplementary diet, including the detection of Olsenelfa-like bacteria for the first time in the rumen. It is suggested that the principal purpose of the rumen investigation is the degradation of secondary compounds present in willow.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Examensarbete.