Dentre as espécies exóticas de peixes produzidas no Brasil, a truta arco-íris, Oncorhynchus mykiss, tem se destacado. Diante da expansão desse setor, intensifica-se a necessidade de estudos visando à diminuição dos problemas produtivos e sanitários apresentados na piscicultura, assim como a busca por tratamentos alternativos aos controversos antimicrobianos. Nesse contexto, o uso de probióticos, constituídos por microrganismos vivos, que quando consumidos adequadamente beneficiam a saúde do hospedeiro, demonstra ser uma abordagem promissora no aprimoramento na criação de trutas. Deste modo, o presente trabalho buscou contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia alternativa na criação de truta arco-íris, avaliando o efeito de preparações probióticas sobre o desempenho dos animais submetidos às condições convencionais de manejo ou de estresse crônico. O estresse consistiu em aumentar diariamente o adensamento dos tanques de 15k g/m3 para 45 kg/m3 por 90 minutos. O tratamento consistiu na avaliação de um pool de células composto por 4 cepas de Lactobacillus com propriedades probióticas, que foi incorporado à alimentação por meio de veículo oleoso, totalizando 4 x 108 UFC/g de ração. O delineamento experimental consistiu na utilização de 140 trutas com peso médio de 360,8 ± 22,67 g e comprimento de 30,2 ± 0,8 cm, mantidas em tanques de 1500L e distribuídas em 4 grupos, a saber: Grupo NR - ração controle; Grupo ER - estresse de manejo e ração controle; Grupo NP - ração contendo a preparação probiótica; Grupo EP - estresse e ração contendo a preparação probiótica. Foram coletados 8 indivíduos de cada grupo nos dias inicial, 30 e 60 para avaliação das variáveis hematológicas, bioquímicas e de desempenho zootécnico. A possibilidade de incorporação de cepas probióticas, não liofilizadas, na ração extrusada de peixes foi demonstrada. Os resultados mostraram que a suplementação da dieta de truta com probiótico aumentou significativamente (P<0,05) a contagem de eritrócitos e monócitos. Não foram observadas alterações estatisticamente discerníveis nos parâmetros bioquímicos e no desempenho, bem como não ficou comprovado que o tratamento avaliado mitigou as respostas de estresse. / Among the exotic species of fish produced in Brazil, the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, has excelled. Given the expansion of this sector, intensifies the need for studies to decrease production and health problems presented in aquaculture, as well as the search for alternatives to controversial antimicrobial treatments. In this context, the use of probiotics and consist of live microorganisms, that when properly consumed benefit the health of the host, proves to be a promising approach to the improvement in the creation of trout. Thus, the present study sought to contribute to the development of an alternative technology in creating rainbow trout, evaluating the effect of probiotic preparations on the performance of the animals subjected to conventional management conditions or chronic stress. The stress consisted of daily increasing densification of 15k g/m3 tanks to 45 kg/m3 for 90 minutes. The treatment consisted in evaluating a pool of cells composed of four Lactobacillus strains with probiotic properties, was incorporated by feeding oil vehicle, totaling 4 x 108 CFU/g of feed. The experiment consisted in using 140 trout with an average weight of 360.8 ± 22.67 g and length of 30.2 ± 0.8 cm, kept in tanks of 1500L and divided into 4 groups, namely: NR Group - feed control; CWT - stress management and diet control; NP Group - feed containing probiotic preparation; EP group - stress and diet containing the probiotic preparation. Were collected eight subjects in each group in the initial, 30 and 60 for assessment of hematological, biochemical and growth performance variables. The possibility of incorporating not freeze-dried probiotic strains in extruded fish feed was demonstrated. The results show that dietary supplementation with probiotic trout increased significantly (P <0.05) the erythrocyte count and monocytes. No statistically discernible changes in biochemical parameters and performance were observed, and it was not proven that evaluated treatment mitigated the stress response. Keywords:

Dentre as espécies exóticas de peixes produzidas no Brasil, a truta arco-íris, Oncorhynchus mykiss, tem se destacado. Diante da expansão desse setor, intensifica-se a necessidade de estudos visando à diminuição dos problemas produtivos e sanitários apresentados na piscicultura, assim como a busca por tratamentos alternativos aos controversos antimicrobianos. Nesse contexto, o uso de probióticos, constituídos por microrganismos vivos, que quando consumidos adequadamente beneficiam a saúde do hospedeiro, demonstra ser uma abordagem promissora no aprimoramento na criação de trutas. Deste modo, o presente trabalho buscou contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia alternativa na criação de truta arco-íris, avaliando o efeito de preparações probióticas sobre o desempenho dos animais submetidos às condições convencionais de manejo ou de estresse crônico. O estresse consistiu em aumentar diariamente o adensamento dos tanques de 15k g/m3 para 45 kg/m3 por 90 minutos. O tratamento consistiu na avaliação de um pool de células composto por 4 cepas de Lactobacillus com propriedades probióticas, que foi incorporado à alimentação por meio de veículo oleoso, totalizando 4 x 108 UFC/g de ração. O delineamento experimental consistiu na utilização de 140 trutas com peso médio de 360,8 ± 22,67 g e comprimento de 30,2 ± 0,8 cm, mantidas em tanques de 1500L e distribuídas em 4 grupos, a saber: Grupo NR - ração controle; Grupo ER - estresse de manejo e ração controle; Grupo NP - ração contendo a preparação probiótica; Grupo EP - estresse e ração contendo a preparação probiótica. Foram coletados 8 indivíduos de cada grupo nos dias inicial, 30 e 60 para avaliação das variáveis hematológicas, bioquímicas e de desempenho zootécnico. A possibilidade de incorporação de cepas probióticas, não liofilizadas, na ração extrusada de peixes foi demonstrada. Os resultados mostraram que a suplementação da dieta de truta com probiótico aumentou significativamente (P<0,05) a contagem de eritrócitos e monócitos. Não foram observadas alterações estatisticamente discerníveis nos parâmetros bioquímicos e no desempenho, bem como não ficou comprovado que o tratamento avaliado mitigou as respostas de estresse. / Among the exotic species of fish produced in Brazil, the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, has excelled. Given the expansion of this sector, intensifies the need for studies to decrease production and health problems presented in aquaculture, as well as the search for alternatives to controversial antimicrobial treatments. In this context, the use of probiotics and consist of live microorganisms, that when properly consumed benefit the health of the host, proves to be a promising approach to the improvement in the creation of trout. Thus, the present study sought to contribute to the development of an alternative technology in creating rainbow trout, evaluating the effect of probiotic preparations on the performance of the animals subjected to conventional management conditions or chronic stress. The stress consisted of daily increasing densification of 15k g/m3 tanks to 45 kg/m3 for 90 minutes. The treatment consisted in evaluating a pool of cells composed of four Lactobacillus strains with probiotic properties, was incorporated by feeding oil vehicle, totaling 4 x 108 CFU/g of feed. The experiment consisted in using 140 trout with an average weight of 360.8 ± 22.67 g and length of 30.2 ± 0.8 cm, kept in tanks of 1500L and divided into 4 groups, namely: NR Group - feed control; CWT - stress management and diet control; NP Group - feed containing probiotic preparation; EP group - stress and diet containing the probiotic preparation. Were collected eight subjects in each group in the initial, 30 and 60 for assessment of hematological, biochemical and growth performance variables. The possibility of incorporating not freeze-dried probiotic strains in extruded fish feed was demonstrated. The results show that dietary supplementation with probiotic trout increased significantly (P <0.05) the erythrocyte count and monocytes. No statistically discernible changes in biochemical parameters and performance were observed, and it was not proven that evaluated treatment mitigated the stress response. Keywords:

Slaughter by ventral neck incision (VNI) is performed on some animals without prior stunning in New Zealand and other countries. A single incision with a razor sharp blade is made in the ventral aspect of the neck, sectioning both carotid arteries and jugular veins, though, not the vertebral arteries. There are a number of potential welfare concerns surrounding slaughter by VNI including pain due to the incision, which may lead to distress during the time before loss of consciousness. The aims of this thesis were to identify cortical responses indicative of noxious stimulation due to slaughter by VNI using analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectrum and to investigate the effects of non-penetrative captive bolt (NPCB) stunning on these cortical responses. The studies utilised adaptations of a minimal anaesthesia model, which has been validated in a range of mammalian species. Surgical dehorning was used as a validation technique for this methodology in cattle and demonstrated a ‘typical’ EEG response to noxious stimulation. Cattle slaughtered by VNI without prior stunning produced specific responses in the EEG that strongly indicated responses to noxious stimulation. Causation was investigated in cattle where blood flow through the brain remained intact during neck tissue incision (NTI) or the major blood vessels of the neck were isolated and transected independently of other neck tissues (BVT). The response to neck incision in intact animals was principally due to the noxious sensory input due to incision of neck tissues and not mainly as a result of loss of blood flow through the brain. NPCB stunning produced states of cortical activity that were incompatible with the maintenance of sensibility and pain perception. Experimental examination of the time to onset of undoubted insensibility was attempted in cattle subsequent to a pilot study in sheep. The generation of somatosensory-evoked potentials was problematic in cattle. The conclusions of this thesis are that incision of neck tissues during slaughter without prior stunning constitutes a substantial noxious stimulus. Were an animal conscious, this stimulus would be perceived as painful until the onset of hypoxiainduced insensibility. This would represent a significant compromise to animal welfare.

Slaughter by ventral neck incision (VNI) is performed on some animals without prior stunning in New Zealand and other countries. A single incision with a razor sharp blade is made in the ventral aspect of the neck, sectioning both carotid arteries and jugular veins, though, not the vertebral arteries. There are a number of potential welfare concerns surrounding slaughter by VNI including pain due to the incision, which may lead to distress during the time before loss of consciousness. The aims of this thesis were to identify cortical responses indicative of noxious stimulation due to slaughter by VNI using analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectrum and to investigate the effects of non-penetrative captive bolt (NPCB) stunning on these cortical responses. The studies utilised adaptations of a minimal anaesthesia model, which has been validated in a range of mammalian species. Surgical dehorning was used as a validation technique for this methodology in cattle and demonstrated a ‘typical’ EEG response to noxious stimulation. Cattle slaughtered by VNI without prior stunning produced specific responses in the EEG that strongly indicated responses to noxious stimulation. Causation was investigated in cattle where blood flow through the brain remained intact during neck tissue incision (NTI) or the major blood vessels of the neck were isolated and transected independently of other neck tissues (BVT). The response to neck incision in intact animals was principally due to the noxious sensory input due to incision of neck tissues and not mainly as a result of loss of blood flow through the brain. NPCB stunning produced states of cortical activity that were incompatible with the maintenance of sensibility and pain perception. Experimental examination of the time to onset of undoubted insensibility was attempted in cattle subsequent to a pilot study in sheep. The generation of somatosensory-evoked potentials was problematic in cattle. The conclusions of this thesis are that incision of neck tissues during slaughter without prior stunning constitutes a substantial noxious stimulus. Were an animal conscious, this stimulus would be perceived as painful until the onset of hypoxiainduced insensibility. This would represent a significant compromise to animal welfare.

Slaughter by ventral neck incision (VNI) is performed on some animals without prior stunning in New Zealand and other countries. A single incision with a razor sharp blade is made in the ventral aspect of the neck, sectioning both carotid arteries and jugular veins, though, not the vertebral arteries. There are a number of potential welfare concerns surrounding slaughter by VNI including pain due to the incision, which may lead to distress during the time before loss of consciousness. The aims of this thesis were to identify cortical responses indicative of noxious stimulation due to slaughter by VNI using analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectrum and to investigate the effects of non-penetrative captive bolt (NPCB) stunning on these cortical responses. The studies utilised adaptations of a minimal anaesthesia model, which has been validated in a range of mammalian species. Surgical dehorning was used as a validation technique for this methodology in cattle and demonstrated a ‘typical’ EEG response to noxious stimulation. Cattle slaughtered by VNI without prior stunning produced specific responses in the EEG that strongly indicated responses to noxious stimulation. Causation was investigated in cattle where blood flow through the brain remained intact during neck tissue incision (NTI) or the major blood vessels of the neck were isolated and transected independently of other neck tissues (BVT). The response to neck incision in intact animals was principally due to the noxious sensory input due to incision of neck tissues and not mainly as a result of loss of blood flow through the brain. NPCB stunning produced states of cortical activity that were incompatible with the maintenance of sensibility and pain perception. Experimental examination of the time to onset of undoubted insensibility was attempted in cattle subsequent to a pilot study in sheep. The generation of somatosensory-evoked potentials was problematic in cattle. The conclusions of this thesis are that incision of neck tissues during slaughter without prior stunning constitutes a substantial noxious stimulus. Were an animal conscious, this stimulus would be perceived as painful until the onset of hypoxiainduced insensibility. This would represent a significant compromise to animal welfare.

As pesquisas sobre comportamento animal possuem como objetivo identificar e quantificar sinais de sofrimento a fim de eliminar os problemas obedecendo às normas de bem-estar. As alterações destes comportamentos mostram as necessidades ambientais para sua sobrevivência. Em certos casos, apenas as mudanças comportamentais podem evidenciar uma situação de estresse. Quando há mudanças na temperatura do ambiente, os animais apresentam várias respostas para manter a temperatura do corpo, começando com a conservação máxima de energia como a inatividade. Duas das mais efetivas características do comportamento termorregulatório incluem seleção de ambiente e ajuste de postura. Técnicas de processamento e análise de imagens podem vir a colaborar com a busca de informações contidas em imagens de animais confinados. Métodos invasivos de quantificação de comportamento mostram que há interferência do experimentador nas reações dos animais, comprometendo os resultados da pesquisa. Este trabalho visou obter, através da Visão Computacional, informações quanto à distribuição espacial de aves poedeiras frente a situações de conforto e estresse térmicos. Foram analisadas seqüências de imagens em ambiente MATLAB 7.0 ® de dois grupos de 5 aves (Hy-line W36) com 21 semanas de idade em condições de conforto térmico (T= 26°C ± 2°C e UR= 60% ± 2%) e 5 aves em condições de estresse térmico (T= 35°C ± 2°C e UR= 70% ± 2%) controladas em câmara climática. As aves foram demarcadas com tintas não tóxicas na região dorsal. Através de técnicas de clusterização de cores e localização do centro geométrico das aves, foi possível analisar a freqüência destas nas regiões de ninho, comedouro, bebedouro, área livre e \"bebedouro + comedouro\", e através do uso de redes Neurais Artificiais, foi possível obter padrões de formas do corpo das aves e relacioná-los a alguns comportamentos. A distribuição espacial é um forte indício das necessidades do animal em diferentes condições evidenciando que a freqüência em algumas regiões pode ser um indicativo de desconforto. A técnica de processamento e análise de imagens mostra-se como um método confiável e livre de subjetividade ou influência da fadiga humana no auxilio da classificação da dinâmica dos animais confinados. Trata-se de uma forma eficiente de analisar imagens de forma rápida para se ter conhecimento da dinâmica dos animais confinados ao longo do tempo. A necessidade do animal é demonstrada através de freqüências em determinadas regiões de interesse para seu bem-estar. / The animal behavior researches have as objective identify and quantify suffering signals in order to eliminate the problems obeying the welfare norms. The alterations of these behaviors show the ambient necessities for the animals\' survivals. In certain cases, only the abnormal behaviors can evidence a situation of stress. When the environment temperature changes, the animals present some answers to keep the body\'s temperature constant, starting with the maximum conservation of energy as the inactivity. Two of the most effective characteristics of the thermoregulatory behavior includes environment selection and position adjustment. Image processing and analysis techniques can collaborate with the research of information contained in images of confined animals. Invasive methods of quantification of the behavior show that there is interference of the experimenter on the animal reactions compromising the research results. This work aimed to know, through the Computer Vision, information about the laying hens\' spatial distribution at the thermal comfort and stress situations. Image sequences of two groups of 5 birds (hy-line W36) aging 21 weeks in conditions of thermal comfort (T= 26°C ± 2°C and UR= 60% ± 2%) and 5 birds in conditions had been analyzed of stress thermal (T= 35°C ± 2°C and UR= 70% ± 2%) and controlled in climatic chamber. The birds had been demarcated with not toxic inks in the dorsal region. Through colors clusters techniques in MATLAB 7.0 ® and the localization of the geometric center of the birds, it was possible to analyze the frequency of these birds in the nest regions, feed through, water through, free area and \"water through + feed through\", and through of Artificial Neural Network was possible to have standards shapes of bodies birds and to refers to some behaviors. The spatial distribution is an important indicative fort of the animal necessities in different conditions evidencing that the frequency in some regions can be a discomfort indicative. The processing technique and analysis of the images reveals as a trustworthy method and free of subjectivity or of the fatigue human`s influence in support of the dynamics classification of the confined animals. It is about one of the efficient form to analyze the images to have a better understanding of the dynamics of the confined animals` dynamics throughout time. The necessity of the animal is demonstrated through frequencies in determined regions of interest for its welfare condition.

As pesquisas sobre comportamento animal possuem como objetivo identificar e quantificar sinais de sofrimento a fim de eliminar os problemas obedecendo às normas de bem-estar. As alterações destes comportamentos mostram as necessidades ambientais para sua sobrevivência. Em certos casos, apenas as mudanças comportamentais podem evidenciar uma situação de estresse. Quando há mudanças na temperatura do ambiente, os animais apresentam várias respostas para manter a temperatura do corpo, começando com a conservação máxima de energia como a inatividade. Duas das mais efetivas características do comportamento termorregulatório incluem seleção de ambiente e ajuste de postura. Técnicas de processamento e análise de imagens podem vir a colaborar com a busca de informações contidas em imagens de animais confinados. Métodos invasivos de quantificação de comportamento mostram que há interferência do experimentador nas reações dos animais, comprometendo os resultados da pesquisa. Este trabalho visou obter, através da Visão Computacional, informações quanto à distribuição espacial de aves poedeiras frente a situações de conforto e estresse térmicos. Foram analisadas seqüências de imagens em ambiente MATLAB 7.0 ® de dois grupos de 5 aves (Hy-line W36) com 21 semanas de idade em condições de conforto térmico (T= 26°C ± 2°C e UR= 60% ± 2%) e 5 aves em condições de estresse térmico (T= 35°C ± 2°C e UR= 70% ± 2%) controladas em câmara climática. As aves foram demarcadas com tintas não tóxicas na região dorsal. Através de técnicas de clusterização de cores e localização do centro geométrico das aves, foi possível analisar a freqüência destas nas regiões de ninho, comedouro, bebedouro, área livre e \"bebedouro + comedouro\", e através do uso de redes Neurais Artificiais, foi possível obter padrões de formas do corpo das aves e relacioná-los a alguns comportamentos. A distribuição espacial é um forte indício das necessidades do animal em diferentes condições evidenciando que a freqüência em algumas regiões pode ser um indicativo de desconforto. A técnica de processamento e análise de imagens mostra-se como um método confiável e livre de subjetividade ou influência da fadiga humana no auxilio da classificação da dinâmica dos animais confinados. Trata-se de uma forma eficiente de analisar imagens de forma rápida para se ter conhecimento da dinâmica dos animais confinados ao longo do tempo. A necessidade do animal é demonstrada através de freqüências em determinadas regiões de interesse para seu bem-estar. / The animal behavior researches have as objective identify and quantify suffering signals in order to eliminate the problems obeying the welfare norms. The alterations of these behaviors show the ambient necessities for the animals\' survivals. In certain cases, only the abnormal behaviors can evidence a situation of stress. When the environment temperature changes, the animals present some answers to keep the body\'s temperature constant, starting with the maximum conservation of energy as the inactivity. Two of the most effective characteristics of the thermoregulatory behavior includes environment selection and position adjustment. Image processing and analysis techniques can collaborate with the research of information contained in images of confined animals. Invasive methods of quantification of the behavior show that there is interference of the experimenter on the animal reactions compromising the research results. This work aimed to know, through the Computer Vision, information about the laying hens\' spatial distribution at the thermal comfort and stress situations. Image sequences of two groups of 5 birds (hy-line W36) aging 21 weeks in conditions of thermal comfort (T= 26°C ± 2°C and UR= 60% ± 2%) and 5 birds in conditions had been analyzed of stress thermal (T= 35°C ± 2°C and UR= 70% ± 2%) and controlled in climatic chamber. The birds had been demarcated with not toxic inks in the dorsal region. Through colors clusters techniques in MATLAB 7.0 ® and the localization of the geometric center of the birds, it was possible to analyze the frequency of these birds in the nest regions, feed through, water through, free area and \"water through + feed through\", and through of Artificial Neural Network was possible to have standards shapes of bodies birds and to refers to some behaviors. The spatial distribution is an important indicative fort of the animal necessities in different conditions evidencing that the frequency in some regions can be a discomfort indicative. The processing technique and analysis of the images reveals as a trustworthy method and free of subjectivity or of the fatigue human`s influence in support of the dynamics classification of the confined animals. It is about one of the efficient form to analyze the images to have a better understanding of the dynamics of the confined animals` dynamics throughout time. The necessity of the animal is demonstrated through frequencies in determined regions of interest for its welfare condition.