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In contrast to mammals, zebrafish do have the ability to regenerate their heart after injury. A better understanding of how regenerationcompetent species do so should help developing strategies to enhance human cardiac regeneration. Here, by genetic lineage-tracing using an inducible Cre/lox system, we show that newly formed cardiomyocytes arise from the proliferation of differentiated heart muscle cells. These results argue against a significant contribution of stem or progenitor cells in this process. Our microarray and electron microscopy data provide evidence that cardiomyocyte proliferation is accomplished by limited cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation and increased expression of cell cycle regulators. One of these genes, polo-like kinase 1 (plk1), is upregulated in the regenerating area of the zebrafish heart and, by specifically inhibiting plk1 activity, we show that it is essential for regeneration. We have also identified a series of additional transcripts differentially expressed during zebrafish heart regeneration that warrant further research. The data presented here offer new insights to understanding heart regeneration in zebrafish and should provide useful information for cardiac repair in humans.De manera oposada als mamífers, els peixos zebra sí tenen la capicitat de regenerar el cor després d'una lesió. Entenent millor com s'ho fan les espècies capaces de regenerar hauria d'ajudar-nos a desenvolupar estratègies per a augmentar la capacitat de regeneració en humans. Aquí, mitjançant un sistema Cre/lox de traçat genètic de llinatge, mostrem que la creació de nous cardiomiòcits prové de la proliferació de cèl·lules cardíaques diferenciades. Aquests resultats discrepen amb una contribució significativa de cèl·lules mare o progenitores en aquest procés. Les dades obtingudes de microarray i de microscòpia electrònica evidencien que la proliferació de cardiomiòcits és deguda a una dediferenciació parcial i a un increment de l'expressió de gens que promouen el cicle cel·lular. Un d'aquests, el polo-like kinase 1 (plk1), augmenta d'expressió a l'àrea regenerant del cor de peix zebra i, un cop inhibida la seva activitat, mostrem que és essencial per a la regeneració. També hem identificat una sèrie adicional de trànscrits que s'expressen de manera diferencial durant la regeneració cardíaca en el peix zebra i que mereixen més investigació. Els resultats aquí presents profunditzen en la comprensió de la regeneració cardíaca en el peix zebra i ofereixen informació rellevant per la teràpia cardíaca en humans.

The inner ear, the sensory organ responsible for hearing and balance, contains specialized sensory and non-sensory epithelia arranged in a highly complex threedimensional structure. To achieve this complexity, a tight coordination between morphogenesis and cell fate specification is essential during otic development. Tisúes surrounding the otic primordium, and more particularly the adjacent segmented hindbrain, have been implicated in specifying structures along the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes of the inner ear. In this work we have first characterized the generation and axial specification of the otic neurogenic domain, and second, we have investigated the effects of the mutation of kreisler/MafB -a gene transiently expressed in the rhombomeres 5 and 6 of the developing hindbrain- in early otic patterning and cell specification. We show that kr/kr embryos display an expansion of the otic neurogenic domain, due to defects in otic patterning. Although many reports have pointed to the role of FGF3 in otic regionalization, we provide evidence that FGF3 is not sufficient to govern this process. Neither Krox20 nor Fgf3 null mutant embryos, in which Fgf3 is either downregulated or absent in r5 and r6, present ectopic otic neuroblasts in the otic primordium. However, Fgf3-/-Fgf10-/- double mutants show a phenotype very similar to kr/kr embryos: they present ectopic neuroblasts along the AP and DV otic axes. Finally, and remarkably, partial rescue of the kr/kr phenotype is obtained when Fgf3 or Fgf10 are ectopically expressed in the hindbrain of kr/kr embryos. These results highlight a compensatory mechanism between FGFs, and the importance of hindbrain-derived signals in instructing otic patterning and the establishment of the neurogenic domain.