Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants which were not produced in Turkey, however both national and international studies illustrate a measurable amount of PCB pollution in receiving environments, aquatic fauna and people. In this study, various information sources such as the national and international scientific literature, official records and reports are investigated to obtain information regarding PCB pollution in Turkey. Furthermore, various PCB pollution analysis techniques for soil/sediment samples are investigated and the selected methods are established in the laboratories of METU. Satisfactory recoveries are obtained for methods for the extraction of PCBs, clean-up of extract and gas chromatographic (GC/ECD) analysis of the sample. Finally, field studies are performed in two locations in Ankara. The first one is a preliminary pollution investigation study around Lake Eymir. Lake Eymir is suspected to be contaminated with PCBs due to a nearby transformer repair facility. The second, more detailed study is performed for a 25 km reach of Ankara Creek, passing through the Industrial Zone, Sincan Dumpsite and Ankara Central Wastewater Treatment Plant. Total- PCB concentrations are in the range of 0.2 and 777 ng/g with the median of 37.1 ng/g. Toxic Equivalent Concentrations (TEQ) are assessed for dioxin-like congeners and Aroclor 1016/1260 basis. A Chemical Mass Balance Model is used to identify and apportion the sources of PCBs for Ankara Creek samples. Typically highly chlorinated Clophen mixtures are identified in sediments as the pollution sources.

In this study, the socio-spatial formation of a public place in Ankara, the capital city of the Turkish Republic, is analyzed between the 1950s and the 1980s. Within this framework, the focus of analysis is the Tunali Hilmi Avenue (earlier &Ouml / zdemir Street) as one of the main streets in Ankara. To understand experiences of daily life in relation to spatial constitution of a public place is vital for this study, because this opens the way for discussing the formation of a &ldquo / street&rdquo / as a public place where social forms and practices come into being in the city. Focusing on the socio-spatial experiences of people on a street as a public place, this study uses visual and written documents about the architectural and planning processes, as well as the information gathered from oral history survey about the experiences of individuals, in order to understand how public life and public place are shaped in a reciprocal manner, and how the spatial formation of a street is realized in relation to daily experiences of its inhabitants. The decades from the foundation of the Turkish Republic until the late-1950s are initially presented as the period when this part of the city transformed from a suburb of vineyards into a residential area. The main period of analysis in this study is from the late 1950s to the late 1980s when the Tunali Hilmi Avenue was formed as a significant public place in Ankara, acquiring residential as well as cultural, recreational and commercial functions to act as an urban sub-center in the city. Aiming to produce a comprehensive architectural history of the socio-spatial formation of the Tunali Hilmi Avenue as a public place, with reference to its public role in a specific period of time, this study examines this process as associated with the contemporary changes in the built environment and daily life of Ankara. From such a broad perspective, the study evaluates the unplanned formation of the Avenue as an urban sub-center not only as an urban or architectural entity but also as a social process.

The aim of this study is to determine the geological and geotechnical characteristics of Kili&ccedil / lar Tunnel on Ankara-Kirikkale Highway, to suggest the appropriate support and excavation systems and verify these suggested support systems via numerical modeling. The length of Kili&ccedil / lar Tunnel is 1110 m. The width of tunnel is 16 m, the height is 10 m and the maximum overburden height is 90 m. Since Ankara-Kirikkale Highway consists of 2x3 lanes, the tunnel is designed as a twin tube tunnel. Kili&ccedil / lar Tunnel is planned to be excavated in Gabbro-Diabase and Serpentinite named as Artova Ophiolite Complex. The rock mass is classified by using RMR, Q and NATM classification systems and support systems are determined by using these classification methods. In addition to empirical approaches, 2D finite element analyses are conducted to check the stabilities of seven sections through the tunnel. Results of those analyses pointed out that the support materials determined empirically (4-6 m long bolt with intervals of 1-2 m, 10-20 cm shotcrete, steel sets (wherever required)) are compatible with those recommended after numerical modelling (4-5 m long bolt with intervals of 1.5-2.0 m, 10-20 cm shotcrete, steel sets for entrance and exit sections). Furthermore, the stabilities of the tunnel portals are also studied by numerical analyses and limit equilibrium analyses. Based on the stability analyses performed for both portals, no slope failure is expected at cut slopes with 1H/3V for forehead and for 1H/2V for side slope.

Urban archaeological sites are important traces of history in the cities and should be conserved for the next generations with their values. For their survival in the urban context it is essential to integrate them to the current urban context they exist in. In this study, four urban archaeological sites in Ulus, Ankara are analyzed for understanding their states of integration by constructing an analysis method. In this process the conceptual frame and methodology offered by the APPEAR Project were regarded as basic tools. Within this scope, firstly a general overview is put forward about the APPEAR Method, Ankara and Roman Remains in Ulus with also discussing the current legal framework in Turkey. Afterwards the analysis is done on the archaeological sites / Roman Baths Open Air Museum, Cardo Maximus, Augustus and Roma Temple and Roman Theatre. Finally the fundamental principles and options are put forward for these Roman remains&rsquo / integration in the current urban context. The analysis conducted on the four urban archaeological sites reveal that the Roman remains in Ulus are not integrated with their current urban context This situation is threatening their survival while causing problems both for the v remains themselves and the city. The study while defining basic principles for the sites&rsquo / integration it also puts forward three fundamental concepts that should guide the enhancement projects. These are: Accessibility, Visibility and Intelligibility which are regarded as the tools for strengthening the contextual unity of the sites and their integration in the urban context.

Public spaces play essential roles in urban life for the city, the public and individuals, by setting strong relations between urban space and social and cultural values. Public spaces and their essential components have multi-dimensional impacts on people. Public art, as a constituent of public space, includes a wide range of artworks, activities and outcomes, contributing to the significance of the places in a variety of ways. However, each culture, country and city, has diverse policies and outcomes of public art based on different perspectives. Focusing on the public art policies in Ankara over the last two decades, this thesis seeks to examine how far the recent policies have contributed to the city. By carrying out in-depth investigation on the public art work interventions and policies of the Ankara Metropolitan Municipality, the thesis assesses the multi-dimensional contributions of these policies and interventions. It seeks to discuss how far the public artwork policies of localities are crucial for creating genuine public spaces of cities.

Traditional residential buildings constitute an important part of Turkey&rsquo / s cultural heritage. However, in most of the cases, these buildings face with the problems of arbitrary alterations disregarding their values, abandonment, neglect and even demolition. To prevent these problems, they need to be &#039 / upgraded&#039 / to the contemporary life, while sustaining their values and cultural significance. During this &#039 / upgrading&#039 / process, the most common and important problems are faced with during the re-functioning of the existing spaces and the provision of the service spaces according to the contemporary living standards and expectations of users. Therefore, this thesis proposes the process, content, method and criteria for conservation and design for upgrading traditional residential buildings to the contemporary life, focusing on the existing and expected functional layout and new service spaces. The proposed method is assessed on three selected cases from Istiklal District, Ankara. Based on the proposed process, content, method and design/conservation criteria within this thesis, the functional layouts are studied and the service spaces are designed, including implementation details for the selected cases. As a conclusion, this thesis revealed that the spatial properties of the traditional residential buildings can offer even more than the spaces that the inhabitants can expect from a contemporary house, while the service spaces with contemporary standards can also be provided with a conscientious approach.

A completely satisfactory water distribution network should fulfill its basic requirements such as providing the expected quality and quantity of water with the desired residual pressures during its lifetime. A water distribution network should accommodate the abnormal conditions caused by failures. These types of failures can be classified into two groups / mechanical failures and hydraulic failures. Mechanical failure is caused due to malfunctioning of the network elements such as pipe breakage, power outage and pump failure. On the other hand, hydraulic failure, considers system failure due to distributed flow and pressure head which are inadequate at one or more demand points.This study deals with the calculation of the hydraulic system reliability of an existing water distribution network regarding the Modified Chandapillai model while calculating the partially satisfied nodes. A case study was carried out on a part of Ankara Water Distribution Network, N8-1. After the modeling of the network, skeletonization and determination of nodal service areas were carried out. The daily demand curves for the area were drawn using the data that were taken from SCADA of the water utility. The daily demand curves of different days were joined and one representative mean daily demand curve together with the standard deviation values was obtained. The friction coefficient values of the pipes and storage tank water elevation were taken as other uncertainty parameters for the model. Bao and Mays (1990) approach were carried together with the hydraulic network solver program prepared by Nohutcu (2002) based on Modified Chandapillai model. The sensitivity analysis for the effects of system characteristics and model assumptions were carried out to see the effects of the parameters on the calculations and to investigate the way of improving the hydraulic reliability of the network. The storage tank should be located at a higher level for improving the reliability of the network. Also having the storage tank water level nearly full level helps in improving the reliability in daily management. Moreover, the hydraulic system reliability is highly dependent on the pumps as the lowest reliability factors were the ones with the no pump scenarios. Determining the required pressures for nodes are very important since they are the dominant factors that effects the reliability calculations. On the other hand, friction coefficient parameters and type of probability distribution function do not have dominant effect on the results. Results of this study were helpful to see the effects of different parameters on the hydraulic reliability calculations and for assessment of the methods for improving the reliability for the network.

This study attempts to examine the architecture in Turkey during the Early Republican period as part of the social, economic and political context of the modernization process of the newly founded state, focusing on the case of the ismet PaSa Girls&amp / #8217 / Institute in Ankara. Firstly, the education of woman in general and the Girls&amp / #8217 / Institutes in particular are scrutinized in order to analyze the changes in the social role of women in the context of modernization in the Early Republic. Secondly, the relationship between women and the built environment is examined with reference to the changes women experienced in this context. The architectural context of the period is analyzed to examine the buildings of the Girls&amp / #8217 / Institutes as contemporary examples of the creation of a modern built environment in Turkey. Lastly, the building of the ismet PaSa Girls&amp / #8217 / Institute is examined in detail, by also making comparisons with other contemporary school buildings in Ankara. The building, which was constructed as a modernist school building by the foreign architect Ernst Egli in the center of Ankara, is evaluated as the representation of modern women and modern architecture for the new nation-state. So, the aim of this study is to assess the ismet PaSa Girls&amp / #8217 / Institute in Ankara as the example of contemporary educational institutions as well as of contemporary architecture in Turkey, corresponding with the attempt of the new nation-state towards modernization.

Macro-scale planning and design as a product of modernism have been abandoned to a high degree, as a result of the reactionary post-modern approaches since the 1960&amp / #65533 / s. Intensifying with the rise of neo-liberal approaches in the 1970&amp / #65533 / s, these reactions advocated merely incremental decision-making and design in the making of cities. These developments lived in the western countries showed their reflections in Turkey with the 1980&amp / #65533 / s, resulting in fragmented planning practices. However it is the hypothesis of the study that macro-scale urban design: thus designing the form and the structural elements of the city is the statement of the development policy of the city. Thus structural elements that make up a certain city form is a major area of concern for urban design. Within this frame firstly the debate between the modern and post-modern approaches about the scope of intervening in the development of the city will be evaluated. Then the Turkish planning approach will be analyzed with regard to its success in development control. Basic city forms and their growth characteristics will be examined in the next part. Finally the planning practices of Ankara and the form and the structural elements proposed will be evaluated accordingly.

This thesis analyzes the car ownership and use issues worldwide and in Ankara. There has been an extremely rapid increase in car traffic in major cities, leading to car dependence and its adverse affects, all over the world. This thesis takes its starting point the driving forces behind car ownership and use, and the increasing problems caused by the car traffic in urban centers. Then, car travel reduction measures and their consequences are reviewed by examples. The urban transportation in Ankara is analyzed, both in terms of recent policies and the data obtained, in order to find out if the car ownership and use would generate similar problems in Ankara. The applicability of car travel reduction options in Ankara and the conflicts in the recent urban transportation policies are discussed. This research does not recommend simple solutions, but concludes that a broad spectrum of measures must be applied in order to reduce the problems.