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Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (rTSA) is an increasingly common approach to treating different shoulder injuries. The rTSA results in increased force from m. deltoideus which originates from acromion. However, postoperative fractures on the scapula have occurred in some cases. These fractures are divided into 3 different types depending on where the fracture occurs. There is no recommended treatment for type 3 fractures. This project is a product development project with the purpose to find a solution to the fixation problem of type 3 fractures.To reach the project goal, the group has used well-known and proven product development methods, calculations, FEM analyzes and a model assembly analysis. The concept development was performed by interviewing orthopedics who have a lot of experience with rTSA and osteosynthesis related to these fractures. A prototype, which shows the features of the fixation plate, was made using 3D printers.The result of this project has provided a fixation plate that meets the groups requirements and has features that a modern fixation plate has today. In addition, two types of extra plates mounted on the fixation plate to the thin structure of spina scapula, was developed to counteract the axial force. The fixation plate shows excellent results on the FEM analyzes and assembly analysis performed on a scapula model. The prototype has also been given good testimonials from the orthopedics who participated in the project.

No description available.

No description available.

In the dawning of what may become Earth’s 6th mass extinction the topic of this thesis, understanding extinction processes and what determines the magnitude of species loss, has become only too relevant. The number of known extinctions (~850) during the last centuries translates to extinction rates elevated above the background rate, matching those of previous mass extinction events. The main drivers of these extinctions have been human land use, introduction of exotic species and overexploitation. Under continued anthropogenic pressure and climate change, the current extinction rates are predicted to increase tenfold. Large perturbations, such as the extinction drivers mentioned above, affects species directly, causing a change in their abundance. As species are not isolated, but connected to each other through a multitude of interactions, the change in abundance of one species can in turn affect others. Thus, in addition to the direct effect, a perturbation can affect a species indirectly through the ecological network in which the species is embedded. With this thesis, I wish to contribute to our basic understanding of these indirect effects and the role they play in determining the magnitude of species loss. All the studies included here are so called in silico experiments, using mathematical models to describe ecological communities and computer simulations to observe the response of these communities to perturbation. When a perturbation is severe enough, a species will be driven to extinction. The loss of a species from a system is in itself a large perturbation, and may result in further extinctions, so called secondary extinctions. The traits of the species initially lost, can be a potential predictor of the magnitude of secondary species loss. In Paper I of this thesis, I show that when making such predictions, it is important to incorporate temporally dynamic species interactions and abundances, in order not to underestimate the importance of certain species, such as top predators. I further show that species traits alone are not particularly good predictors of secondary extinction risk (Paper I), but that in combination with community level properties they are (Paper II). Indeed, there seems to be an interaction such that the specific property making a community prone to secondary species loss, depends on what kind of species was lost in the primary extinction. As different types of perturbation put different types of species at risk of (primary) extinction, this means that the specific property making a community prone to secondary species loss, will depend on the type of perturbation the community is subjected to. One of the predicted main drivers of future species extinction is climate change. If the local climate becomes adverse, a species can either migrate to new and better areas or stay and evolve. Both these processes will be important in determining the magnitude of species loss under climate change. However, migration and evolution do not occur in vacuum – the biotic community in which these processes play out may modulate their effect on biodiversity. In paper III, I show that the strength of competition between species modulates the effect of both dispersal and evolution on the magnitude of species loss under climate change. The three-way interaction between interspecific competition, evolution and dispersal, creates a complex pattern of biodiversity responses, in which both evolution and dispersal can either increase or decrease the magnitude of species loss. Thus, when species interactions are incorporated, it is clear that even though migration and evolution may alleviate the impact of climate change for some species, they may indirectly aggravate the situation for others. In Paper III, the aspect of climate change incorporated in the model is an increase in mean annual temperature. But climate change is also predicted to increase environmental variability. Paper IV shows that species-rich communities are more sensitive to high environmental variability than species-poor ones. The smaller population sizes in the species-rich communities increased the extinction risk connected to population fluctuations driven by the variable environment. Hence, systems such as tropical forests and coral reefs are predicted to be particularly sensitive to the increased variability that may follow with climate change. In Paper IV, primary extinctions of primary producers result in extinction cascades of consumer species, when they lose their prey. However, in reality a consumer species might be able to switch to another prey, and such flexibility has both been observed and suggested as a potential rescue mechanism. But what is beneficial for an individual predator in the short-term can become detrimental to the ecological community in the long-term. Paper V shows that consumer flexibility often led to consumers continuously overexploiting their new prey, in the worst case to the point of system collapse. Thus, the suggested rescue mechanism aggravated the effect of initial species loss, rather than ameliorating it. Overall, the research presented here, underscores the importance of including population dynamics and biotic interactions when studying the effects of perturbation on biodiversity. Many of the results are complex, hard to foresee or even counter-intuitive, arising from the indirect effects of the perturbation being translated through the living web of species interactions.

Vi fick som uppdrag av Besikta i Halmstad att ta fram en lösning på deras avgasproblem med parkeringsvärmare. Samtidigt som besiktningen av fordonet pågår kommer det ut giftiga avgaser från parkeringsvärmaren. Trots att det inte är någon stor mängd avgaser gör det att det blir jobbigt och obehagligt för besiktaren som under vissa sekvenser av besiktningen befinner sig under fordonet. Därav blev vårt uppdrag att ta fram ett lösningsförslag till det här problemet. Början av rapporten handlar om vilka krav och önskemål som finns för förslagen som togs fram och hur dessa styr lösningarnas utformning. När kraven samt önskemålen är vägda mot förslagen gick vi vidare med det bästa förslaget och gjorde lämpliga komponentval utefter önskemålen. Sedan skapades en 3D-modell av lösningsförslaget som vi kommit fram till.

The aim of this study is to examine how a military presence effects the spatial planning of municipalities in Sweden. The focus of this paper will be on how municipal planners view the military presence and to what extent it influences their planning. And if so, how it does affect their planning. To fulfil the aim of this study four semi structured interviews was carried through with planners in the municipalities of Haninge, Skövde, Upplands-Bro and Uppsala. Municipalities that today has a military presence and also has a history of having this presence. The results of this study point out that these four municipalities view the military presence as a fact that has an impact on their planning. There is a variation of in what matter this impact is positive or negative. The different views on the military presence could be explained by a variation of the extent between the communication between the municipalities and armed forces, on how close to the urban areas the military presence is and what branch of the armed forces that is present.

No description available.

Is it possible to apply concept development methodology to solve a real industrial problem? This study will examine if this is possible. Saab has ordered a concept which allows launching of a sonobuoy from a pressurized aircraft cabin, this is a perfect opportunity to test this theory because it is a real system with technical demands to ensure robustness and safety. The system needs to be operated in tight areas which is the reason no launcher available will be used, they do not fulfill this demand. There are also a number of demands that the concept needs to fulfill which must be ensured during the concept process. It is not common when developing a component that a thorough and systematical concept development process is carried out at Saab. Therefor it was interesting to see how it would work with a Saab related product. The concept development process was carried out thoroughly by researching known methods within the subject. It was decided that the process would not follow a singular methodology because there where no process that suited this study perfectly. The process used was decided to be parts from different literature where methods that suited the concept at the current state would be used. This was performed differently depending on the current state of the concept. For example the product requirement process were established in a different way than the concept generation because they are different, one is mostly gathering facts while the other is mainly a creative phase. Regardless of the step in the concept development process the objective was to always use some sort help from the methodology. A combination of lacking experience with the technical area and applying concept development methodology towards a industrial problem slowed down the process. The final concept were not as developed as the plan was from the start. To perform each step required more research than what was intended and some steps became an iterative process which also took time from the actual development. However, the actual process of setting up requirements, generating ideas and evaluating concepts should also be regarded as deliverable for this study. It is material that can be used for future development and this concept where never intended to be a finished design which mean it is useful material for the future. To use concept development methodology for this kind of projects is recommended based on this study. Foremost when the experience of the system is limited, it ensures that the solution space and requirements are examined more than it would have without the process. It also helps with decision making and when discussing a concept within the group which could lead to an agreement which it might not would have without the methods.

Companies are trying to decrease product expenses while customizing product according to customers requirements. So to satisfy the customers’ requirements, companies must adapt their business to mass customisation.  Mass customization final product goes through all flexible company production technology process, which can lead to being expensive and time-consuming and because of this, a product configuration system is developed to reduce product cost and reduce time. The primary focus of this thesis is to develop a KBE prototype using constraint-based techniques of product configurations. For developing KBE implementation of  UML/OCL, XML, Backtracking search is used. Then prototype expert configurator is developed using OCL constraints.