Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:18:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gina Noleto Bueno.pdf: 1746292 bytes, checksum: d472eee73820a170b345f856f3603ebd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-23 / This study aimed at the functionally analysis of the verbal behavior of two people diagnosed as schizophrenic, who were institutionalized patients. The participants, both male, aged 51 and 57, presented a detailed report of hospitalization in several psychiatric institutions. To evaluate the antecedent and the consequence of the inappropriate verbal responses of the participants, we applied some methods such as (a) indirect functional evaluation, (b) functional evaluation through direct observation and (c) experimental functional evaluation, using two designs: (1) of multiple elements and (2) of reversionreplication like AB1B2B3AB1B2B3 within follow-up. Associated with the design (1), four main conditions were used: attention condition, demand condition, alone condition and control condition. The attention condition was manipulated in three subconditions: condition of minimum atention, condition of average attention and condition of maximum attention. All the meetings lasted five minutes, were videotaped, and were individually done with each participant over twenty-four sessions. The multiple elements design sections were selected at random, applied, and later replicated in reverse. For the phases B2 and B3, an institution employee was trained in how to specifically interact with the participants. The baseline of the design (2) is comprised of four sessions in phase A and then another set of four sessions were also applied to each phase of the procedures B1, B2 and B3. For intervention phases B2 and B3, an institution professional in which participants were hospitalized was trained. Upon completion of these phases A and the interventions B1, B2 and B3 were repeated. Finally there were two sessions for the follow-up. Each of the 32 sessions with both participants lasted 15 minutes. Thus, participants were exposed to a series of conditions in which antecedent and consequent events were manipulated and their effects on the appropriate speeches (FA) and upon the inappropriate ones (FI and RV) were observed. The results showed that the inappropriate speeches (FI and RV) were controlled by multiple attention conditions: either to get attention (positive reinforcement) and to escape demands (negative reinforcement). The results also demonstrated that the proposed interventions favored the increase of FA, under the DRA effect, and in addition the reduction of FI and RV as an extinction effect. The results also showed the relevance of the procedures adopted such as the functional assessment interviews and the direct observation of the target behaviors. Consequently, they also demonstrated the importance of the training applied. The results that promoted the discussion of reinforcing the values of social attention may have changed by an OM effect, denoting the relevance of studying the antecedent and consequence events, on the inappropriate speeches of people diagnosed as schizophrenic. Therefore, besides having advanced the research, the results corroborate with the literature of the area and its implications. / O presente estudo objetivou analisar funcionalmente o comportamento verbal de duas pessoas diagnosticadas como esquizofrênicas, que se encontravam internadas em uma instituição para tratamento, onde também residiam. Os participantes, ambos do sexo masculino, de 57 e 51 anos de idade, possuíam histórico de internações em várias instituições psiquiátricas. Para avaliar os antecedentes e consequentes das respostas verbais inapropriadas dos participantes, foram empregados procedimentos de (a) avaliação funcional indireta, (b) avaliação funcional por meio de observação direta e (c) avaliação funcional experimental com o uso de dois delineamentos: (1) de múltiplos elementos e (2) de reversão-replicação do tipo AB1B2B3AB1B2B3, seguido por follow-up. Em relação ao delineamento (1), foram aplicadas quatro condições principais: condição de atenção, condição de demanda, condição de sozinho e condição de controle. A condição de atenção foi manipulada em três subcondições: condição de atenção mínima, condição de atenção média e condição de atenção máxima. Todas as sessões tiveram duração de cinco minutos, registradas em vídeo e foram realizadas individualmente com cada participante, totalizando 24 sessões com cada um deles. As sessões do delineamento de múltiplos elementos foram sorteadas, aplicadas e, após, replicadas de modo inverso. A linha de base do delineamento (2) compreendeu-se de quatro sessões na fase A e, em seguida, mais quatro sessões também foram aplicadas para cada uma das fases de intervenções B1, B2 e B3. Para as intervenções das fases B2 e B3, houve o treinamento de um profissional da instituição em que os participantes se encontravam internados. Ao término dessas fases, foram repetidas a fase A e as intervenções B1, B2 e B3. Por fim, duas sessões para a fase de follow-up. Cada uma das 32 sessões, com ambos os participantes, teve duração de 15 minutos. Desse modo, os participantes foram expostos a uma série de condições em que eventos antecedentes e consequentes foram manipulados e seus efeitos sobre as falas apropriadas (FA) e sobre as inapropriadas (FI e RV) foram observados. Os resultados demonstraram que as falas inapropriadas (FI e RV) foram controladas por múltiplas condições de atenção: tanto para obter atenção (reforçamento positivo) quanto para escapar de demandas (reforçamento negativo). Demonstraram, também, que as intervenções propostas favoreceram o aumento das FA, sob o efeito do DRA. E a redução das FI e das RV, como efeito da extinção. Os resultados apontaram, também, para a relevância dos procedimentos adotados, como as entrevistas de avaliação funcional, bem como da observação direta dos comportamentos-alvo. Apontaram, ainda, para a importância do treinamento aplicado. Os resultados favoreceram a discussão de que os valores reforçadores da atenção social podem ter sido alterados por efeito de uma OM, denotando a importância do estudo dos eventos antecedentes e consequentes, sobre as falas inapropriadas de pessoas com o diagnóstico de esquizofrenia. Por conseguinte, além de ter avançado nas pesquisas, os resultados corroboraram com a literatura da área e suas implicações.

This qualitative study explores the interrelationship between perceived gender discrimination and its antecedents and consequences while examining the concept of the glass ceiling that presents some barriers to the career advancement of Bahraini female workers in the banking sector. The study examines female bankers’ perception of the existence of both gender discrimination and the glass ceiling concept in this sector. It first examines the factors that cause such phenomena at three different levels namely societal, institutional and individual. The study then verifies the effects of some identified antecedents i.e. whether they foster or lower the perceived gender discrimination and how such effects happen. Furthermore, the study examines the same factors to ascertain if they are barriers that hinder women’s career advancement or enablers that support their advancement as there is a lack of empirical studies on the effect of the factors of the three mentioned levels to women’s career advancement especially in non-western context (Tlaiss, 2010; Hejase et al., 2013; Yokkongdi & Benson, 2005). The study also examines the consequences of perceived gender discrimination that occurs at the individual level. Some previous studies related to this research topic adopted the quantitative approach, hence; this is a qualitative based research that examines the perception of the respondents whose experiences and opinions expound the context. This led to understanding subjective areas such as respondents’ emotions and experiences that address the nature of perceived gender discrimination and the concept of glass ceiling in the Bahraini banking sector, focusing on “How” and “Why” type of questions instead of stressing on the quantities. The existing literature of gender discrimination especially about the area of underrepresentation of female workers in higher positions especially in financial services sector including banking is minimal. (Bruckmuller & Branscombe, 2010; Elumti et al., 2009; Durbin & Conley, 2010). This approach unveils the research questions by conducting in-depth semi-structured interviews with 26 Bahraini females as most of the previous studies examined both male and female perceptions while this research focusing at female only to make it more gender specific. The respondents hold managerial and non-managerial positions in both Islamic and conventional banks in the kingdom of Bahrain. The aim of the interview was to extract their perceptions on the factors and the consequences of gender discrimination as well as the barriers and challenges that hinder their advancement to higher managerial levels. The study captures the factors and the consequences of gender discrimination as well as the most common barriers that impede the Bahraini females’ career advancement within an Islamic and Arabic cultural context. The themes that emerged from the analysis are used to discuss the research issues in the light of previous research findings from different empirical studies. This study identifies different ways of finding factors of perceived gender discrimination and their effects as well as the challenges that may hinder the women’s career advancement in this sector. This study discovers that perceived gender discrimination exists in the Bahraini banking sector especially in areas such as hiring preference and receiving of benefits and compensations. This study also unearths the existence of glass ceiling, which is related to the gender inequality in the advancement opportunities to higher positions especially in the areas such as obtaining a promotion and holding managerial positions in the banks. The study finds out various factors that cause the perceived gender discrimination and the glass ceiling in the Bahraini banking sector which are classified at three levels as explained above.