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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Trials were conducted to follow colour development during the growth season of the commercial Leucadendron cultivar 'Siivan' Red', as well as the Protea cultivars 'Ivy', 'Carnival' and 'Sylvia'. HPLC analysis showed that pigments responsible for red colour in Leucadendron and Protea cultivars are anthocyanins. Initial extraction of anthocyan ins from freeze-dried and finely ground Leucadendron leaves, using 5% formic acid in methanol, resulted in the precipitation of gel-like compounds, making the extracts impossible to filter for HPLC. Trials were conducted to determine the optimum extraction solvent and extraction time for anthocyanin quantification in Leucadendron, using 'Safari Sunset' (Leucadendron sa/ignurn x L. /aureo/urn) as reference material. Acetone, 80% acetone, 5% formic acid in water and 5% formic acid in methanol were added to freeze dried leaf samples and allowed to extract for one hour. Extracts were analysed by reverse-phase HPLC. Extractions with methanol and water yielded extracts with a high content of pectin-like compounds, making them difficult to purify for HPLC. 80% acetone proved to be the most efficient extraction solvent, yielding the highest anthocyanin concentration, and showing the least amount of insoluble compounds. Optimal extraction time was determined for 80% acetone by testing 1, 6 and 24-hour extractions respectively. Although 6 hour extraction showed a slightly higher yield, a 1-hour extraction should suffice for quantification of anthocyanin changes over time, as trends will clearly be evident. 'Siivan Red' shoots meeting export quality can generally be harvested from mid February to mid April (late summer to autumn). The harvesting period ends as the colour of the distal leaves forming the flower head change from red to green. Anthocyanin, chlorophyll and carotenoid fluctuations were investigated in 'Siivan Red' during the 2000 growth season. The observed red colour loss is the result of the net degradation of anthocyanins and appeared to be correlated to the phenological development of the shoot. Although a positive correlation was noted between anthocyanin content and average daily temperature and mean daily sunlight hours, it appears unlikely that they are the causal factors for the observed colour change. Anthocyanin degradation started during conditions of long exposure to high light intensities and continued during a period of low temperature (autumn), both which are known to favour anthocyanin synthesis rather than its degradation. Therefore it appears that colour development in 'Silvan Red' is developmentally regulated. The Leucadendron cultivar 'Safari Sunset' with the same parentage as 'Siivan Red', is noted for its more intense red-purple colouration, which it does not lose during its development. The more intense colouration of 'Safari Sunset' has been ascribed to the higher total anthocyanin concentration, which was almost double that encountered in 'Siivan Red'. 'Safari Sunset' was shown to contain the same major types of anthocyanins, and hence the purple colouration (not seen in 'Siivan Red') can not be explained in terms of different types of anthocyanins being present. However, the ratio between the two major anthocyanins present in both 'Safari Sunset' and 'Siivan Red' were significantly different in that 'Safari Sunset' showed a considerably higher concentration of peak 1, which is most likely responsible for the observed purple colouration. High anthocyanin concentrations have been noted to buffer against visual changes in colour, which is the most probable reason that a colour loss is not observed in 'Safari Sunset'. Colour development of the innermost involucral bracts of three Protea cultivars was followed from an initially selected inflorescence size to commercial harvest (when flowers have opened slightly). 'Ivy', 'Carnival' and 'Sylvia' show a light pink, dark pink and red colouration respectively, which has been ascribed to differences in total anthocyanin concentration. Colour development in 'Carnival' showed a quadratic trend with time, with the highest rate of anthocyanin synthesis occurring a week prior to harvest. Colour development in 'Ivy' and 'Sylvia' were shown to be linear with time. As inflorescences are closed during their development and anthocyanin synthesis in the innermost involucral bracts occurred in darkness, light does not appear to have a major influence on colour development. Temperature did not appear to have a significant effect on flower colour, as flowers developing later in the season, when ambient temperatures were lower, showed no significant differences in anthocyanin concentration to those harvested earlier. Hence, it appears that colour development in all three cultivars is developmentally regulated. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is onderneem om kleurontwikkeling van die Leucadendron kultivar 'Silvan Red' en die Protea kultivars 'Ivy', 'Carnival' en 'Sylvia' te ondersoek. Die rooi kleur van distale 'Siivan Red' blare en Protea omwindselblare is te wyte aan antosianiene. Eerstens is gepoog om die ektraksie van antosianiene vir kwantifisering deur hoë druk vloeistof chromatografie (HPLC) te verfyn. Aanvanklik is 5% mieresuur in metanol gebruik om antosianien vanuit gefriesdroogde en fyngemaalde Leucadendron blare te ekstraheer. 'n Gelagtige neerslag het dit egter onmoontlik gemaak om die ekstrak te filtreer. Vervolgens is eksperimente uitgevoer om die geskiktheid van asetoon, 80% asetoon, 5% mieresuur in water en 5% mieresuur in metanol as alternatiewe vir 5% mieresuur in metanol te bepaal. Antosianiene is deur middel van HPLC gekwantifiseer na 'n uurlange ekstraksie vanuit 'Safari Sunset' (Leucadendron sa/ignurn x L. /aureo/urn) blaarmonsters. 'n Onoplosbare neerslag van onsuiwerhede na ekstraksie met metanol en water het filtrasie bemoeilik. 80% asetoon was die doeltreffendste ekstraheermiddel deurdat dit beide die hoogste opbrengs van antosianiene en die minste onsuiwerhede gelewer het. Vervolgens is die optimale duur van antosianienekstraksie met 80% asetoon bepaal deur vir een, ses en 24 uur te ekstraheer. Resultate het getoon dat, alhoewel ses uur ekstraksie 'n effense hoër antosianienkonsentrasie lewer, 'n uur voldoende behoort te wees vir kwantifisering van antosianien. Uitvoergehalte 'Siivan Red' lote word gewoonlik vanaf middel Februarie tot middel April (Iaat somer tot herfs) geoes. Die oestyd eindig met 'n verandering in die kleur van distale blare van rooi na groen wat die bemarkbaarheid van lote verlaag. Ten einde hierdie kleurverandering te kwantifiseer is veranderinge in die konsentrasies van antosianien, chlorofiel en karotenoide in distale 'Siivan Red' blare gedurende die 2000 groeiseisoen gemeet en in verband gebring met omgewingstoestande en ontwikkelingstadiums. Rooi kleurverlies van distale 'Silvan Red' blare hou klaarblyklik verband met 'n geleidelike afname in hul antosianienkonsentrasies vanweë netto degradasie. Veranderinge in die kleur en antosianienkonsentrasie van blare het saamgeval met spesifieke ontwikkelingsperiodes. Kleurveranderinge in 'Siivan Red' kon nie met omgewingstoestande verbind word nie. Kleuronwikkeling word klaarblyklik intern gereguleer om saam te val met spesifieke ontwikkelingstadia. Die Leucadendron kultivars 'Safari Sunset' en 'Siivan Red' het dieselfde ouers. Eersgenoemde kultivar het egter In intenser rooi-pers kleur wat ook stabiel blyoor die hele groeiseisoen. Die intenser kleur kan toegeskryf word aan die bykans twee keer hoër antosianienkonsentrasies wat 'Safari Sunset' blare oor die groeisoen handhaaf. Hierdie hoër antosianienkonsentrasie is moontlik ook die rede vir die oëskynlik groter kleurstabiliteit van 'Safari Sunset' aangesien hoë pigmentvlakke kleur buffer teen veranderinge in pigmentkonsentrasie. 'Safari Sunset' se pers skynsel is moontlik te wyte aan die relatief groter bydrae van piek 1 op die chromatogram tot die totale antosianienkonsentrasie. Andersins het die twee kultivars 'n soortgelyke antosianienprofiel. Ten einde die regulering van kleurontwikkeling in Protea te ondersoek, is antosianienkonsentrasies in die binneste bloeiwyse-omwindelsblare van die Protea kultivars 'Ivy', 'Carnival' en 'Sylvia' gemeet vanaf 'n pre-geselekteerde blomgrootte tot en met kommersiële oestyd wanneer die blomme begin oopgaan. Die drie kultivars wisselonderskeidelik in kleur van lig pienk en donker pienk tot rooi. Hierdie kleurverskille was te wyte aan verskille in antosianienkonsentrasie. Antosianienkonsentrasies in 'Ivy' en 'Sylvia' het lineêr toegeneem oor tyd, terwyl in die geval van 'Carnival', maksimum antosianienvlakke reeds 'n week voor oes bereik is. Blomme wat by laer temperature later in die seisoen of vroeër by hoër temperature ontwikkel het, het nie betekenisvol verskil in antosianienkonsentrasie nie. Gevolglik is lig en temperatuur klaarblyklik van mindere belang vir Protea kleurontwikkeling. Soos met Leucadendron die geval was, word kleurontwikkeling in Protea dus ook intern gereguleer.

Master of Science / Food Science Institute / Weiqun Wang / Sorghum is a versatile grain that is generally consumed in Asian and African countries but is gaining interest in the United States due to its gluten-free and bioactive compound enriched health benefits. There are many varieties of sorghum that come in a wide range of colors. These genetic factor-depended phenotypic colors are contributed by various phytochemical pigments that reside within different components of the sorghum kernel, especially in the pericarp and endosperm. Various pericarp pigments are reflective of the certain phytochemical levels which may include anthocyanins, carotenoids, and condensed tannins. This article reviews recent studies on the association of pericarp pigments in various sorghum accessions with anthocyanins and carotenoids, respectively. It covers aspects of the potential health benefits of these colored dietary constituents. However, further investigations are warranted to clarify the diversity of these bioactive constituent interactions with genetic and environmental factors. How these phytochemicals correlate to the sorghum pericarp pigments could be important in future use of sorghum as a functional food with potential health benefits.

Orientador: Adriana Vitorino Rossi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T04:58:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sampaio_PatriciaGisela_M.pdf: 1645888 bytes, checksum: e3b175350b8ebcae487dc5392c64ad43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Antocianinas (ACYS) são pigmentos naturais de origem vegetal classificados quimicamente como flavonóides. O uso industrial de ACYS é restrito em função de algumas limitações, como seu alto custo e sua relativa baixa estabilidade. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar frutas do Brasil como fontes para extração de ACYS, testando-se estratégias para estabilização dos extratos e identificação das ACYS. Foram obtidos extratos de ACYS, a partir de frutos de jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora), amora (Morus nigra), amora preta (Rubus sp) e jambolão (Eugenia jambolana Lam), otimizando- se condições de extração com a variação de solventes, temperatura de extração, uso de agitação e de trituração mecânica. Foram utilizadas cascas, frutas inteiras e descaroçadas na proporção 1:3 fonte de ACYS:solvente (m/v). Os extratos com maior quantidade de ACYS foram obtidos a partir de extração com etanol 94% v/v, a 55ºC por 30 minutos e, em alguns casos, com uso de trituração mecânica. Para aumentar a estabilidade dos extratos de ACYS, investigaram-se processos de esterilização como a tindalização dos extratos e o branqueamento das frutas. Este último mostrou-se mais favorável, pois além de aumentar a estabilidade dos extratos, que podem durar 360 dias sem aparecimento de fungos, elevou a quantidade de ACYS extraída. Para identificação de ACYS foram avaliados 3 métodos, aplicando-se como técnica de separação a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC). Testaram-se métodos envolvendo padrões de ACYS; comparação relativa de tempos de retenção e espectrometria de massas com ionização por eletrospray e analisador quadrupolo-tempo de vôo (ESI-Q-TOF-MS). A antocianina majoritária identificada foi a cianidina-3-glicosídeo nos extratos de jabuticaba, amora e amora preta. O método por comparação relativa de tR é uma boa opção para a identificação de ACYS, pois envolve procedimento simples e não requer o uso de padrões, mas tem limitações que foram superadas com a viabilização ou confirmação da identificação de ACYS por HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS / Abstract: Anthocyanins (ACYS) are natural pigments of plant origin, chemically classified as flavonoids. The industrial use of ACYS is restricted according to some limitations, such as its high cost and relative low stability. In this context, the objective of this study was to use jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora), mulberry (Morus nigra), blackberry (Rubus spp) and jambolão (Eugenia jambolana Lam), whose are common Brazilians fruits, as sources of ACYS to test extraction conditions, extracts stabilization strategies and ACYS identification strategies. The extraction conditions were optimized varying solvents, temperature, and using or not the stirrer and the mechanic grinding. Peels, whole fruits and fruits without pits were used in the proportion of 1:3 ACYS source: solvent (m/v). The extracts with the greatest amount of ACYS were obtained from extraction with ethanol 94% v/v, 55 ºC for 30 minutes and, in some cases, using mechanical grinding. To increase the stability of the ACYS extracts, sterilization processes such as tyndalization of the extracts and blanching of fruit were investigated. The blanching was more favorable because it increased the stability of the extracts, which can last for 360 days without appearance of fungi, and increased the amount of ACYS extracted. Using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for separation, three methods were evaluated in order to identify ACYS: the method with ACYS patterns; the relative comparison of retention time (tR); and mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization and quadrupole-time-of-flight mass analysis (ESI-Q-TOF-MS). The majority anthocyanin identified in extracts of jaboticaba, mulberry and blackberry was cyanidin-3- glycoside. The method with comparison of tR was a good option for the ACYS identification because it is a simple procedure and does not require the use of standards, but it has limitations that could be overcome making possible or confirming the ACYS identification using HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química

Jiang, Tiantian. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-75). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Thesis/Assessment Committee --- p.ii / Statement --- p.iii / Abstract --- p.iv / 摘要 --- p.v / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / List of Figures and Tables --- p.vii / Chapter Part 1 --- Introduction --- p.-0- / Chapter 1.1 --- Brassinosteriods (BRs) and BR signaling --- p.-0- / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Discovery of BRs --- p.-2- / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Functions of BRs --- p.-4- / Chapter 1.1.3 --- BR signaling pathway --- p.-6- / Chapter 1.2 --- Nitrogen (N) and N responses --- p.-10- / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Hormones involved in plant N responses --- p.-11- / Chapter 1.3 --- Anthocyanin and anthocyanin synthesis --- p.-13- / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Anthocyanin structures --- p.-13- / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Functions of anthocyanins --- p.-14- / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Biosynthesis of anthocyanins --- p.-14- / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Regulations of anthocyanin biosynthesis --- p.-15- / Chapter 1.4 --- Hormones and plant nutrient stresses --- p.-19- / Chapter Part 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.-20- / Chapter 2.1 --- Plant materials and growth conditions --- p.-20- / Chapter 2.2 --- Measurement of anthocyanin content --- p.-21- / Chapter 2.3 --- Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay --- p.-22- / Chapter 2.4 --- Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays --- p.-23- / Chapter 2.5 --- Quantitative real-time PCR --- p.-25- / Chapter 2.6 --- Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and competition assay --- p.-26- / Chapter 2.7 --- Histochemical staining of GUS activity --- p.-28- / Chapter Part 3 --- Results --- p.-29- / Chapter 3.1 --- 24-epibrassinolide (24-eBR) increases plant tolerance to N-starvation in Arabidopsis - --- p.-29- / Chapter 3.2 --- BR treatment enhances anthocyanin accumulation under N deprivation conditions --- p.-31- / Chapter 3.3 --- BZR1 interacts with PAP1 in vitro and in vivo --- p.-35- / Chapter 3.4 --- BR and BZR1 promote the expression of the 'late' anthocyanin biosynthetic genes during N deprivation - --- p.-39- / Chapter 3.5 --- BZR1 binds to the promoter of DFR --- p.-43- / Chapter 3.6 --- BR-enhanced anthocyanin accumulation is specific to N-deprivation --- p.-46- / Chapter 3.7 --- BZR1 differently regulates PAP1 and PAP2 --- p.-48- / Chapter 3.8 --- Endogenous GL3 is required for BR-enhanced anthocyanin biosynthesis --- p.-52- / Chapter 3.9 --- N status affects the expression of BR biosynthetic gene CPD --- p.-52- / Chapter Part 4 --- Discussion --- p.-54- / Chapter 4.1 --- BRs confer plant tolerance to low-N stress and the tolerance is mediated by BR enhancement of low-N-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis --- p.-54- / Chapter 4.2 --- BRs enhance anthocyanin accumulation under N starvation through BZR1-PAP1 interaction or direct control of the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes --- p.-55- / Chapter 4.3 --- BRs are specifically involved in low-N induced anthocyanin production --- p.-56- / Chapter 4.4 --- Transcription factors that specifically control BR-regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis --- p.-57- / Chapter 4.5 --- DFR is an important target of BR-regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis --- p.-58- / Chapter Part 5: --- Conculsions --- p.-59- / Chapter Part 6: --- References --- p.-61-

Anthocyanin pigment and physical pitcher characteristics were directly proportional to captured prey mass by Sarracenia leucophylla Raf. Few experiments have been conducted to test the role of anthocyanin on insect capture in Sarracenia. Though the role of predation by Sarracenia on insects has long been known, the factors responsible for attraction of prey have yet to be fully evaluated. I sampled S. leucophylla leaves from both red and anthocyanin-free (green) subjects, including measuring pitcher height, mouth width and weighing dried prey mass. There were no significant differences in dried prey mass between red and green phenotypes. Prey mass was positively correlated to pitcher height as well as mouth width. Differences in nectary counts and pitcher temperature were also not statistically significant between red and green groups. This study did not find support for anthocyanin as a prey attractant, and nectar may play a more important role in prey attraction. / Department of Biology

One of the many ways to address health, obesity and hunger issues is genetic bio-fortification, a strategy of breeding or transforming staple crops with micronutrients and vitamins. This dissertation details efforts to bio-fortify bioactive compounds (phenols, antioxidants, condensed tannins, flavonoids and anthocyanins) in Vigna unguiculata, a staple legume grain crop. Approaches included screening of genetic variation in polyphenolic compositions to identify potential varieties and phenotypes, evaluating the impact of environment (drought stress) on these compositions and elucidating the underlying genetics of their inheritance. Our screening showed significant diversity among genotypes for phenols (2.05 –15.48 mg GAE/g), condensed tannin (0.05 -15.29 mg CE/g) and antioxidant activity (4.0 -201.8 µM TE/g). The highest levels of phenols and antioxidant activity were observed in genotypes with light brown, black and red seed coat color, and those with smooth texture and medium maturity (70-90 days). Red and black phenotypes showed the highest content of flavan-3-ols, flavonols and phenolic acids among all color groups, with values of 169 µg CE/g, 26.17 µg QHE/g, 27.14 µg GAE/g for red and 281 µg CE/g, 23 µg QHE/g and 25 GAE/g for black phenotypes. When studying the impact of drought stress, genotypeXtreatment and treatmentXyear interactions for bioactive compounds were significant when tested under irrigated and drought stress conditions. Anthocyanins showed a 14 % decrease under drought stress. The genotypes that were stable to drought stress are favorable for breeding programs in preparation towards climate change. An FTNIR method was established for high-throughput, non-destructive quantification of bioactive compounds. This was used in inheritance studies of bioactive compounds. Phenols, condensed tannins and flavonoids showed heterosis in F1 and exhibit transgressive segregation in F2 populations. The information presented in this manuscript will be useful for nutritional improvement of cowpeas, where potential genotypes and phenotypes with health benefits offered by enhanced contents of bioactive compounds can be improved further upon.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-161).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1997. / Typescript. Leaf 6 not included in numbering but content is complete. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-79). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1997. / Typescript. Leaf 6 not included in numbering but content is complete. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-79). Also available on the Internet.