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La littérature indique qu’il y a un problème de surreprésentation de personnes noires dans le système de justice criminelle canadien. Ce problème serait notamment la manifestation d’un racisme systémique anti-NoirEs (RSAN) dont les origines remontent aux époques coloniale, esclavagiste et ségrégationniste du pays. Les Impact of Race and Culture Assessments (IRCAs), des rapports présentenciels spécialisés, sont une initiative émergente visant à faire reconnaître les impacts du RSAN afin de mitiger la peine des justiciables noirs au Canada. Ce mémoire a pour objectif de documenter les discours et pratiques autour de l’utilisation des IRCAs. Plus spécifiquement, il vise à (1) détailler le processus de production des IRCAs et leur présentation au tribunal ; (2) mettre en lumière les avantages et les désavantages d'utilisation des IRCAs et (3) faire état de l’impact des IRCAs sur la pratique judiciaire. L’analyse thématique de données d’entretiens semi-dirigés menés entre 2018 et 2022 auprès de 35 avocats-criminalistes de pratique privée et de service oeuvrant à Toronto a permis de constater que les rapports IRCAs sont bien connus et appréciés des avocats torontois. Toutefois, les résultats suggèrent également qu’il reste de nombreux obstacles à pallier afin de faire reconnaître leur valeur auprès du plus grand nombre, d’harmoniser leur utilisation à l’ensemble du pays et de les rendre accessibles à tous ceux qui en ont besoin. Un doute demeure quant à la véritable portée que peut avoir une telle initiative lorsque l’intention ultime est de réformer un système entier. / Literature shows that there is a problem of over-representation of Black people in the Canadian criminal justice system. Among other factors, this issue is linked to systemic antiblack racism (SABR), the causes of which can be traced back to the country's colonial, slavery and segregationist history. Impact of Race and Culture Assessments (IRCAs) are specialized pre-sentence reports and an emerging initiative aimed at recognizing the impacts of SABR in order to mitigate the punishment of Black offenders, in Canada. This masters aims to document the discourse and practices surrounding the use of IRCAs. More specifically, it aims to (1) detail the process of producing an IRCA and presenting it to the court; (2) highlight the advantages and disadvantages of using IRCAs; and (3) report on the impact of IRCAs on court practice. Thematic data analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted between 2018 and 2022 with 35 private practice and duty criminal lawyers working in Toronto found that IRCAs reports are well known and appreciated by Toronto lawyers. However, the results also suggest that there are still many obstacles to overcome in order to ensure that their value is widely recognized, that their use is harmonized across the country, and that they are accessible to all those who need them. Doubts remain as to the true scope of such an initiative when the ultimate intention is to reform an entire system.

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Previous literature, although helpful in demonstrating the insidious nature and effects of Islamophobia on Muslims, does not underscore the varying forms and intensities of Islamophobia that a diverse range of Muslims in the West face and the powerful ways in which race and socio-economic class factor into their experiences, coping mechanisms, and stigma responses. This dissertation contributes to the literature on Muslims in The West in three ways: (1) offering a qualitative approach to understanding the ways in which Islamophobia is perpetuated through media discourse and coinciding political legislation, and is experienced differently by a diverse range of Muslims in Canada, (2) adding the concepts of spiritual marginalization, spiritual homelessness, and social status optimization to the analytic vocabulary on integration and articulating their relationship with identity, and (3) making a connection between race and social class and the response to Islamophobia and articulating their relationship with human agency. In chapter one, I provide an in-depth literature review on Islamophobia in the West. In chapter two, I present the results of a discourse analysis study that highlights the structural dimensions of Islamophobia through media representations and framing of incidences involving Muslim vs. non-Muslim perpetrators of violence. In chapter three, I present the results of a study that showcases group level experiences of racism amongst a relatively powerless group of Muslim refugee youth in Hamilton Ontario and St. John’s Newfoundland and Labrador. In chapter four, I provide a contrasting response to stigma by reporting on the experiences and mobilization of a socioeconomically privileged group of first, second and third generation Muslims in Edmonton. Finally, I summarize the conceptual findings of each paper, review and discuss the general theoretical and conceptual contributions of the dissertation to existing literature, and provide suggestions on future directions for studying Islamophobia and Muslim integration in The West. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This dissertation analyses the varying forms and intensities of Islamophobia that a diverse range of Muslims in Canada face and the powerful ways in which race and socio-economic class factor into their experiences, coping mechanisms, and stigma responses. The thesis explores three themes: 1) how Islamophobia may be structurally maintained and propagated through media discourse and coinciding political legislation, 2) how Islamophobia and anti-Muslim hate is experienced differently by different groups of Muslims in Canada, and (3) how there may be a connection between race and social class in individual responses to Islamophobia. By adding the concepts of spiritual marginalization, spiritual homelessness, and social status optimization to the analytic vocabulary, this work is a unique contribution to existing literature, and to our understanding of the differing lived experiences of being Muslim in the West and the varying ways in which Islamophobia informs the day to day lives of Muslim Canadians.