An investigation has been carried out to determine the effects of the dissolved solids in process cooling water (pcw) and mine water (mw) on concrete corrosion. An experimental set up was designed to simulate the process in the cooling towers of Sasol (Pty) Ltd at Secunda. The investigation was carried out using Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Portland Blastfurnace Cement (PBFC). The corrosion process was monitored as a function of time by determining the concentrations of the ions left in solution. This was done using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and Ion Chromatography (lC). The observation, identification and characterization of the secondary phases formed during the corrosion process were analyzed using the Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM). Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis (EDX) made it possible to identify the various microstructures and quantify their elemental composition. This made it possible to monitor the penetration of sulphate ions in the mortar. Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD) qualitative analysis was also performed on the test mortar specimens. The organic constituents in process cooling water were determined using Gas Chromatography coupled with a Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). The corrosion indices which measures the aggressiveness of water solutions towards cement and concrete were calculated for both process cooling water and mine water. The results of the investigation showed that mine water is more corrosive than process cooling water. This observation has been linked to the presence of the organic compounds in process cooling water. The results also indicated that PBFC was mores resistant to chemical attack than ope. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1998.

A dissertation submitted to the University of the Witwatersrand in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering (Metallurgy & Materials) 2016 / The surfaces of AISI 316L stainless steel plate were laser alloyed with ruthenium powder as well as a mixture of ruthenium and nickel powders using a Nd:YAG laser set at fixed operating parameters. The microstructure, elemental composition, and corrosion characteristics of the alloyed zone were analysed using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and corrosion potential measurements. EDS analysis of the alloyed specimen showed that through the laser surface alloying, 2 mm surface layers with 12.5wt % Ru and 5.2wt% Ru were produced on an AISI 316L stainless steel. Similar microstructures which were dendritic and columnar grains, typical of weld beads under non-equilibrium cooling conditions were observed for all samples. Hardness profile measurements showed a significant increase from 160 HV for the substrate to a maximum of 247 HV for the alloyed layer. Using an Autolab potentiostat, the corrosion behaviour and resistance of the laser alloyed layers, substrate AISI 316L, and Hastelloy© C-276 were evaluated and compared in sulphuric acid solution of different concentration and temperatures. The Hastelloy© C-276, followed by the 12.5wt% Ru presented the most noble corrosion potential (Ecorr) and the lowest corrosion current density (icorr). However, in 60wt% H2SO4 and 40oC, the 5.22 wt% Ru alloys exhibited slightly better anticorrosive properties than 12.5wt% Ru. The observed corrosion potential, Ecorr, for untreated AISI 316L stainless steel sample in 40wt% sulphuric acid solution at 40oC was -277 mV. The 5.22 wt% Ru and 12.5wt% Ru alloyed stainless steel samples presented -240 mV, and 61 mV respectively in the same solution. Besides showing comparable performance to 5.2wt%Ru sample within specific short potential ranges, Hastelloy© C-276 was generally superior in all solutions. In addition it was found that the stability of the passive layer was improved with additions of Ru. Based on the developed costing equation the cost of 5 mm AISI 316L stainless steel plate with surface area (A = 1 m2) surface alloyed with 5.2wt% Ru to a depth of 2 mm using Nd: YAG laser is estimated at R15 989, and it is less than the cost of a Hastelloy© C-276 plate of similar size which is estimated at R19 900. As the material thickness increases, the cost benefit of laser surface treatment increases and vice versa. Reduction of the Ru additions to levels below 5.2wt% would improve cost competition without detracting from performance. / MT2017

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering 15 October 2016 / The alloys Ti-52.5Al-10.0Ni (at.%) and Ti-52.5Al-10.0Ni-0.2Ru (at.%) were made by mixing, and melting their powders in a button arc furnace under an argon atmosphere. The high temperature oxidation and room temperature corrosion of behaviour of the alloys was investigated. Isothermal oxidation in air at 950°C for 120 hours and 720 hours was done. Cyclic oxidation behaviour of the alloys was also investigated in air and in a hot salt (Na2SO4) environment. The corrosion tests were conducted in 5 wt% and 25 wt% HCl. All the samples were characterised using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and hardness measurements. On solidification, the Ti-52.5Al-10.0Ni (at.%) alloy formed dendrites of γ-TiAl (~55 at.% Al) surrounded by a eutectic of γ-TiAl + Ti2NiAl3 (τ3) phases. Most of the nickel was found in the Ti2NiAl3 (τ3) phase (~12 at.%) with trace amounts in the dendrites (~0.5 at.%). The Ti-52.5Al-10.0Ni-0.2Ru (at.%) alloy formed dendrites of γ-TiAl (~53 at.% Al) surrounded by a eutectic of γ-TiAl + Ti2NiAl3 (τ3). Most of the nickel (~15 at.%) and ruthenium (~0.3 at.%) were in solid solution in the Ti2NiAl3 (τ3) phase, although small amounts of both metals were present in the dendrites (~1 at.% Ni and 0.1 at.% Ru). Under isothermal oxidation conditions, both alloys showed good oxidation resistance with a low mass gain (< 2%). The alloys formed a continuous scale of TiO2 and Al2O3 with good adherence to the substrate, but as exposure time increased, the scale was severely degraded and exfoliated from the surface. Cyclic oxidation conditions were more aggressive for both alloys. The Ti-52.5Al-10.0Ni-0.2Ru (at.%) alloy was more resistant and formed a nickel-rich sub-surface zone between the substrate and intermixed oxide layer. Both alloys had a fairly good corrosion resistance in HCl due to the presence of nickel. They formed a thin and non-continuous Al2O3 oxide scale on the surface of the γ-TiAl dendrites, with Ti3NiAl2O on the γ-TiAl + Ti2NiAl3 (τ3) eutectic regions. The acid mainly corroded the τ3 phase, thus attacking the eutectic and leaving the γ-TiAl dendrites exposed. / MT2017

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering Johannesburg, 1993 / The formation of VC, NbC, and Cr-carbide coatings on steels immersed in molten borax baths containing carbide-forming constituents has been known for some time. A study was made of the formation of carbide coating on steel specimens treated in molten borax cont.ad.Lnr.q ferro-vanadium and V20S as bath additives. The prevalence of oxidizing or reducing conditions in the bath was found to playa decisive role in the formation of the VC layer. The influence of treatment factors such as time, temperature, and bath composition on the thickness of the coating was investigated. A detailed investigation into the behaviour of baths containing V205 and Al was carried out in this regard. Microstructural examination of coated specimens was performed using optical and electron microscopy. Microhardness tests, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were carried out in order to characterise the layers produced. The corrosion behaviour of the vanadf.um carbide coating was evaluated by accelerated electrochemical means. Samples of mild steel and EN9(O.5% C) steel were treated for various lengths of time in order to obtain coatings of various thicknesses. The corrosion resLst.ance of the carbide coating was found to be superior to that of the untreated base alloys. Five diffet"ent tool steel materials were a.lso treated. Microscopy examination and hardness testing of the VC coated tool steels was performed in order to assess the effects of treatment by this process on the bas~ material. The austenitizing temperature and the nature of the carbides in the matrix of the tool steels was found to play an important role in this respect. / MT2017

A dissertation submitted to the faculty of engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of science / Steel 3CR12 is a 12 chromium, titanium stabilized, corrosion resisting steel which was developed in South Africa in the recent past (Abbreviation abstract) / AC2017

No description available.

A cyclic polarization procedure was designed to evaluate the pitting potentials of high performance stainless steels in synthetic concrete pore water at different chloride concentrations. Cyclic polarization scans were performed on high performance stainless steel reinforcements, S32201, S32305 and S32205. Pitting initiation was observed below the oxygen evolution potential for high chloride concentrations. S32201 and S32304 showed the presence of metastable pitting before reaching its pitting potential. Pitting resistance performance, based on cyclic polarization, was consistent with each material's respective Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN) value. For S32201 and S32304, pitting potential decreased as the chloride concentration increased, whereas S32205 did not pit at the chloride concentrations tested. / by Erika Maria Sanchez. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2011. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

The backbone of the industrialized world is comprised of refined, zerovalent metal, a material which thermodynamically favors an oxidative return to more chemically stable states. There are many methods used to slow or delay this process, such as protective coatings, sacrificial anodes, and alloys, but no method can entirely prevent corrosion. This body of work instead proposes detecting the earliest chemical markers of corrosion: that is, metal ions as they solubilize from a metal surface. Such information would allow maintenance personnel to make informed decisions about the necessity or lack thereof of preventive maintenance, and intervene before advanced damage has a chance to occur. This dissertation finds that hydrogel-based sensors are capable of such detection and offer a multisensory response, with colorimetric, electrical, volumetric and vibrational changes. Both the colorimetric and electrical trends were calibrated and used for quantification of metal ions both in solution and directly from metal substrate surfaces. Observing how the hydrogels responded to various metal ions contributed to a greater understanding of how ion-headgroup associations can affect the sensory responses of a hydrogel, something that can be exploited in future sensor work. The ability of the sensors to detect ions directly from metal surfaces allowed for an investigation of the protective quality of fatty acids as corrosion inhibitors. A range of chain lengths were tested using the hydrogels, and the comparison to current characterization techniques showed good correlation. This accessible technique, beyond contributing to the current meager literature of fatty acids as corrosion inhibitors, can also allow for the determination of acceptable benchmarks of corrosion, information that is sorely needed to efficiently steward global infrastructure.

The potential use of sodium propionate as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in aqueous media is investigated using a range of electrochemical and surface analytical techniques. The use of sodium propionate for the inhibition of mild steel corrosion is discussed, and the effective pH range of sodium propionate using various buffers is investigated. The effectiveness of sodium propionate as an inhibitor for mild steel pitting corrosion in the presence of various concentrations of CI- is studied. The effect of some oxidants, IO3-, BrO3-, NO32- on the anodic behaviour of mild steel in deaerated 0.01M carboxylate solutions of acetate, propionate, formate, succinate and salicylate is investigated. The critical temperature for effective inhibition of mild steel corrosion with sodium propionate is established, and the chemical composition of the film formed on mild steel surface in sodium propionate solution is studied using surface sensitive Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR. The efficiency of sodium propionate is compared to that of conventional inhibitors and a mechanism for the inhibition of mild steel corrosion with sodium propionate is proposed. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Full text release at OhioLINK's ETD Center delayed at author's request