Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis Author: Katharina Zenkerová Supervisors: Assoc. Prof. PharmD. Jan Zitko, Ph.D.; Prof. Romano Silvestri Title of diploma thesis: Design and synthesis of novel 3-aroyl-1-arylpyrrole derivatives as potential tubulin polymerization inhibitors Key word: anticancer agents; pyrrole; tubulin polymerization inhibitors Cancer is a major burden of disease worldwide and it remains one of the most difficult illnesses to treat. Since the percentage of people suffering from cancer is increasing, an enormous effort to design and develop better medicaments is needed. Microtubules are a key component of the cytoskeleton in most eukaryotic cells and they represent an attractive target for antitumor agents, due to the significant mitosis rate of tumor cells. Since cancer cells usually display higher proliferation rates than normal cells, drugs that interfere with microtubules dynamic equilibrium, also known as antimitotic agents, have become a fruitful approach to develop anticancer agents in clinical use. In fact, agents interfering with microtubules may either inhibit the tubulin polymerization or block microtubules to disassembly, both causing the arrest of cell division and the consequent...

The potential antimalarial and anticancer effect of molecules containing 1,10-phenanthroline skeleton has been suspected on several previous studies. It is why the goal of this project is to synthesize novel 1,10-phenanthrolines and cyclic analogs. The originality of this project is the synthesis way of these novel compounds. Indeed, these structures will be obtained through an original redox approach developed in the SMITH laboratory using the tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE) reagent.      The TDAE is an electron rich organic molecule which is an effective reducing agent capable of generating an anion from halogenated derivatives under mild conditions via a single electron transfer (SET). From the different substrate we will work with, the TDAE will generate an anion which will be additioned on the 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione. These different substrates will be aromatic and heterocyclic nitro-benzylic, and quinonic derivates as well as bromodifluoromethyl heteroarylated substrates. A one pot two step (reduction, dehydration) reaction will be done on these addition products, in order to obtain a cyclised product.        It is the first time we try these reactions on these kind on molecules, it is why this project needs a lot of optimization and that the yield obtained are medium or equal to zero. However, we observed that the addition reaction with TDAE worked with 4 substrates out of 6. We tried the cyclisation reaction on only one addition product and we think that after some improvement of the reaction conditions and the work-up, we will be able to obtain the product with a good yield. / Tidigare studier har indikerat att molekyler med 1,10-phenanthrolineskelett har en skyddande effekt mot malaria och cancer. Syftet med detta projekt är att syntetisera nya 1,10-phenanthrolinar och cykliska analoger. Framställningsmetoden som användes i denna studie har inte undersökts tidigare.    Föreningen skapades genom en originalmetod utnyttjande en redoxreaktion med hjälp av en TDAE-reagens. TDAE är en elektronrik organisk molekyl och fungerar som en effektiv reduktionsagent. Med hjälp av en enelektronöverföring (SET) kan en anjon framställas under milda förhållanden utifrån halogena derivat. Anjonen tillförs 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione. De olika substraten är heteroaromatiska nitro-benzyliska och quinoniska derivat, samt bromodifluorometylheteroarylerade. Cykliska produkter erhölls genom en tvåstegsreaktion (reduktion, dehydratisering) genomförd i ett enda reaktionskärl.   Med detta projekt har dessa reaktioner för första gången testats på den här typen av molekyler. Det krävs mer optimering eftersom utbytena var låga till medelhöga. Utav sex möjliga substrat fungerade additionsreaktionen med TDAE med fyra stycken. I detta försök testades dock endast en cyklisk reaktion på additionsprodukten. Med ytterligare förbättringar av reaktionsvillkor och upparbetningar förväntas man kunna producera önskad produkt i gott utbyte.

A simple method is reported to synthesize an anticancer drug, NCX 4040, conveniently in mild conditions using silicon chemistry. A starting material, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, was silylated selectively first to give t-butyldimethylsilyl 4-hydroxybenzyl ether, which was then converted to NCX 4040 by esterification, desilylation, hydrochlorination and nitration.

Four known small molecule uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG) inhibitors were synthesized and tested against human melanoma cells, IgR3 and MM200. They were found to be effective against cell proliferation at micromolar concentrations and to operate through a nonapoptotic mechanism. Thus, small molecules that target UNG may be useful as potential chemotherapeutic agents against human melanoma.

Various anticancer and antibacterial agents have been synthesized via azide chemistry by taking advantage of carbohydrate. Starting from the synthesis of 14 glycosyl azides, a library of carbohydrate-oxazolidinone conjugates and a library of carbohydrate-cyclopamine conjugates with biological interests were synthesized based on a highly efficient "click reaction" assisted by sonication. Some of the conjugates have improved solubility and enhanced anticancer activity. A library of neomycin B derivatives with various modifications at the 5" position has been synthesized. Two leads exhibit prominent activity against both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Antibacterial activities were measured when combined with other clinically used antibiotics and significant synergistic activities were observed. Three different classes of aryl N-glycosides have been synthesized by employing 1,4-naphthoquinone and glycosyl azides undergoing a [2+3] cycloaddition. Alkyl azides can also undergo the same cycloaddition. After the removal of the protecting group, a library of 9,10-anthraquinone derivatives with potential anticancer activity and a library of 2-aminomethylene-1,3-indanediones with novel antibacterial activity have been developed, respectively. A one-pot three-component [2+3] cycloaddition for the synthesis of 1-alkyl 1H-naphtho[2,3-d][1,2,3]triazole-4,9-dione and 2-alkyl 2H-naphtho[2,3-d][1,2,3] triazole-4,9-dione has been developed. By taking the advantage of their difference in basicity, both products can be obtained in good purity. Using an allylic azide rearrangement, a convenient method has been developed for the synthesis of several 2',3'-dideoxyaminoglycosides. The antibacterial activity of these novel aminoglycosides also confirms the indispensable role of the 2'-NH2 group for both neomycin and kanamycin classes of aminoglycosides. A novel structural motif containing the hexylaminocarbonyl groups at O-5 and/or O-6 of 2',3'-dideoxyneamine could lead to the production of new aminoglycosides against resistant bacteria.

Cabozantinib is an anticancer drug that inhibit tyrosine kinases which allow signal pathways important for growth and development of tumors. It is used for treatment of medullary thyroid cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and kidney cancer. The major enzymes of the first phase of biotransformation that metabolize cabozantinib are cytochromes P450. In this thesis it was studied metabolism of cabozantinib and cytochromes P450 that participated on this metabolism. Hepatic microsomes of rat, mouse and rabbit were used for studying metabolism of cabozantinib in this thesis. It was also focused on the impact of particular isoforms of cytochromes P450 on metabolism of cabozantinib in rat microsomes. Time dependence of cabozantinib conversion in hepatic rat microsomes was also studied. Enzyme kinetics of metabolism of cabozantinib in hepatic rat microsomes, as well as impact of cytochromes P450 inhibitors on the metabolism were included. Metabolites were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry. Formation of metabolites of cabozantinib increased over time to 30 minutes of incubation and with some others to 40 minutes of incubation. Up to five different metabolites were detected in experiments (M1, desmethyl cabozantinib, M3, monohydroxy cabozantinib and cabozantinib...

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21256号 / 医博第4374号 / 新制||医||1029(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 中山 健夫, 教授 小川 修, 教授 川村 孝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Drimane and coloratane sesquiterpenoids are present in several plants, microorganisms, and marine life. Because of their cytotoxic activity, these sesquiterpenoids have received increasing attention as a source for new anticancer drugs and pharmacophores. Natural drimanes and coloratanes, as well as their semi-synthetic derivatives, showed promising results against cancer cell lines with in vitro activities in the low micro- and nanomolar range. Despite their high potential as novel anticancer agents, the mode of action and structure–activity relationships of drimanes and coloratanes have not been completely enlightened nor systematically reviewed. Our review aims to give an overview of known structures and derivatizations of this class of sesquiterpenoids, as well as their activity against cancer cells and potential modes-of-action. The cytotoxic activities of about 40 natural and 25 semi-synthetic drimanes and coloratanes are discussed. In addition to that, we give a summary about the clinical significance of drimane and coloratane sesquiterpenoids.