A series of 2-alkyl-3-arylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidones were synthesized for testing as potential antiepileptic drugs. The goal was to achieve better neurological activity and/or lower toxicity than displayed by a series of 2-alkyl-3-aryl-4(3H)-quinazolinones prepared previously in our research group. From the pharmacological testing data of these target compounds, we have found that the additional nitrogen at the C-8 position of the quinazolinone framework increased the anticonvulsant activity. However, the neurological toxicity increased as well. The anticonvulsant and neurotoxic activity seen in the variuos 2-alkyl side chains and 3-aryl substituents incorporated into these new pyridopyrimidones was consistent with the activity observed with the same substituents on the 4(3H)-quinazolinones. The 3-aryl group consists of various ortho-substituted phenyl rings, while the 2-alkyl chain consists of a 2-(2-aryl-2-oxo)ethyl or 2-arylethenyl group. / Master of Science

No description available.

Antiepileptic drug utilization Author: Kateřina Stuchlíková Supervisor: PharmDr. Eva Zimčíková, Ph.D. Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Czech Republic Introduction: Antiepileptics (AEDs) are drugs that prevent the development of epileptic seizures. Objective: The objective of this diploma thesis was to evaluate the utilization of AEDs in the Czech Republic in the period from 01. 01. 2004 to 31. 12. 2018 using data from the State Institute for Drug Control (SIDC). Methods: Retrospective analysis of drug utilization data. Data on the utilization of antiepileptic drugs were received from the SIDC database and included all AEDs that were distributed to medical facilities during the reporting period. The relative comparative unit DID was calculated - the number of defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day. The data on the number of residents were obtained from the Czech Statistical Office. Results: Consumption of antiepileptics has increasing trend. During the period it increased from 7.43 DID to 15.87 DID. Especially in the group of new antiepileptics an increase was observed, where 1.15 DID raised to 10.59 DID, while in the classical antiepileptic group this value decreased from 6.28 DID to 5.28 DID. The most frequently used...

A number of immune abnormalities have been found in epileptic patients treated with antiepileptic drugs (AED). The alterations seen range from mild suppression of immunoglobulins to severly impaired humoral and cellular immunities. There is evidence for both drug effects and genetic or acquired factors as contributors to these abnormalities. In order to examine the basis for immune abnormalities in patients with epilepsy, a number of experimental designs were employed: clinical studies, in vitro studies, and use of an animal model. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from epileptic patients currently receiving AED were found to have a reduced OKT4+/0KT8+ ratio. A reduced natural killer (NK) cell activity was found which may be due to a low proportion of Leu 11+ cells. A reduced NK cell activity was also found in healthy siblings of the patients, indicating a possible genetic basis for the level of this activity. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity {ADCC), mitogenic responses, and total rosette-forming cells of PBMC isolated from patieots were found to be normal. The AED phenytoin has been associated with a variety of immune function alterations and lymphoma. In this study, phenytoin was found to depress basal and augmented NK cell activity of human cells in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. This depression was reversible following short-term exposure and at levels considered therapeutic. Phenytoin also depressed ADCC, thus one mechanism by which phenytoin alters immune function is by its depression of cell -mediated cytotoxicity. In contrast to results obtained with phenytoin, the AED carbamazepine did not significantly alter NK cell activity, but the diluent propylene glycol depressed activity. NFS mice given phenytoin produced lower specific antibody titers following antigen challenge. Body weights, specific organ weights for thymus, spleen, and liver, and blood cell counts were normal in these mice. The protocol was well tolerated by the animals at phenytoin dosages ranging from therapeutic to neurotoxic. Susceptibility to murine hepatitis virus was found to be increased in mice given a high dose of phenytoin. This animal model should allow investigations into toxic dose levels and mechanisms by which phenytoin and other AED alter immune function.

Side effects of seizure medications in individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) may affect speech and language development for this population. Research information about these effects may be useful for speech-language pathologist practitioners, since they will most likely work in environments that involve assessing and treating individuals with ID. In this meta-analysis, a total of 19 articles were reviewed to examine the side effects of AEDs in individuals with ID and seizure disorders. Side effects from AEDs were found; however, research regarding how AEDs and seizure disorders affected speech and language development was not available. Based on the findings, participants on AEDs regimens experienced a variety of side effects that included behavioral side effects, adverse cognitive side effects, and non-behavioral side effects. However, information regarding AEDs side effects and speech and language development was nonexistent. Based on the findings, further research in this is much needed for practicing speech-language pathologists in this topic. / text

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Lucie Chaloupková Supervisor: Prof. MUDr. Radomír Hrdina, CSc. Title of diploma thesis: Treatment of epilepsy Epilepsy is a serious chronic disease affecting all ages which can be characterized by recurrent epileptic attacks. It affects about 1,3-4 % of the population and endangers the patient's life at every incoming attack. Long-term treatment must be preceded by thorough diagnosis and classification of the disease, which can be very difficult. The aim of the treatment is to prevent recurrent epileptic attacks, or at least mitigate them while minimizing the side effects of the treatment and reducing the negative impact on the quality of life. When choosing a suitable drug for an adult, the doctor usually decides individually depending on the type of epileptic attack. In children, the choice of the treatment often depends on the diagnosed type of syndrome, which appears more in the lower age category than in adult patients. The doctor should follow expert standards of the treatment of epilepsy, and also their own most recent experience and knowledge gained during the course of lifelong learning. The therapy begins with monotherapy, and only when not successful, it is necessary to...

Introdução: a cirurgia de epilepsia é uma opção de tratamento para pacientes com epilepsia refratária. A hemisferotomia pode produzir um controle notável da epilepsia hemisférica clinicamente intratável em crianças. O resultado final desejável, após a hemisferotomia, é o controle de crises e a redução ou retirada de fármacos antiepiléticos, visando a melhora cognitiva e do desenvolvimento da criança. Objetivos: verificar a efetividade da hemisferotomia no controle de crises e na retirada ou redução de fármacos antiepilépticos em pacientes classificados como Engel 1, e analisar os desfechos cognitivo e de desenvolvimento após a abordagem cirúrgica e redução de fármacos antiepilépticos. Métodos: revisão de prontuários médicos e banco de dados de pacientes crianças e adolescentes, com idade inferior a 19 anos no momento da cirurgia, submetidos a hemisferotomia para tratamento de epilepsia refratária no Centro de Epilepsia de Ribeirão Preto do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, entre anos de 1995 e 2015. Resultados: foram avaliados 120 prontuários médicos, dos quais foram considerados aptos 82. Amostra sem diferença significativa entre sexos. Para o manejo de fármacos foram considerados 44 pacientes que eram classificados como Engel 1 no segundo ano pós cirúrgico. Para estes pacientes foram avaliadas variáveis como retirada ou redução de fármacos antiepilépticos, bem como o tempo para que esse manejo fosse realizado, além do desfecho cognitivo e de desenvolvimento. Conclusão: A hemisferotomia é uma cirurgia eficaz para pacientes com doença hemisférica, possibilitando que paciente fique livre de crises e, eventualmente, livre de fármacos antiepilépticos. O desfecho de sucesso cirúrgico é dependente de inúmeras variáveis e o manejo de fármacos é realizado conforme experiência de profissionais de cada serviço. / Introduction: Epilepsy surgery is a treatment option for patients with refractory epilepsy. Hemisferotomy can produce a remarkable control of clinically intractable hemispheric epilepsy in children. The intended outcome, after hemispherotomy, is the seizure control and the reduction or withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs, aiming at the cognitive and developmental improvement of the child. Objectives: To verify the effectiveness of the hemispherotomy in the crisis control and in the withdrawal or reduction of antiepileptic drugs in patients classified as Engel 1, and to analyze the cognitive and developmental outcomes after the surgical approach and reduction of antiepileptic drugs. Methods: review of medical records and database of children and adolescents under 19 years of age at the time of surgery submitted to hemispherotomy for the treatment of refractory epilepsy at the Epilepsy Center of Ribeirão Preto, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina of Ribeirão Preto between 1995 and 2015. Results: 120 medical records were evaluated, of which 82 were considered suitable. Sample with no significant difference between gender. For the management of drugs, 44 patients were classified as Engel 1 in the second postoperative year. For these patients, variables such as withdrawal or reduction of antiepileptic drugs were evaluated, as well as the time for this management to be performed, in addition to the cognitive and developmental outcome. Conclusion: Hemispherotomy is an effective surgery for patients with hemispheric disease, allowing patients to be seizure free and eventually free of antiepileptic drugs. The outcome of surgical success depends on innumerable variables and the management of drugs is performed according to the experience of professionals of each service.

Introdução: a cirurgia de epilepsia é uma opção de tratamento para pacientes com epilepsia refratária. A hemisferotomia pode produzir um controle notável da epilepsia hemisférica clinicamente intratável em crianças. O resultado final desejável, após a hemisferotomia, é o controle de crises e a redução ou retirada de fármacos antiepiléticos, visando a melhora cognitiva e do desenvolvimento da criança. Objetivos: verificar a efetividade da hemisferotomia no controle de crises e na retirada ou redução de fármacos antiepilépticos em pacientes classificados como Engel 1, e analisar os desfechos cognitivo e de desenvolvimento após a abordagem cirúrgica e redução de fármacos antiepilépticos. Métodos: revisão de prontuários médicos e banco de dados de pacientes crianças e adolescentes, com idade inferior a 19 anos no momento da cirurgia, submetidos a hemisferotomia para tratamento de epilepsia refratária no Centro de Epilepsia de Ribeirão Preto do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, entre anos de 1995 e 2015. Resultados: foram avaliados 120 prontuários médicos, dos quais foram considerados aptos 82. Amostra sem diferença significativa entre sexos. Para o manejo de fármacos foram considerados 44 pacientes que eram classificados como Engel 1 no segundo ano pós cirúrgico. Para estes pacientes foram avaliadas variáveis como retirada ou redução de fármacos antiepilépticos, bem como o tempo para que esse manejo fosse realizado, além do desfecho cognitivo e de desenvolvimento. Conclusão: A hemisferotomia é uma cirurgia eficaz para pacientes com doença hemisférica, possibilitando que paciente fique livre de crises e, eventualmente, livre de fármacos antiepilépticos. O desfecho de sucesso cirúrgico é dependente de inúmeras variáveis e o manejo de fármacos é realizado conforme experiência de profissionais de cada serviço. / Introduction: Epilepsy surgery is a treatment option for patients with refractory epilepsy. Hemisferotomy can produce a remarkable control of clinically intractable hemispheric epilepsy in children. The intended outcome, after hemispherotomy, is the seizure control and the reduction or withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs, aiming at the cognitive and developmental improvement of the child. Objectives: To verify the effectiveness of the hemispherotomy in the crisis control and in the withdrawal or reduction of antiepileptic drugs in patients classified as Engel 1, and to analyze the cognitive and developmental outcomes after the surgical approach and reduction of antiepileptic drugs. Methods: review of medical records and database of children and adolescents under 19 years of age at the time of surgery submitted to hemispherotomy for the treatment of refractory epilepsy at the Epilepsy Center of Ribeirão Preto, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina of Ribeirão Preto between 1995 and 2015. Results: 120 medical records were evaluated, of which 82 were considered suitable. Sample with no significant difference between gender. For the management of drugs, 44 patients were classified as Engel 1 in the second postoperative year. For these patients, variables such as withdrawal or reduction of antiepileptic drugs were evaluated, as well as the time for this management to be performed, in addition to the cognitive and developmental outcome. Conclusion: Hemispherotomy is an effective surgery for patients with hemispheric disease, allowing patients to be seizure free and eventually free of antiepileptic drugs. The outcome of surgical success depends on innumerable variables and the management of drugs is performed according to the experience of professionals of each service.

Analysis of spontaneous adverse events reports of antiepileptic drugs Author: Ivana Šoborová Supervisor: PharmDr. Eva Zimčíková, Ph.D. Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University Introduction: Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases, which occurs worldwide. Antiepileptic drugs (AED) suppress the onset of an epileptic seizure. Analysis of spontaneous adverse drug reactions (ADRs) analysis is important data source for generating the potential risks signals in pharmacotherapy. Objective: The aim of this work was to analyse spontaneous reports of ADRs from the Czech Central Database of ADRs of the State Institute for Drug Control (SÚKL) in the period from June 2004 to October 2017. The analyses of potential drug interactions of all medicinal products mentioned in the reports and the assessment of the reported ADRs expectability was the secondary goal. Methods: Retrospective analyses of the spontaneous ADR reports of antiepileptic drugs obtained from the SÚKL in the given period. Anonymized data was processed using the descriptive statistics in MS Excel. For example, the patient characteristics or seriousness and expectability of the ADRs were evaluated. The specific adverse drug reactions were divided according to the system...

Les enfants diffèrent des adultes non seulement en termes de dimension corporelle mais aussi en termes physiologiques. En effet, les phénomènes de développement et maturation interviennent au cours de la croissance. Ces processus ne sont pas linéaires et induisent des différences pharmacocinétiques et pharmacodynamiques. Ainsi, contrairement à la pratique commune, il n’est pas approprié de déterminer les posologies pédiatriques directement à partir des doses adultes. Étudier la pharmacocinétique chez l’enfant est fondamental pour pouvoir déterminer les posologies à administrer. La méthodologie idéale est l’analyse de population à travers des modèles non-linéaires à effets mixtes. Cependant, même si cette méthode permet l’analyse de données éparses et déséquilibrées, le manque de données individuelles doit être compensé par l’inclusion de plus d’individus. Cela pose un problème lorsque l’indication du traitement est une maladie rare, comme le sont les syndromes épileptiques de l’enfance. Dans ce cas, l’extrapolation de modèles adultes à la population pédiatrique peut s’avérer avantageuse. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était d’évaluer les recommandations posologiques d’antiépileptiques lorsque des données pharmacocinétiques pédiatriques sont suffisamment informatives pour permettre la construction d’un modèle, ou lorsque celles-ci ne sont pas suffisamment importantes ou ne peuvent pas être exploitées correctement. Dans un premier temps, un modèle parent-métabolite de l’oxcarbazépine et de son dérivé mono-hydroxylé (MHD) a été développé chez l’enfant épileptique âgé de 2 à 12 ans. Ce modèle a permis de mettre en évidence que les plus jeunes enfants nécessitent des doses plus élevées, ainsi que les patients co-traités avec des inducteurs enzymatiques. Un modèle a aussi été développé pour les enfants épileptiques de 1 à 18 ans traités avec la formulation de microsphères à libération prolongée d’acide valproïque. Ce modèle a tenu en compte le flip-flop associé à la formulation et la relation non-linéaire entre la clairance et la dose due à la liaison protéique saturable de façon mécanistique. Encore une fois, il a été mis en évidence le besoin de doses plus élevées pour les enfants plus jeunes. Puis, un modèle adulte du vigabatrin a été extrapolé à l’enfant pour déterminer les posologies permettant d’atteindre des expositions similaires à l’adulte pour traiter les épilepsies focales résistantes. A partir des résultats obtenus, qui sont en accord avec les conclusions d’essais cliniques, nous avons pu proposer une dose de maintenance idéale dans cette indication. Enfin, nous avons étudié la pertinence de l’extrapolation par allométrie théorique dans un contexte de non-linéarité avec l’exemple du stiripentol. Nous avons pu en conclure que cette méthode semble apporter de bonnes prédictions à partir de l’âge de 8 ans, contrairement aux molécules à élimination linéaire où cela semble correct à partir de 5 ans. En conclusion, nous avons pu tester et comparer différentes approches pour aider à la détermination de recommandations posologiques chez l’enfant. L’étude de la pharmacocinétique pédiatrique par des essais spécifiques reste indispensable au bon usage du médicament. / Children greatly differ from adults not only in terms of size but also in physiological terms. Indeed, developmental changes occur during growth due to maturation. These processes occur in a nonlinear fashion and can cause pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences. Thus, oppositely to common practice, it is not appropriate to scale pediatric doses directly and linearly from adults. The study of pharmacokinetics in children is then essential to determine those pediatric dosages. The more commonly used methodology is population analysis through non-linear mixed effects models. This method allows the analysis of sparse and unbalanced data. In return, the lack of individual data has to be balanced with the inclusion of more individuals. This can be a problem when the indication of treatment is a rare disease, as are epileptic syndromes of childhood. In this case, extrapolation of adult pharmacokinetic models to the pediatric population may be interesting. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the dosage recommendations of antiepileptic drugs when pediatric pharmacokinetic data are sufficient to be modeled, and when they are not, extrapolating adequately adult information. Firstly, a parent-metabolite model of oxcarbazepine and its monohydroxy derivative (MHD) was developed in epileptic children aged 2 to 12 years. This model showed that younger children require higher doses, as well as patients co-treated with enzyme inducers. A model was also developed for epileptic children aged 1 to 18 years treated with a valproic acid sustained release microsphere formulation. This model took into account the flip-flop associated with the formulation and the non-linear relationship between clearance and dose caused by a saturable protein binding. Again, the need for higher doses for younger children was highlighted. Then, an adult model of vigabatrin was extrapolated to children to determine which doses allow to achieve exposures similar to adults in resistant focal onset seizures. From the results obtained, which are in agreement with the conclusions of clinical trials, we have been able to propose an ideal maintenance dose for this indication. Finally, we studied the relevance of extrapolation by theoretical allometry in a context of non-linearity with the example of stiripentol. We concluded that this method seems to provide good predictions from the age of 8, unlike the linear elimination molecules where it seems correct from 5 years. In conclusion, we were able to test and compare different approaches to help determine dosing recommendations in children. The study of pediatric pharmacokinetics in specific trials remains essential for the proper use of drugs.