Informações sobre as plantas visitadas pelas abelhas para a obtenção de recursos alimentares são importantes para conhecimento básico de padrões ecológicos e também para a aplicação desse conhecimento na polinização de plantas cultivadas. Por isso, faz-se necessário não somente conhecer quais plantas são fontes de pólen, néctar e/ou óleo para as abelhas, mas também analisar e compreender como essas plantas são utilizadas. Pode-se, então, estudar o uso dos recursos alimentares em diferentes escalas biológicas: individual, populacional ou comunitária. Nesse contexto, estudando-se espécies de abelhas solitárias coletoras de óleo, este trabalho objetivou compreender como indivíduos de duas populações de Epicharis dejeanii (Centridini) do litoral paulista contribuem para o nicho trófico da espécie. A sobreposição/partição dos recursos alimentares também foi estudada para populações de três espécies de Tetrapedia: T. curvitarsis, T. diversipes e T. rugulosa em uma área de cerrado. Aplicando-se a metodologia de análise polínica do resíduo pós-emergencial dos ninhos-armadilha aliada a um levantamento florístico-fenológico das plantas da área, observou-se que as três espécies de Tetrapedia estudadas ao longo de um ano são generalistas. Apesar disso, concentram suas coletas em poucas espécies de plantas, especialmente em espécies do gênero Croton (Euphorbiaceae). O mesmo padrão foi observado para as populações de E. dejeanii estudadas no litoral paulista: muitas plantas são visitadas, mas poucas intensamente exploradas. Neste caso, os tipos polínicos mais utilizados pertencem às famílias Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae e Malpighiaceae, com destaque para o tipo Tibouchina (Melastomataceae). Para todas as espécies de abelhas estudadas, Malpighiaceae foi a única família de plantas visitadas para a obtenção de óleo floral, que é utilizado na construção e no aprovisionamento de células de cria. As duas populações estudadas de E. dejeanii eram compostas por indivíduos generalistas e especialistas. Mas, os tipos polínicos utilizados pelos indivíduos especialistas estão contemplados na dieta dos indivíduos generalistas. Isso indica que a população provavelmente compartilha um mesmo ranking de fontes de recursos preferidas / Information about which plants are visited by bees for gathering food resources is important for basic understanding of ecological patterns and also for applying this knowledge in crop pollination. Therefore, it is necessary to know the plant species that provide pollen, nectar and/or oil for the bees, as well as analyze and understand how these plants are used by them. For this, we can study the use of food resources at different biological scales: individual, population or community level. Within this context, studying solitary oil-collecting bees, this study aimed to understand how individuals of Epicharis dejeanii (Centridini) from two populations of São Paulo Coast contribute to the trophic niche of this species. The overlap/partition of food resources was also studied in a Cerrado area, using populations of three species of Tetrapedia: T. curvitarsis, T. diversipes and T. rugulosa. Through the method of pollen analysis of post-emergency residues from trap-nests, combined with floristic and phenological surveys of plants from the area, we found that the three species of Tetrapedia studied over one year are generalists. Despite this, the bees concentrated their collections in just a few plant species, especially in the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae). The same pattern was observed in populations of E. dejeanii of the São Paulo Coast, where many plants are visited, but only a few are intensively exploited. In this case, pollen types intensively used belong to Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae and Malpighiaceae, highlighting the Tibouchina kind (Melastomataceae). For all studied bees, Malpighiaceae was the only plant family visited for floral oil gathering, an essential resource for the construction and provisioning of brood cells. Regarding E. dejeanii, the two populations studied were composed of generalist and specialist individuals, being the pollen types used by specialist individuals included in the diet of the generalist ones. These results indicate that the population probably shares the same ranking of preferred sources

Informações sobre as plantas visitadas pelas abelhas para a obtenção de recursos alimentares são importantes para conhecimento básico de padrões ecológicos e também para a aplicação desse conhecimento na polinização de plantas cultivadas. Por isso, faz-se necessário não somente conhecer quais plantas são fontes de pólen, néctar e/ou óleo para as abelhas, mas também analisar e compreender como essas plantas são utilizadas. Pode-se, então, estudar o uso dos recursos alimentares em diferentes escalas biológicas: individual, populacional ou comunitária. Nesse contexto, estudando-se espécies de abelhas solitárias coletoras de óleo, este trabalho objetivou compreender como indivíduos de duas populações de Epicharis dejeanii (Centridini) do litoral paulista contribuem para o nicho trófico da espécie. A sobreposição/partição dos recursos alimentares também foi estudada para populações de três espécies de Tetrapedia: T. curvitarsis, T. diversipes e T. rugulosa em uma área de cerrado. Aplicando-se a metodologia de análise polínica do resíduo pós-emergencial dos ninhos-armadilha aliada a um levantamento florístico-fenológico das plantas da área, observou-se que as três espécies de Tetrapedia estudadas ao longo de um ano são generalistas. Apesar disso, concentram suas coletas em poucas espécies de plantas, especialmente em espécies do gênero Croton (Euphorbiaceae). O mesmo padrão foi observado para as populações de E. dejeanii estudadas no litoral paulista: muitas plantas são visitadas, mas poucas intensamente exploradas. Neste caso, os tipos polínicos mais utilizados pertencem às famílias Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae e Malpighiaceae, com destaque para o tipo Tibouchina (Melastomataceae). Para todas as espécies de abelhas estudadas, Malpighiaceae foi a única família de plantas visitadas para a obtenção de óleo floral, que é utilizado na construção e no aprovisionamento de células de cria. As duas populações estudadas de E. dejeanii eram compostas por indivíduos generalistas e especialistas. Mas, os tipos polínicos utilizados pelos indivíduos especialistas estão contemplados na dieta dos indivíduos generalistas. Isso indica que a população provavelmente compartilha um mesmo ranking de fontes de recursos preferidas / Information about which plants are visited by bees for gathering food resources is important for basic understanding of ecological patterns and also for applying this knowledge in crop pollination. Therefore, it is necessary to know the plant species that provide pollen, nectar and/or oil for the bees, as well as analyze and understand how these plants are used by them. For this, we can study the use of food resources at different biological scales: individual, population or community level. Within this context, studying solitary oil-collecting bees, this study aimed to understand how individuals of Epicharis dejeanii (Centridini) from two populations of São Paulo Coast contribute to the trophic niche of this species. The overlap/partition of food resources was also studied in a Cerrado area, using populations of three species of Tetrapedia: T. curvitarsis, T. diversipes and T. rugulosa. Through the method of pollen analysis of post-emergency residues from trap-nests, combined with floristic and phenological surveys of plants from the area, we found that the three species of Tetrapedia studied over one year are generalists. Despite this, the bees concentrated their collections in just a few plant species, especially in the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae). The same pattern was observed in populations of E. dejeanii of the São Paulo Coast, where many plants are visited, but only a few are intensively exploited. In this case, pollen types intensively used belong to Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae and Malpighiaceae, highlighting the Tibouchina kind (Melastomataceae). For all studied bees, Malpighiaceae was the only plant family visited for floral oil gathering, an essential resource for the construction and provisioning of brood cells. Regarding E. dejeanii, the two populations studied were composed of generalist and specialist individuals, being the pollen types used by specialist individuals included in the diet of the generalist ones. These results indicate that the population probably shares the same ranking of preferred sources

Os meliponíneos (Apidae, Meliponini) são insetos com organização altamente eussocial, formando colônias com população que varia de centenas a milhares de indivíduos. Em suas colônias, as operárias distribuem suas atividades conforme a faixa etária. As mais jovens são responsáveis pelos cuidados da cria, trabalhos com a cera e cerume, construção e aprovisionamento de células. As mais velhas ocupam as posições de receptoras e desidratadoras de néctar, guardas e forrageiras. As colônias de meliponíneos são perenes. Para isso, as operárias forrageiam continuamente em busca dos recursos florais e estocam grande quantidade de pólen e néctar em potes de alimento. A atividade de voo das campeiras está relacionada aos fatores meteorológicos como: temperatura, intensidade luminosa, umidade relativa, precipitação pluviométrica e vento. Neste estudo investigamos a influência dos fatores meteorológicos (temperatura e umidade relativa), bem como da disponibilidade de recursos florais na coleta de pólen e néctar das operárias de Melipona quadrifasciata Lep. Além disso, analisamos os tipos polínicos encontrados nas corbículas das abelhas forrageiras e nos potes de mel. Cinco colônias foram instaladas em um meliponário no Parque das Neblinas, em Mogi das Cruzes (23º4452S/46º0946W). Observações e amostragem nestas colônias foram realizadas mensalmente durante um ano, entre outubro de 2009 e setembro de 2010. As entradas das abelhas foram monitoradas durante dois dias consecutivos, durante 5 minutos por hora, entre 05:30 e 16:30h, totalizando 1430 observações. Foram extraídas 133 amostras de pólen das corbículas e 29 dos potes de mel. O pólen foi analisado a fresco. Os picos de coleta de pólen e néctar ocorrem após as 08:00h. Os resultados mostram que temperaturas amenas são ideais para o forrageamento de M. quadrifasciata. Nos potes de mel foram encontrados 25 tipos polínicos, sendo os mais frequentes Eucalyptus, Melastomataceae, Myrcia e Solanaceae. Nas corbículas foram encontrados 8 tipos polínicos, sendo os mais frequentes os mesmos encontrados no mel. Apesar do caráter generalista de M. quadrifasciata, foi verificado que esta espécie possui preferências por determinadas fontes de plantas melíferas. O conhecimento sobre aspectos de atividades de voo e utilização de recursos florais por diferentes espécies de abelhas são importantes para a manutenção e preservação das mesmas, além de atender a programas de manejo de polinizadores, reflorestamento e restauração ambiental. / The stingless bees (Apidae, Meliponini) are insects with high eusocial organization, composing colonies of hundred or thousands individuals. The tasks inside the nest are divided according to the age of the workers. The younger are responsible to the care of the brood, work with wax, construction and supply of the cells. The older receive and dehydrate the nectar, act as guards and foragers. The stingless bees colonies are perennial. For this, the workers forage continuously in search of floral resources and store large amount of pollen and nectar on the food pots. Flight activity of foragers is correlated with climatic factors as temperature, light intensity, relative humidity, rainfall and wind. In this study we investigated the influence of climate conditions (temperature and relative humidity), as well as the available floral resources on the pattern of pollen and nectar collection by workers of Melipona quadrifasciata Lep. in natural conditions. Furthermore, we analyzed the pollen types found on the corbiculae of the forager bees and honey pots. Five colonies were displayed in an meliponario at the Parque das Neblinas, in Mogi das Cruzes (23º4452S/46º0946W). The flight activity of the bees was observed monthly between October 2009 and September 2010. The entries of the bees into the nest were recorded along two consecutive days, during 5 minutes per hour, between 5:30am to 4:30pm, which corresponded to 1430 observations. A total of 133 samples were extracted from corbiculae and 29 of honey pots. The pollen were prepared fresh. The peaks of pollen and nectar collection occurred after 8am. The results show that mild temperatures is ideal for foraging of M. quadrifasciata. In the honey pots 25 pollen types were found, being the most frequent Eucalyptus, Melastomataceae, Solanaceae and Myrcia. In the corbiculae eight pollen types were found, being the most frequent the same as found in the honey. Despite been considered generalist, M. quadrifasciata shows preferences for certain sources of melittophilous plants. The knowledge about the flight activity and use of floral resources by the different bee species are important to the maintenance of them, since we can understand their needs and manage them as pollinators or in environmental restoration program.

Os meliponíneos (Apidae, Meliponini) são insetos com organização altamente eussocial, formando colônias com população que varia de centenas a milhares de indivíduos. Em suas colônias, as operárias distribuem suas atividades conforme a faixa etária. As mais jovens são responsáveis pelos cuidados da cria, trabalhos com a cera e cerume, construção e aprovisionamento de células. As mais velhas ocupam as posições de receptoras e desidratadoras de néctar, guardas e forrageiras. As colônias de meliponíneos são perenes. Para isso, as operárias forrageiam continuamente em busca dos recursos florais e estocam grande quantidade de pólen e néctar em potes de alimento. A atividade de voo das campeiras está relacionada aos fatores meteorológicos como: temperatura, intensidade luminosa, umidade relativa, precipitação pluviométrica e vento. Neste estudo investigamos a influência dos fatores meteorológicos (temperatura e umidade relativa), bem como da disponibilidade de recursos florais na coleta de pólen e néctar das operárias de Melipona quadrifasciata Lep. Além disso, analisamos os tipos polínicos encontrados nas corbículas das abelhas forrageiras e nos potes de mel. Cinco colônias foram instaladas em um meliponário no Parque das Neblinas, em Mogi das Cruzes (23º4452S/46º0946W). Observações e amostragem nestas colônias foram realizadas mensalmente durante um ano, entre outubro de 2009 e setembro de 2010. As entradas das abelhas foram monitoradas durante dois dias consecutivos, durante 5 minutos por hora, entre 05:30 e 16:30h, totalizando 1430 observações. Foram extraídas 133 amostras de pólen das corbículas e 29 dos potes de mel. O pólen foi analisado a fresco. Os picos de coleta de pólen e néctar ocorrem após as 08:00h. Os resultados mostram que temperaturas amenas são ideais para o forrageamento de M. quadrifasciata. Nos potes de mel foram encontrados 25 tipos polínicos, sendo os mais frequentes Eucalyptus, Melastomataceae, Myrcia e Solanaceae. Nas corbículas foram encontrados 8 tipos polínicos, sendo os mais frequentes os mesmos encontrados no mel. Apesar do caráter generalista de M. quadrifasciata, foi verificado que esta espécie possui preferências por determinadas fontes de plantas melíferas. O conhecimento sobre aspectos de atividades de voo e utilização de recursos florais por diferentes espécies de abelhas são importantes para a manutenção e preservação das mesmas, além de atender a programas de manejo de polinizadores, reflorestamento e restauração ambiental. / The stingless bees (Apidae, Meliponini) are insects with high eusocial organization, composing colonies of hundred or thousands individuals. The tasks inside the nest are divided according to the age of the workers. The younger are responsible to the care of the brood, work with wax, construction and supply of the cells. The older receive and dehydrate the nectar, act as guards and foragers. The stingless bees colonies are perennial. For this, the workers forage continuously in search of floral resources and store large amount of pollen and nectar on the food pots. Flight activity of foragers is correlated with climatic factors as temperature, light intensity, relative humidity, rainfall and wind. In this study we investigated the influence of climate conditions (temperature and relative humidity), as well as the available floral resources on the pattern of pollen and nectar collection by workers of Melipona quadrifasciata Lep. in natural conditions. Furthermore, we analyzed the pollen types found on the corbiculae of the forager bees and honey pots. Five colonies were displayed in an meliponario at the Parque das Neblinas, in Mogi das Cruzes (23º4452S/46º0946W). The flight activity of the bees was observed monthly between October 2009 and September 2010. The entries of the bees into the nest were recorded along two consecutive days, during 5 minutes per hour, between 5:30am to 4:30pm, which corresponded to 1430 observations. A total of 133 samples were extracted from corbiculae and 29 of honey pots. The pollen were prepared fresh. The peaks of pollen and nectar collection occurred after 8am. The results show that mild temperatures is ideal for foraging of M. quadrifasciata. In the honey pots 25 pollen types were found, being the most frequent Eucalyptus, Melastomataceae, Solanaceae and Myrcia. In the corbiculae eight pollen types were found, being the most frequent the same as found in the honey. Despite been considered generalist, M. quadrifasciata shows preferences for certain sources of melittophilous plants. The knowledge about the flight activity and use of floral resources by the different bee species are important to the maintenance of them, since we can understand their needs and manage them as pollinators or in environmental restoration program.

Astragalus filipes Torrey ex. A. Gray (Fabaceae) is being studied and propagated for use in rangeland restoration projects throughout the Great Basin. Restoration forbs often require sufficient pollination services for seed production and persistence in restoration sites. Knowledge of a plant's breeding biology is important in providing pollination for maximal seed set. Reproductive output from four manual pollination treatments (autogamy, geitonogamy, xenogamy, and distant xenogamy) was examined in a common garden. Pod set, seed set, and seed germination were quantified for each of the treatments. Seed set from four wild populations was compared to that of an openly visited common garden array. A. filipes was found to be self-compatible, but to benefit greatly from outcrossing. Less seed germinated from distantly outcrossed treatments than for any other treatment, indicating possible outbreeding depression. Common garden plants set less seed per pod than any wild population, possibly due to a depauperate pollinator guild in the common garden. Bees were surveyed at wild A. filipes populations to identify common pollinators. Solitary and social bee species were observed visiting A. filipes to estimate aspects of their pollination efficacies, particularly foraging tempo and frequency of stigmatic contact. The nesting biologies of bees that visit A. filipes were considered as a component of bee manageability. Bees in the genus Osmia (Megachilidae) dominated this pollinator guild. Bombus nevadensis queens were the fastest foragers; honey bees and native solitary bees did not differ in foraging tempo. Megachilid bees consistently contacted the stigma during foraging, but honey bees exhibited sideworking behavior, contacting stigmas far less frequently than any other bee species observed. Two solitary bee species (Osmia bruneri and Hoplitis hypocrita) are recommended as prospective pollinators for management in association with Great Basin rehabilitation efforts.

L’intérêt pour la dispersion des gènes via le pollen a augmenté avec les cultures de plantes génétiquement modifiées. A ce jour, les données expérimentales ainsi que la modélisation portant sur les mouvements du pollen de colza, Brassica napus L., à l’échelle du paysage ne différencie pas clairement la part du vent et des insectes dans cette dispersion. Cependant, l’estimation de la dispersion des gènes par le pollen reste une condition nécessaire pour la gestion des risques d’échappement des (trans-)gènes vers l’environnement et les cultures conventionnelles. A travers cette thèse, nous avons pu mettre en évidence qu’une grande diversité d’insectes pollinisateurs pouvait transporter du pollen viable entre différentes plantes de colza sur des distances importantes (>1.1 km). La diversité d’insectes varie d’une région à l’autre et d’une année sur l’autre. Cependant, bien que la majorité des insectes sur une zone de grande production de colza ait du pollen de cette culture sur leur corps, seulement 39,4 % des insectes capturés sur des plantes mâle-stériles transportent du pollen de colza viable. Bien que nous n’ayons pas pu déterminer avec précision la part du vent et des insectes dans le pollinisation du colza, il semblerait que les insectes participent de façon plus importante à la pollinisation de plantes présentes en bordures de champs, augmentant ainsi le taux de pollinisation croisée. Nos résultats fournissent des données fiables pour améliorer les modèles de dispersion pollinique pour des cultures entomophiles à l’échelle du paysage. Ces modèles sont essentiels pour l’aide à la gestion afin de réduire la dispersion des gènes par le pollen des cultures génétiquement modifiées vers les plantes sauvages ou les cultures conventionnelles / Interest in pollen-borne gene dispersal has grown with the cultivation of genetically modified plants. To date both experimental data and models of oilseed rape (OSR) Brassica napus pollen movement at the landscape scale do not clearly differentiate between wind- and insect-mediated dispersal. Estimations of pollen-borne gene dispersal would be valuable for managing potential escapes of transgenes. Our study provides clear evidence that a large variety of insect species can transfer viable pollen between oilseed rape plants over considerable distances (>1.1 km). Insect’s diversity according to geographical site and years. However, the majority of pollinator have OSR pollen in their body hairs, only 39.4% of the insects caught on male-sterile flowers carried OSR pollen. Although we could not determine with precision the role of the wind and the insects in the OSR pollination, it would seem that insects take part in a more important way in pollination of plants present in edges of fields, thus increasing cross pollination rate. Our results provide valuable data to improve models of pollen dispersal for entomophilous crops at the landscape scale. These models are essential to help land-managers reduce pollen-borne gene dispersal from genetically modified plants to wild relative and field planted with non-GM crops

L'intérêt pour la dispersion des gènes via le pollen a augmenté avec les cultures de plantes génétiquement modifiées. A ce jour, les données expérimentales ainsi que la modélisation portant sur les mouvements du pollen de colza, Brassica napus L., à l'échelle du paysage ne différencie pas clairement la part du vent et des insectes dans cette dispersion. Cependant, l'estimation de la dispersion des gènes par le pollen reste une condition nécessaire pour la gestion des risques d'échappement des (trans-)gènes vers l'environnement et les cultures conventionnelles. A travers cette thèse, nous avons pu mettre en évidence qu'une grande diversité d'insectes pollinisateurs pouvait transporter du pollen viable entre différentes plantes de colza sur des distances importantes (>1.1 km). La diversité d'insectes varie d'une région à l'autre et d'une année sur l'autre. Cependant, bien que la majorité des insectes sur une zone de grande production de colza ait du pollen de cette culture sur leur corps, seulement 39,4 % des insectes capturés sur des plantes mâle-stériles transportent du pollen de colza viable. Bien que nous n'ayons pas pu déterminer avec précision la part du vent et des insectes dans le pollinisation du colza, il semblerait que les insectes participent de façon plus importante à la pollinisation de plantes présentes en bordures de champs, augmentant ainsi le taux de pollinisation croisée. Nos résultats fournissent des données fiables pour améliorer les modèles de dispersion pollinique pour des cultures entomophiles à l'échelle du paysage. Ces modèles sont essentiels pour l'aide à la gestion afin de réduire la dispersion des gènes par le pollen des cultures génétiquement modifiées vers les plantes sauvages ou les cultures conventionnelles

<p>U&nbsp; radu&nbsp; je&nbsp; prikazana&nbsp; distribucija,&nbsp; dinamika&nbsp; i&nbsp; diverzitet&nbsp; insekata opra&scaron;ivača iz reda Hymenoptera&nbsp; -&nbsp; Apiformes (Anthophila) i Diptera Syrphidae)&nbsp; na&nbsp; stepskim&nbsp; fragmentima&nbsp; i&nbsp; na&nbsp; suncokretu&nbsp; u agroekosistema&nbsp; Vojvodine.&nbsp; U&nbsp; cilju&nbsp; uvida&nbsp; u&nbsp; strukturu&nbsp; predela&nbsp; injenog&nbsp; uticaja&nbsp; na&nbsp; sastav&nbsp; i&nbsp; brojnost&nbsp; polinatora,&nbsp; kartirani&nbsp; su&nbsp; tipovistani&scaron;ta&nbsp; oko&nbsp; svakog&nbsp; stepskog&nbsp; fragmenta.&nbsp; Na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; podataka dobijenih kartiranjem, odabrano je sedam stepskih fragmenata kojiu&nbsp; svom&nbsp; okruženju&nbsp; imaju&nbsp; visok&nbsp; udeo&nbsp; suncokreta&nbsp; kao&nbsp; masovnocvetajuće&nbsp; kulture&nbsp; i&nbsp; sedam&nbsp; stepskih&nbsp; fragmenata&nbsp; koji&nbsp; su&nbsp; bez&nbsp; ili&nbsp; saniskim&nbsp; udelom&nbsp; suncokreta.&nbsp; Iz&nbsp; reda&nbsp; Hymenoptera&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; Apoideazabeleženo&nbsp; je&nbsp; &scaron;est&nbsp; familija:&nbsp; Andrenidae,&nbsp; Apidae,&nbsp; Colletidae,Halictidae,&nbsp; Melittidae&nbsp; i&nbsp; Megachilidae,&nbsp; 114&nbsp; vrsta,&nbsp; a&nbsp; iz&nbsp; reda&nbsp; Diptera(Syrphidae),&nbsp; registrovano&nbsp; je&nbsp; ukupno&nbsp; 11&nbsp; vrsta.&nbsp; Predstavnici&nbsp; familija Andrenidae, Apidae i Halictidae su distribuirani na svim lokalitetima,predstavnici&nbsp; familije&nbsp; Megachilidae&nbsp; su&nbsp; distribuirani&nbsp; na&nbsp; 15&nbsp; od&nbsp; 16lokaliteta,&nbsp; a&nbsp; najmanje&nbsp; su&nbsp; zastupljene&nbsp; jedinke&nbsp; familija&nbsp; Colletidae&nbsp; i<br />Melittidae,&nbsp; distribuirane&nbsp; na&nbsp; pet&nbsp; lokaliteta.&nbsp; Polinatori&nbsp; reda&nbsp; Diptera familije&nbsp; Syrphidae&nbsp; su&nbsp; distribuirani&nbsp; na&nbsp; svim&nbsp; lokalitetima.&nbsp; Rezultati Kruskal-Volisovog H testa ukuzuju da je tokom sve tri sezone (2011.,2012.,&nbsp; 2013.)&nbsp; na&nbsp; stepskim&nbsp; fragmentima&nbsp; najvi&scaron;e&nbsp; bilo&nbsp; zastupljeno vrsta&nbsp; solitarnih&nbsp; pčela,&nbsp; zatim&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; osolikih&nbsp; muva,&nbsp; a&nbsp; najmanje&nbsp; vrsta bumbara.&nbsp; Istim&nbsp; testom&nbsp; je&nbsp; dobijano&nbsp; da&nbsp; je&nbsp; tokom&nbsp; sve&nbsp; tri&nbsp; sezone&nbsp; na stepskim&nbsp; fragmentima,&nbsp; registrovano&nbsp; najvi&scaron;e&nbsp; jedinki&nbsp; osolikih&nbsp; muva,<br />zatim&nbsp; medonosne&nbsp; pčele,&nbsp; solitarne&nbsp; pčele,&nbsp; a&nbsp; najmanje&nbsp; jedinki bumbara.&nbsp; Fridmanovim&nbsp; testom&nbsp; su&nbsp; utvrđene&nbsp; razlike&nbsp; u&nbsp; brojnosti (dinamici)&nbsp; polinatora&nbsp; kroz&nbsp; sezone,&nbsp; uočen&nbsp; je&nbsp; porast&nbsp; broja&nbsp; jedinki medonosne pčele i opadanje broja jedinki solitarnih pčela.Rezultati&nbsp; dobijeni&nbsp; Man-Vitnijevim&nbsp; U-testom&nbsp; pokazuju&nbsp; da&nbsp; je&nbsp; na<br />stepskim&nbsp; fragmentima&nbsp; koji&nbsp; imaju&nbsp; niži&nbsp; udeo&nbsp; suncokreta&nbsp; u&nbsp; predelu zastupljeno&nbsp; vi&scaron;e&nbsp; jedinki&nbsp; i&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; bumbara.&nbsp; Istim&nbsp; testom&nbsp; je&nbsp; dobijen rezultat&nbsp; da&nbsp; je&nbsp; na&nbsp; stepskim&nbsp; fragmentima&nbsp; sa&nbsp; visokim&nbsp; udelom suncokreta&nbsp; ima&nbsp; vi&scaron;e&nbsp; jedinki&nbsp; medonosne&nbsp; pčele.&nbsp; Vilkoksonovim testom&nbsp; sume&nbsp; rangova&nbsp; je&nbsp; pokazano&nbsp; da&nbsp; su&nbsp; jedinke&nbsp; i&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; bumbara zastupljenije na stepskim fragmentima nakon cvetanja suncokreta, za&nbsp; vreme&nbsp; cvetanja&nbsp; suncokreta&nbsp; na&nbsp; stepskim&nbsp; fragmentima&nbsp; je registrovano&nbsp; vi&scaron;e&nbsp; jedinki&nbsp; <em>Apis&nbsp; mellifera</em>,&nbsp; osolikih&nbsp; muva&nbsp; i&nbsp; solitarnih pčela.&nbsp; Modeli&nbsp; regresionih&nbsp; analiza&nbsp; linearnih&nbsp; me&scaron;ovitih&nbsp; modela&nbsp; su pokazali&nbsp; da&nbsp; se&nbsp; sa&nbsp; porastom&nbsp; udela&nbsp; suncokreta&nbsp; u&nbsp; predelu&nbsp; smanjuje broj jedinki divljih pčela i jedinki i vrsta bumbara. Sa porastom udela polu-prirodnih&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; u&nbsp; predelu&nbsp; i&nbsp; većom&nbsp; cvetnom&nbsp; pokrovnosti, povećava se udeo jedinki i vrsta osolikih muva.</p> / <p>This&nbsp; paper&nbsp; shows&nbsp; distribution,&nbsp; dynamic&nbsp; and&nbsp; pollinator&nbsp; diversity Hymenoptera&nbsp; -&nbsp; Apiformes&nbsp; (Anthophila)&nbsp; and Diptera (Syrphidae)&nbsp; in semi-natural&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; and&nbsp; in&nbsp; sunflower&nbsp; crops&nbsp; in&nbsp; Vojvodina&nbsp; agroecosystems.&nbsp; Around&nbsp; each&nbsp; of&nbsp; 16&nbsp; selected&nbsp; steppe&nbsp; fragments,&nbsp; habitat types&nbsp; were&nbsp; mapped&nbsp; to&nbsp; test&nbsp; how&nbsp; do&nbsp; landscape&nbsp; structure&nbsp; affects pollinator&nbsp; diversity&nbsp; and&nbsp; abundance&nbsp; in&nbsp; semi&nbsp; natural&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; and&nbsp; in sunflower&nbsp; crops.&nbsp; Based&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; results&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; by&nbsp; mapping,&nbsp; seven study sites with high % of sunflower like mass flowering crops, and eight&nbsp; study&nbsp; sites&nbsp; with&nbsp; no&nbsp; or&nbsp; low&nbsp; %&nbsp; of&nbsp; mass&nbsp; flowering&nbsp; crops&nbsp; are selected. In total, there were 114 species from 6 families&nbsp; from order Hymenoptera-Apiformes:&nbsp; Andrenidae,&nbsp; Apidae,&nbsp; Colletidae, Halictidae, Melittidae and Megachilidae, and 11 species from order Diptera&nbsp; (Syrphidae).&nbsp; Insects&nbsp; from&nbsp; families:&nbsp; Andrenidae,&nbsp; Apidae, Colletidae&nbsp; and&nbsp; Halictidae&nbsp; were&nbsp; distributed&nbsp; on&nbsp; all&nbsp; study&nbsp; sites,&nbsp; while insects&nbsp; from&nbsp; family&nbsp; Megachilidae&nbsp; were&nbsp; distributed&nbsp; almost&nbsp; on&nbsp; all study&nbsp; sites&nbsp; (15&nbsp; sites).&nbsp; At&nbsp; least&nbsp; only&nbsp; on&nbsp; five&nbsp; study&nbsp; sites&nbsp; were distributed insects from family: Colletidae and Melittidae. Hoverflies were distributed on all study sites.&nbsp; Kruskal-Wallis H test shows that an&nbsp; all&nbsp; three&nbsp; seasons&nbsp; (2011.,&nbsp; 2012.,&nbsp; 2013.)&nbsp; in&nbsp; semi&nbsp; natural&nbsp; habitats wild bees species were most abundant, followed by hoverfly species, and bumblebee species at the end. Same test&nbsp; shows that&nbsp; in all three seasons in semi natural habitats individuals of hoverflies were more abundant than individuals of honey bees, wild bees&nbsp; and individuals of&nbsp; bumblebees,&nbsp; which&nbsp; were&nbsp; least&nbsp; abundant.&nbsp; Friedman&nbsp; test&nbsp; shows differences in densities of pollinator through the seasons, and these results&nbsp; shows&nbsp; increasing&nbsp; in&nbsp; Apis&nbsp; mellifera&nbsp; densities&nbsp; and&nbsp; decline&nbsp; of wild bees densities through seasons. Man-Whitney&nbsp; U-test&nbsp; shows&nbsp; that&nbsp; there&nbsp; were&nbsp; more&nbsp; species&nbsp; and individuals of bumble bees in semi-natural habitats which landscapes are without&nbsp; or low % of sunflower. Same test shows that there were more&nbsp; individuals&nbsp; of&nbsp; honey&nbsp; bees&nbsp; in&nbsp; semi-natural&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; which landscapes&nbsp; have&nbsp; high&nbsp; %&nbsp; of&nbsp; sunflower.&nbsp; Wilcoxon&nbsp; signed-rank&nbsp; test shows&nbsp; that&nbsp; in&nbsp; semi-natural&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; species&nbsp; and&nbsp; individuals&nbsp; of bumblebees&nbsp; were&nbsp; more&nbsp; abundant&nbsp; after&nbsp; blooming&nbsp; sunflower,&nbsp; while species&nbsp; and&nbsp; individuals&nbsp; of&nbsp; wild&nbsp; bees&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; individuals&nbsp; of hoverflies and&nbsp; <em>Apis mellifera</em>&nbsp; were&nbsp; more abundant during blooming sunflower.&nbsp; Linear mixed-effect model shows that with increase of % of&nbsp; sunflower&nbsp; in&nbsp; landscape&nbsp; number&nbsp; of&nbsp; individuals&nbsp; of&nbsp; wild&nbsp; bees&nbsp; and species and individuals of bumblebees decreasing, and individuals of hoverflies increasing. With an increase of % of semi natural habitats and&nbsp; increase&nbsp; of&nbsp; flower&nbsp; cover,&nbsp; abundance&nbsp; and&nbsp; species&nbsp; of&nbsp; hoverflies<br />increases.</p>

Measuring the diversity of bees was provided in two rapeseed fields (Dešenice, Miletice) in western Bohemia, where various species of bees were caught at eight different locations during two periods (March - April, May June). The bees were collected by using Moerickeho cups (yellow traps) with a concentrated solution of water and detergent.