A impossibilidade da ampliação física suficiente para atender às perspectivas de crescimento da demanda de vôos em aeroportos como Congonhas (São Paulo), faz com que soluções alternativas para maior eficiência no processamento dos vôos sejam de grande interesse, destacando-se as soluções operacionais. Considerando-se a complexidade dos processos logísticos associados às operações aeroportuárias, a utilização da simulação em ferramentas de apoio à decisão permite a análise minuciosa do desempenho e eficiência do sistema de pátio de aeronaves. O objetivo principal dessa dissertação consiste em identificar os parâmetros e representar as operações do pátio em um modelo de simulação para análise do processo de atendimento das aeronaves e da influência de cada componente no seu tempo total. Desenvolvido em Arena® esse modelo utiliza os dados da movimentação real de aeronaves do aeroporto de Congonhas (a partir de fontes como os registros da torre, relatórios de planos de vôo, HOTRAN ou planejamento de pátio). Sua aplicação ao caso do aeroporto mostrou-se útil ao estudo do tempo de ocupação das posições (turn-around time), das esperas para atendimento e das taxas de ocupação dos recursos, assim como na determinação dos impactos das esperas em solo (ground holding) na capacidade total do sistema. Permitiu também a análise do processo de atendimento das aeronaves e o balanceamento do número dos equipamentos de pátio, aliada à animação detalhada dos serviços prestados no pátio desse aeroporto. Poderia, além disso, ser utilizado na avaliação de cenários de demanda, no teste de políticas de alocação de aeronaves às posições, na determinação do impacto do uso de slots, do compartilhamento de recursos ou da alteração de outras práticas operacionais. Em resumo, este modelo computacional oferece uma completa simulação dos serviços prestados no pátio de aeronaves buscando a melhor utilização dos recursos existentes e permitindo melhorias na capacidade do pátio, tanto com o enfoque de planejamento (configuração das posições) como operacional (avaliação da capacidade das posições). / The impossibility of physical expansion large enough to accommodate the anticipated growth in flight demand at airports such as Congonhas, São Paulo, has drawn interest to alternative solutions, especially operational ones, for the improvement of apron services efficiency. Considering the complexity of airport operation logistics, the utilization of simulation based decision support tools allows for the detailed analysis of the performance and efficiency in the airport apron system. The main objective of this dissertation is to identify the parameters that influence apron operations and to represent the apron operations in a simulation model in order to analyze the aircraft servicing process and the influence of each component in the servicing process total time. The simulation model was developed with Arena™ and uses real flight traffic data of operations at Congonhas airport (obtained from the tower logs, flight plan reports, HOTRAN and apron utilization planning documents). The application of the model to Congonhas airport was useful for the study of turn-around times, servicing waiting times, resource occupation rates, as well as the determination of ground holding impacts on the overall capacity of the system. The model was also used to analyze the airport’s apron servicing process and the adjustment of apron resources numbers, in addition to the detailed animation of those services. Moreover, this model could be used in the evaluation of demand scenarios, test of gate assignment rules, determination of impacts of slot time attribution, of sharing resources or other operational practices. In summary, this computational model offers a complete simulation of the apron services, with the goal of enabling better utilization of the airport’s existing resources and improvements in the apron capacity, both from a planning point of view (considering the apron configuration) and from an operational point of view (considering the capacity of each stand position).

Detta examensarbete behandlar analys, simulering och dimensionering en drivaxel till en baltransportör för returfiber vid SCA Munksund. Transportören drivs i dagsläget av två hydraulmotorer försedda med varsin 3-stegs planetväxellåda, en på varje sida av drivaxeln för transportbandet. Växellådorna skall bytas ut och en driftsäker, kostnadseffektiv ersättningslösning efterfrågas. I studien kartläggs dimensionerande belastningar och en belastningsmodell upprättas för kedjetransportören. Befintlig axel beräknas både analytiskt och simuleras i Solidworks Simulation. Axeln, inklusive monterade detaljer som rullager, kedjehjul och kilar utreds med avseende på hållfasthet i fyra lastfall: Enkeldrift och dubbeldrift, med nominell belastning respektive maximal belastning. Studien konstaterar att befintlig axel håller i nuvarande uppställning men bör inte modifieras för att passa en ny växellåda, stor risk för plasticering av axeln föreligger. Befintlig axel håller inte för enkeldrift, spänningar i axelns stål överskrider sträckgränsen i a xelförbandet mot v äxellådan och lagerläget för mittersta rullagret. Förslag på en ny axel har tagits fram. Beräkningsunderlag, simuleringar och tillverkningsritning redovisas. Den nya axeln tillverkas i SS2541 som har sträckgränsen 700 MPa och med förbättringar i hålkäler främst vid diameterändringar kan befintliga lagringar återanvändas. En kostnadsuppskattning bifogas för kostnader relaterade till axelbytet.

A impossibilidade da ampliação física suficiente para atender às perspectivas de crescimento da demanda de vôos em aeroportos como Congonhas (São Paulo), faz com que soluções alternativas para maior eficiência no processamento dos vôos sejam de grande interesse, destacando-se as soluções operacionais. Considerando-se a complexidade dos processos logísticos associados às operações aeroportuárias, a utilização da simulação em ferramentas de apoio à decisão permite a análise minuciosa do desempenho e eficiência do sistema de pátio de aeronaves. O objetivo principal dessa dissertação consiste em identificar os parâmetros e representar as operações do pátio em um modelo de simulação para análise do processo de atendimento das aeronaves e da influência de cada componente no seu tempo total. Desenvolvido em Arena® esse modelo utiliza os dados da movimentação real de aeronaves do aeroporto de Congonhas (a partir de fontes como os registros da torre, relatórios de planos de vôo, HOTRAN ou planejamento de pátio). Sua aplicação ao caso do aeroporto mostrou-se útil ao estudo do tempo de ocupação das posições (turn-around time), das esperas para atendimento e das taxas de ocupação dos recursos, assim como na determinação dos impactos das esperas em solo (ground holding) na capacidade total do sistema. Permitiu também a análise do processo de atendimento das aeronaves e o balanceamento do número dos equipamentos de pátio, aliada à animação detalhada dos serviços prestados no pátio desse aeroporto. Poderia, além disso, ser utilizado na avaliação de cenários de demanda, no teste de políticas de alocação de aeronaves às posições, na determinação do impacto do uso de slots, do compartilhamento de recursos ou da alteração de outras práticas operacionais. Em resumo, este modelo computacional oferece uma completa simulação dos serviços prestados no pátio de aeronaves buscando a melhor utilização dos recursos existentes e permitindo melhorias na capacidade do pátio, tanto com o enfoque de planejamento (configuração das posições) como operacional (avaliação da capacidade das posições). / The impossibility of physical expansion large enough to accommodate the anticipated growth in flight demand at airports such as Congonhas, São Paulo, has drawn interest to alternative solutions, especially operational ones, for the improvement of apron services efficiency. Considering the complexity of airport operation logistics, the utilization of simulation based decision support tools allows for the detailed analysis of the performance and efficiency in the airport apron system. The main objective of this dissertation is to identify the parameters that influence apron operations and to represent the apron operations in a simulation model in order to analyze the aircraft servicing process and the influence of each component in the servicing process total time. The simulation model was developed with Arena™ and uses real flight traffic data of operations at Congonhas airport (obtained from the tower logs, flight plan reports, HOTRAN and apron utilization planning documents). The application of the model to Congonhas airport was useful for the study of turn-around times, servicing waiting times, resource occupation rates, as well as the determination of ground holding impacts on the overall capacity of the system. The model was also used to analyze the airport’s apron servicing process and the adjustment of apron resources numbers, in addition to the detailed animation of those services. Moreover, this model could be used in the evaluation of demand scenarios, test of gate assignment rules, determination of impacts of slot time attribution, of sharing resources or other operational practices. In summary, this computational model offers a complete simulation of the apron services, with the goal of enabling better utilization of the airport’s existing resources and improvements in the apron capacity, both from a planning point of view (considering the apron configuration) and from an operational point of view (considering the capacity of each stand position).

Inom nuklearmedicin exponeras personal dagligen för joniserande strålning. Det kan vara både i form av en öppen strålkälla vid uppdrag av radiofarmaka och vid bildtagning där personalen hjälper och ger stöd till patienten som blivit injicerad. Vid uppdrag av radiofarmaka används strålskydd i form av sprutskydd och distansverktyg medan blyförkläde används vid kontakt med patienter. Dessa skydd är till för att minska skador som kan uppstå vid exponering. Den svenska strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten (SSM) har föreskrivit dosgränser som inte får överskridas för att minska risken för skador. Teknetium-99m (99mTc) är den vanligaste radionukliden inom den nuklearmedicinska verksamheten. Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga strålningsexponeringen för personal som jobbar med 99mTc och på så sätt visa behovet av olika typer av strålskydd för att reducera stråldosen. I denna studie utfördes fingerdosmätningar vid uppdrag av 99mTc med hjälp av termoluminiscenta dosimetrar som placerades på de tre mest utsatta fingrarna, digitus I-III, bilateralt. Mätningarna genomfördes vid uppdrag utan strålskydd, med en pincett och med fullt strålskydd (sprutskydd samt två pincetter). Studien innefattar även stråldosmätningar med och utan blyförkläde för myokardscintigrafi, skelettscintigrafi och lungscintigrafi. Dessa mätningar utfördes med en direktavläsande personal electronic dosimeter (PED) där den effektiva dosen registrerades. Resultaten för fingerdosmätningarna visar en signifikant skillnad i stråldos beroende på om och vilket strålskydd som används. Högst dos fick de som drog upp helt utan strålskydd och vänster långfinger fick den högsta ekvivalenta dosen. För stråldosmätningarna med och utan blyförkläde utfördes ett Mann-Whitney U-test som visade ett p-värde på <0,05 vilket tyder på att det finns en statistisk signifikant skillnad. Högst effektiv dos uppmättes vid lungscintigrafi för personal som inte använde blyförkläde. / Personnel working with radiopharmaceuticals in the nuclear medicine department are exposed to radiation on the daily basis. The source of radiation can both be open as in the withdrawal procedure and external as when the patient has been injected and ready for imaging. There are different types of radiation protection depending on which task that is performed. Syringe shielding and distance tools are used during the withdrawal and lead aprons are used when positioning the patient under the camera. The Swedish radiation safety authority (SSM) prescribe dose limits to reduce any risk of injury connected to radiation. These limits must not be exceeded. Technetium-99m (99mTc) is the most common radiopharmaceutical in the nuclear medicine department. The purpose of this study was to study the radiation exposure to personnel working with 99mTc and evaluate the need for radiation protection to reduce the radiation dose. This study includes measurement of the equivalent dose to the three most exposed fingers, digitus I-III bilateral, during the withdrawal of 99mTc. Thermoluminiscent dosimeters was used to detect radiation and was placed on top of the finger. The measurements were performed without radiation shielding, with only one tweezer as distance tool and with full radiation shielding (syringe shielding and two tweezers as distance tools). It also includes measurement of the effective dose during myocardial scintigraphy, bone scan and lung scintigraphy with or without lead apron. For these measurements a personal electronic dosimeter was used to detect radiation. The result of the finger doses showed a significant difference in radiation dose depending on which protection was used. The highest dose was recovered from not using any protection at all and the highest equivalent dose was obtained by left middle finger. For the measurement regarding the effective dose with or without lead apron a Mann-Whitney U-test was performed and showed a p-value of <0,05 which indicates a statistical significant difference. The highest effective dose was recovered from lung scintigraphy when the personnel was not wearing a lead apron.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The demand in air travel is continuously increasing. In order to handle this increase in demand, airports need to physically expand or the management of the airports needs to improve. When the demand at OR Tambo International Airport gets too high, more passengers will need to travel to Lanseria International Airport, which will therefore need to be expanded. The study was done in collaboration with Virtual Consulting Engineers, who decided that the concept of Atlanta International Airport in Georgia, USA, which is ranked the busiest airport in the world, will be used in this expansion. The aim of the study was to minimise passenger walking distances and waiting times at Lanseria International Airport. This was done by comparing di erent airport apron layouts, using simulation, and improving the aircraft gate assignment, using the cross-entropy method. Four di erent designs of airport layouts, all based on that of Atlanta International Airport, were compared in the study. A model of each was developed using simulation. The performance measures used to compare the designs included 1) the average walking distance of arriving and departing passengers at the airport, 2) the average time spent at the airport by arriving and departing passengers, 3) the average distance travelled by aircraft at the airport, 4) the average time by which each aircraft is delayed and 5) the average number of aircraft present at the airport. The walking distance of arriving and departing passengers was largely a ected by the way in which ights were assigned to gates. The gates at the airport are of three di erent sizes: small, medium and large. Small aircraft can park at any of the gates, while medium aircraft can only park at medium or large gates and large aircraft can only park at large gates. Three rules for the ight-to-gate assignment process were developed. In the rst two rules an arriving ight was assigned to the available, suitable gate closest to the terminal building. The constraint that small aircraft cannot be assigned to medium or large gates if there are small gates available and that medium aircraft cannot be assigned to large gates if there are medium gates available, was used in Rule 1 and not in Rule 2. In the third rule, metaheuristic optimisation was used to determine a ight-to-gate assignment schedule with the objective of minimising the passenger walking distances. This metaheuristic optimisation was performed in real-time and was thus repeated every time a delay occurred at the airport. The background of airports, simulation, metaheuristics and relevant case studies were investigated in the literature review. The simulation and metaheuristic optimisation models were then developed. The results identi ed the best of the four designs that were compared. It was also concluded that the use of metaheuristic optimisation, using the cross-entropy method, results in a reduction in passenger walking distances at the airport. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die aantal lugpassasiers neem aanhoudend toe en om in staat te wees om hierdie toename in vraag te hanteer moet lughawens sies uitbrei of die bestuur van die lughawens moet verbeter. Wanneer die vraag by OR Tambo Internasionale Lughawe te hoog raak, gaan meer mense na Lanseria Internasionale Lughawe moet reis. Die lughawe sal dan dus moet uitbrei. Die studie is in samewerking met Virtual Consulting Engineers gedoen. Hulle het besluit dat die konsep van Atlanta Internasionale Lughawe in Georgia in die VSA, wat die besigste lughawe in die w^ereld is, gebruik sal word in die uitbreiding Lanseria Internasionale Lughawe. Die doelwit van die studie was om die loopafstand en die wagtyd van passasiers op Lanseria Internasionale Lughawe te minimeer. Die doelwit is bereik deur verskillende lughawe uitlegte te vergelyk met behulp van simulasie en deur die toekenning van vlugte aan hekke te verbeter, deur gebruik te maak van die "cross-entropy" metode. Die konsep van Atlanta Internasionale Lughawe is gebruik om vier verskillende lughawe uitlegte te ontwerp. Simulasie is gebruik om die vier ontwerpe te vergelyk op grond van 1) die gemiddelde loopafstand van passasiers wat aankom en vertrek, 2) die gemiddelde tyd wat passasiers wat aankom en vertrek spandeer op die lughawe, 3) die gemiddelde afstand wat vliegtuie a ^e op die lughawe, 4) die gemiddelde tyd wat vliegtuie vertraag word, 5) die gemiddelde hoeveelheid vliegtuie teenwoordig op die lughawe. Die loopafstand van passasiers wat aankom en vertrek is grootliks beinvloed deur die manier waarop vliegtuie aan hekke toegeken is. Die hekke op die lughawe is klein, medium of groot. 'n Klein vliegtuig mag by 'n klein, medium of groot hek parkeer, 'n medium vliegtuig mag by 'n medium of groot hek parkeer en 'n groot vliegtuig mag net by 'n groot hek parkeer. Drie reels waarvolgens vliegtuie aan hekke toegeken kan word is ontwikkel. In die eerste twee reels word 'n vliegtuig wat aankom aan die beskikbare hek naaste aan die terminaal gebou toegeken as die hek geskik is vir die vliegtuig. In die eerste reel is die beperking dat klein vliegtuie nie aan medium en groot hekke toegeken mag word as daar klein hekke beskikbaar is nie en dat medium vliegtuie nie aan groot hekke toegeken mag word as daar medium hekke beskikbaar is nie, ingesluit. Hierdie beperking is nie in die tweede reel ingesluit nie. In die derde reel is metaheuristiek optimering gebruik om vliegtuie aan hekke toe te ken. Die doelwit van die metaheuristiek optimering was om die loopafstand van die passasiers te verminder. Elke keer as 'n vliegtuig op die lughawe vertraag was, is die optimering proses is herhaal. Die agtergrond van lughawens, simulasie, metaheuristieke en gevalle studies is bestudeer in die literatuur studie. Daarna is die simulasie en metaheuristiek optimering modelle ontwikkel. Die resultate van die studie het aangedui watter een van die vier lughawe ontwerpe die beste is. Dit is ook beslis dat die gebruik van metaheuristiek optimering, en spesifi ek die "cross-entropy" metode, die loopafstand van passasiers op die lughawe verminder.

Lack of water access is an issue of global importance. The WHO and UNICEF’s Joint Monitoring Program estimated that in 2015 71% of the world’s population used a safely managed drinking water source and 89% of the world’s population used an improved water source within a 30-minute round trip of home. Madagascar’s national statistics lags far behind these global statistics with 54% of the population using improved water sources, 31% using unimproved water sources, and 16% with no service at all. This research studied water access in Madagascar with self-supply Pitcher Pumps attached on hand-driven tubewells. The term self-supply in this context refers to privately owned and constructed water sources that are not financially subsidized by governments or non-governmental organizations. Self-supply is typically seen in the form of private wells in rural areas of developed countries like the United States or in developing countries in the form of shallow wells or rain water harvesting. Self-supply Pitcher Pumps are common along the coast in Madagascar in areas where the first aquifer is shallow and in sandy soil. They are ubiquitous at the site of this study, the port city of Tamatave. People in Madagascar have benefited from increased access to affordable water because of Pitcher Pumps for decades, however, there are health risks associated with consuming the water due to lead and microbial contamination of the water. This study sought to improve microbial water quality of Malagasy Pitcher Pumps by testing two different types of well head protection: 1) a partially buried short 100-mm diameter PVC pipe collar placed around the rising main, and 2) a 50-cm diameter, circular concrete apron. The study was a mixed design experiment that allowed for between subject comparisons of wells over the same time period and for within subject comparisons of the same well sites with different types of well head protection. Wells were selected for the study that had a high risk of localized pathways of contamination and low risks of aquifer contamination relative to other wells in the area. Membrane filtration was used for microbial water quality measurements and detected a wide spectrum of bacteria grown at 37◦ C. In this study, data from 690 water samples of 44 wells (with and without well protection added) over a 9 months period was analyzed. Weak but statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) and marginally statistically significant (0.05 < p ≤ 0.10) correlations were found between bacteria concentrations and antecedent rainfall depth for wells with aprons but not for wells with a pipe collar or no protection. No statistically significant relationship was found between bacteria concentrations in wells and type of well head protection. The lack of reduction in bacteria concentrations with well head protection is likely due to the high density of on-site sanitation near the wells and the relatively shallow water table. Generally, study results indicate that there is a wide variation of bacteria concentrations both from the same well across many months and between wells that are near each other. The second observation is consistent with other studies of wells in the area. It appears as if the best solution for improving water quality from Malagasy Pitcher Pumps to a potable level is point-of-use treatment of the water.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Apparel, Textiles, and Interior Design / Sherry Haar / Nell Donnelly created a stylish, practical, affordable pink gingham apron frock in 1916, selling out her first order of 216 dresses the first morning at $1 apiece at Peck’s Dry Goods Company in Kansas City. This study investigates the forces behind the success of her dress, and finds that during the early 20th century, woman’s role became modernized, shifting from that of producer to consumer, and that clothing—in particular, the housedress—was a visible reflection of this shift. Specific attributes contributed to the success of the apron frock in design and social perspective. First, her housedress incorporated current design elements including kimono sleeves, empire waistline, waist yoke, asymmetrical front closure, and ruffle trimmings sensibly. Socially, mass advertising and mass media articles promoted fashion consciousness in women to look as pretty as those in the ad or article. As a result, integrating trendy design elements into an affordable housedress along with the growing demand for a stylish, yet practical housedress guaranteed the success of Nelly Don’s pink gingham apron frock. As such, the availability and value of the apron frock provide a vivid illustration of woman’s shifting role: its popularity as an alternative to old-fashioned Mother Hubbard housedresses demonstrates both women’s new consumer awareness as well as their growing involvement in the public sphere.

Disertacijos tyrimo objektas – šventadienė prijuostė, tradicinio liaudies kostiumo dalis, kuri pristatoma ne tik kaip drabužis, bet kaip sąlyginai savarankiškas daugiaplanis kultūros objektas, tapęs etninių tradicijų ir tautinės savimonės raiškos simboliu. Tyrimo laikotarpis – XIX a.–XX a. pirmoji pusė. Tai pirmasis mokslinis darbas, nuosekliai atskleidžiantis procesą, kaip prijuostė, prarasdama savo pirminę paskirtį, XX a. pirmojoje pusėje įgavo naują prasmę ir tapo tautiškumo simboliu, reprezentantu ne tik Lietuvoje, bet ir užsienyje. Darbe analizuojami iki šiol sistemingai netyrinėti XIX a.–XX a. pirmosios pusės šventadienių prijuosčių (taip pat prijuostėlių) rinkiniai Lietuvos ir kitų šalių (Baltarusijos, Lenkijos, Prancūzijos) muziejuose. Tyrimo metu užsienio šalių muziejuose surastos ir identifikuotos lietuvių šventadienės prijuostės yra vertingas ne vien šių muziejų, bet ir visoje Lietuvoje turimų šios rūšies liaudies tekstilės dirbinių fondo papildymas. Atsiranda galimybė įvertinti šventadienės prijuostės meninės raiškos formas, atlikimo technikų ir medžiagų ypatumus, kurių visumą kaip svarbų šaltinį galima pritaikyti tradicinių liaudies drabužių rekonstravimo darbų praktikai ir tautinio kostiumo studijoms. Atliktas tyrimas aktualizuoja prijuostės sociokultūrinės raiškos aspektus, leidžia giliau pažinti jų meninės formos bruožus, gali pasitarnauti kaip svarbi medžiaga lyginamosioms lietuvių liaudies meno studijoms, tolimesniems Lietuvos kultūros tyrinėjimams. / This doctoral dissertation analyses a part of the traditional folk costume – festive apron – which is presented not only as a garment, but also as a relatively independent and multidimensional cultural object, and a symbol of ethnic traditions and expressions of national identity. The research covers the period from the 19th century through the early 20th century. It is the first research systematically revealing the process of the apron losing its originally intended use and being given a new meaning in the first half of the 20th century, concurrently becoming a symbol and representative of national identity not only in Lithuania but also in foreign countries. The thesis analyses collections of festive aprons (including votive aprons) of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century available in Lithuanian and foreign museums that have not been previously analysed on a systematic basis. Lithuanian festive aprons identified in foreign museums during the research are valuable supplementation not only to the holdings of these museums, but also to the fund of folk textiles of this type available in Lithuania. This provides an opportunity to assess the forms of artistic expression, the peculiarities of weaving techniques of, and the fabrics used for, festive aprons which, in their entirety, can be used as an important source for reconstructing traditional folk clothing and for studies of the national costume. The research actualises the aspects of socio-cultural... [to full text]

The diploma thesis is focused on insufficient capacity problem of roundabout I/35, I/57 and II/150 in the Valašské Meziříčí town. It is based on engineering survey according to which three possible models are designed. Capacity assesment is made on each of these models. Throug the evaluation is selected the most suitable design of turbo roundabout type "knee", which is technically processed and substantiated by text and drawing documentation.

The subject of my Master’s thesis is the variant redevelopment of intersections I/56 and II/469 in Hlučín. Both interesections are situated nearby bus terminal. Extent of adjustment obstructs the object of former granary. There are checked spatial options for adjusting both existing intersections to the roundabouts. In the frame of variants, there is a different manner of solution of structural layout of both intersections, possibility of connection of bus terminal and transfer of pedestrian traffic across designed intersections. Part of Master’s thesis is traffic survey and capacity analysis of designed intersections.