La faille nord anatolienne (NAF), une zone de faille dextre longue de 1000 km est caractérisée par un fort aléa sismique. Elle accommode le mouvement vers l’ouest de l’Anatolie par rapport à l’Eurasie. Dans sa partie ouest, la NAF se divise en trois branches, dont une borde le sud de la mer de Marmara et du lac d’Iznik. Ce segment médian de la NAF (MNAF) présente aujourd’hui une très faible sismicité. Pourtant, cette zone se caractérise par un risque sismique élevé à l’échelle des deux derniers millénaires. Plus de six séismes sont décrits par les auteurs anciens et causèrent des destructions dans la ville d’Iznik (ancienne Nicée), un centre politique et religieux important aux époques hellénistique et romaine. Notre étude a pour but de contraindre l’activité sismique récente de la MNAF dans la région d’Iznik à plusieurs échelles de temps, par une approche pluridisciplinaire combinant géosciences et archéologie.Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de développer l’étude des bâtiments anciens comme archives de la sismicité historique en observant leurs endommagements et réparations successifs. La ville de Nicée est appropriée pour ce type d’étude puisqu’elle présente plusieurs bâtiments préservés portant les traces de nombreuses réparations. J’ai concentré mon travail sur des infrastructures critiques comme la muraille défensive longue de 3 km. Cela inclut aussi l’aqueduc de la ville, recoupé par une faille active, ainsi qu’une basilique romaine découverte récemment sous les eaux du lac d’Iznik à 20 m de la côte. En appliquant plusieurs techniques de datation (stratigraphie des édifices, 14C) sur les bâtiments, j’ai pu identifier au moins trois séismes sources d’endommagement depuis le 6e siècle. La répartition des dommages sur les bâtiments permet d’estimer des intensités locales de VIII sur l’échelle macrosismique européenne (EMS98). Grâce à des simulations numériques, je montre que les déformations visibles sur un obélisque romain au nord d’Iznik sont compatibles avec des magnitudes proches de Mw 7 pour des distances épicentrales inférieures à 15 km.Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse est de contraindre la vitesse de glissement quaternaire sur la MNAF et de mieux comprendre la formation du lac d’Iznik à l’ouest de la ville. Ce lac de 313 km² est le plus grand lac d’eau douce de la région de Marmara. Les principales failles autour du lac ont été cartées avec un MNT de haute résolution dérivé d’images Pléiades. Les marqueurs géomorphologiques décalés par la MNAF ont fait l’objet de mesures systématiques. L’analyse statistique de ces décalages a mis en évidence six ruptures majeures préservées dans le paysage, avec des déplacements cosismiques entre 2 et 6 m. Les âges de trois niveaux de terrasses lacustres au nord du lac ont été quantifiés par radiocarbone et 10Be produit in situ. J’ai pu déterminer un taux de glissement horizontal minimum de 2.9 mm/yr. Le basculement vers le sud des paléorivages est compatible avec un taux de glissement vertical élevé sur la MNAF autour de 6 mm/yr.En travaillant sur la morphologie et les lithologies de la région d’Iznik, nous avons découvert des preuves d’épisodes glaciaires LGM. La morphologie en U de plusieurs vallées à l’est du lac d’Iznik, séparées par des sauts topographiques correspond à l’empreinte d’anciens glaciers. Cette hypothèse est confirmée par la présence de moraines en bord de vallée, de blocs erratiques aux lithologies variées, et de sédiments glacio-lacustres. La distribution spatiale de ces marqueurs morphologiques et lithologiques nous permet de reconstruire l’emplacement et le retrait vers l’est de ce glacier. Les âges absolus des dépôts glaciaires et des alluvions postérieurs à la glaciation sont compatibles avec des proxies paléoenvironnementaux provenant du lac d’Iznik et les études réalisées sur d’autres glaciers turcs LGM. Il s’agit de la première découverte de glaciers à si basse altitude en Turquie. / The North Anatolian fault (NAF), a 1000 km-long dextral fault zone is known for its strong seismic hazard. It accommodates the westward motion of Anatolia, relative to Eurasia. In its western part, the NAF splits into three strands, one of which passing south of the Marmara sea and the Iznik lake. This NAF middle strand (MNAF) shows nowadays a very low seismic activity. However, this area has been characterized by a significant earthquake hazard over the last two millennia. Several ancient authors mention the occurrence of more than six destructive earthquakes that impacted Iznik (old Nicaea), which was an important political and religious centre during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Our study aims to constrain the recent seismic activity on the MNAF in the Iznik area at different time scales through a multidisciplinary approach coupling earth science and archeology.The first goal of this thesis is to develop the study of ancient buildings as archives of the historical seismicity by observing their successive damages and repairs. The city of Nicaea is appropriate for this kind of study as it presents several well preserved ancient buildings that bear traces of numerous repairs. I focus my study on the critical infrastructures for the city such as the 3 km-long protecting walls. This also includes the aqueduct that provided the city with water and is crossed by a segment of active fault, and a Roman basilica recently discovered underwater in the Iznik lake 20 m far from the shore. Applying different dating techniques (stratigraphy of the archaeological building, 14C) to the various materials of these buildings (terra cotta, mortar, concretions on the aqueduct), I was able to identify at least three damaging earthquakes since the 6th century AD. The amount of damage on these buildings allows to estimate local intensities at VIII on the European macroseismic scale (EMS98). Thanks to numerical simulations, I show that the current deformation visible on a Roman obelisk north of Iznik is compatible with magnitudes close to Mw 7 for epicentral distances smaller than 15 km.The second goal of this thesis is to constrain the Quaternary slip rate on the MNAF and better understand the formation of Iznik Lake, a 313 km²-large lake located just west of the city, which is the largest freshwater lake in the Marmara region. The main faults around the lake were mapped using a high-resolution DEM derived from Pleiades images. Geomorphic markers offset by the MNAF were systematically measured. The statistical analysis of the offsets revealed six major ruptures preserved in the landscape, with coseismic displacements between 2 and 6 m. The ages of three levels of lacustrine terraces north of the lake were quantified by radiocarbon and in-situ produced 10Be. A minimal horizontal slip rate of 2.9 mm/yr was estimated. The southward tilting of the lake paeloshorelines is compatible with a high vertical slip rate on the MNAF around 6 mm/yr.While working on the morphology and lithologies of the Iznik area, we have discovered significant evidence for LGM glacial events. The U-shaped morphology of several successive valleys east of Iznik Lake separated by topographic highs is interpreted as the print of past glaciers. This is confirmed by the presence of moraine deposits on the sides of the valleys, erratic blocks from various lithologies and glacio-lacustrine sediments. The geographical distribution of these morphological and lithological markers enabled us to reconstruct the former location and eastward retreat of this glacier. The absolute ages obtained from glacial deposits and alluvial sediments postponing the glaciation are compatible with paleoenvironmental proxies in Iznik Lake and previous studies of other Turkish LGM glaciers. This constitutes the first evidence of glaciation at low elevations in Turkey.

No description available.

Today cities are consuming 75% of the world’s resources, which puts significant pressure on areas far from the cities themselves (Stockholm Resilience Center 2022). Food is among the largest drivers of global environmental change contributing to climate change, biodiversity loss, freshwater use, interference with the global nitrogen and phosphorus cycles and land-system change (C40 2024). This thesis describes a proposal for collecting and distributing rain- and stormwater within the context of urban farming and gardening. It explores how design can be a part of creating and promoting self-sufficient cities that are less resource intensive than they are today. Through the lens of Transition Design the proposal are aiming for a positive, system level change and a transition toward desirable long term futures. It can be divided in three sections, The Urban Farmer, The Vessel and The Wooden Aqueducts. The Urban Farmers would live in apartments throughout the city, forming a network of colleagues. The people in the neighborhood would get more understanding of the work that their local farmers do, and they would get more aware of where their food comes from. The vessel collects rain and stormwater and then distributes it when needed. It could act as an object not only for the use of water, but also as a way of sparking discussion, and just as it directs water to the trees, it just as well directs our minds and our attention towards them. The Wooden Aqueducts, inspired by the old craft, could potentially be created as a community practice to engage residents in the surrounding area. When the aqueducts are no longer needed they can remain at the site and be allowed to molder to make the cycles of organic matter visible and to challenge what is considered to be a well managed area. The Urban Farmer, The Vessel and The Wooden Aqueducts are all means to a future vision through a combination of short term, long term, small and big solutions and suggestions.

Cette thèse a pour objet l’étude du secteur de l’hippodrome romain du site archéologique d’el-Bass à Tyr (Liban sud). Six monuments et structures archéologiques sont concernés : la route antique, l’arc monumental, l’aqueduc, l’hippodrome et les deux bains de factions qui lui sont associés. Une description détaillée du site et de son cadre archéologique, géographique et historique sera suivie d’une étude approfondie de chacun des monuments. Cette étude couvrira leurs divers aspects archéologiques, architecturaux, typologiques ainsi que les divers remaniements qu’ils subirent. L’ensemble sera accompagné de plusieurs approches comparatives avec des monuments contemporains similaires. Cette étude sera complétée par une analyse urbaine du site, qui traitera de la disposition des monuments les uns par rapport aux autres ainsi que par une étude chronologique qui présentera les diverses phases de son évolution, son développement et son abandon. / This thesis has for object the survey of the sector of the Roman hippodrome of the archaeological site of el-Bass in Tyre (South Lebanon). Six monuments and archaeological structures are concerned: the ancient road, the monumental arch, the aqueduct, the hippodrome and the two faction baths that are associated to it. A detailed description of the site and its archaeological, geographical and historic setting will be followed by a deepened survey of each of the monuments. This survey will cover their various archaeological, architectural, typological aspects as well as the various overhauls that they underwent. The whole will be accompanied by several comparative approaches with similar contemporary monuments. This survey will be completed by an urban analysis of the site, which will be about the disposition of the monuments as well as by a chronological survey that will present the various phases of its evolution, its development and its abandonment.

yes / Purpose To characterize the intracranial volumetric changes that influence the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulse in the Aqueduct of Sylvius (AoS). Materials and methods Neck MRI data were acquired from 12 healthy adults (8 female and 4 males; mean age = 30.9 years), using a 1.5 T scanner. The intracranial arterial, venous and CSF volumes changes, together with the aqueductal CSF (aCSF) volume, were estimated from flow rate data acquired at C2/C3 level and in the AoS. The correlations and temporal relationships among these volumes were computed. Results The aCSF volumetric changes were strongly correlated (r = 0.967, p < 0.001) with the changes in intracranial venous volume, whose peak occurred 7.0% of cardiac cycle (p = 0.023) before peak aCSF volume, but less correlated with the intracranial arterial and CSF volume changes (r = −0.664 and 0.676 respectively, p < 0.001). The intracranial CSF volume change was correlated with the intracranial venous volume change (r = 0.820, p < 0.001), whose peak occurred slightly before (4.2% of CC, p = 0.059). Conclusion The aCSF pulse is strongly correlated with intracranial venous volume, with expansion of the cortical veins occurring prior to aCSF flow towards the third ventricle. Both caudal-cranial aCSF flow and venous blood retention occur when arterial blood volume is at a minimum.

Hearing loss (HL) is one of the most common sensorineural disorders and several dozen genes contribute to its pathogenesis. Establishing a genetic diagnosis of HL is of great importance for clinical evaluation of deaf patients and for estimating recurrence risks for their families. Efforts to identify genes responsible for HL have been challenged by high genetic heterogeneity and different ethnic-specific prevalence of inherited deafness. Here we present the utility of whole exome sequencing (WES) for identifying candidate causal variants for previously unexplained nonsyndromic HL of seven patients from four unrelated Altaian families (the Altai Republic, South Siberia). The WES analysis revealed homozygous missense mutations in three genes associated with HL. Mutation c.2168A>G (SLC26A4) was found in one family, a novel mutation c.1111G>C (OTOF) was revealed in another family, and mutation c.5254G>A (RAI1) was found in two families. Sanger sequencing was applied for screening of identified variants in an ethnically diverse cohort of other patients with HL (n = 116) and in Altaian controls (n = 120). Identified variants were found only in patients of Altaian ethnicity (n = 93). Several lines of evidences support the association of homozygosity for discovered variants c.5254G>A (RAI1), c.1111C>G (OTOF), and c.2168A>G (SLC26A4) with HL in Altaian patients. Local prevalence of identified variants implies possible founder effect in significant number of HL cases in indigenous population of the Altai region. Notably, this is the first reported instance of patients with RAI1 missense mutation whose HL is not accompanied by specific traits typical for Smith-Magenis syndrome. Presumed association of RAI1 gene variant c.5254G>A with isolated HL needs to be proved by further experimental studies.

Cette étude réalisée dans le cadre d’une thèse de doctorat a pour sujet : Les structures hydrauliques chez les Eduens à l’époque antique. Les sites de Bibracte et d’Augustodunum-Autun. Analyse complémentaire des sites éduens de Bourgogne. Elle se fonde à la fois sur des travaux de terrain (sous forme de prospections pédestres et de fouilles archéologiques) et sur des recherches documentaires. Les 813 structures hydrauliques recensées sont réparties sur 37 sites éduens comprenant les deux capitales de cité successives, Bibracte, puis Augustodunum-Autun, des agglomérations secondaires, des villages, des établissements ruraux, des sanctuaires et des stations thermales. Il s’agit d’abord de définir les caractéristiques physiques de ces aménagements hydrauliques destinés à l’adduction d’eau, au stockage et à l’évacuation des eaux usées. Cette recherche permet de distinguer les techniques de construction ou de fabrication et d’identifier les savoir-faire locaux et les influences gréco-romaines. Enfin, la confrontation des équipements hydrauliques entre les différents types de sites (densité, lieux d’implantation), permet d’évaluer le mode de gestion de l’eau à l’échelle d’une cité. C’est le cas notamment entre Bibracte et Augustodunum où des différences très nettes apparaissent. Un important volet de cette recherche est consacré à l’examen de l’aqueduc de Montjeu. Si cette étude révèle la diversité des solutions adoptées pour maîtriser cette eau d’une catégorie de site à l’autre, elle souligne également les traits communs avec divers sites de Narbonnaise et de l’empire romain. / This study, carried out in the context of a PhD thesis, has as its subject: Hydraulic structures of the Eduens in roman period. The sites of Bibracte and Augustodunum-Autun. Additional analysis of the eduen sites of Burgundy. It is based, at one and the same time, on ground works (in the form of exploration on foot and archaeological scavings) and documentary research. The 813 hydraulic structures listed are spread out over 37 éduen sites including the two successive capital cities Bibracte, later Augustodunum-Autun, secondary towns, villages, rural settlements, sanctuaries and baths. It consists firstly in defining the physical characteristics of the hydraulic facilities destined for the bringing of water, its storage, and the evacuation of waste water. This research enables us to distinguish the techniques of construction or manufacture and to identify local know-how and greco-roman influences. Finally, the comparison of hydraulic equipment between different types of sites, (density, location) enables us to evaluate the management of water on the scale of a city. This is notably the case between Bibracte and Augustodunum where very clear differences appear. An important section of this research has therefore been devoted to the examination of the aqueduct at Montjeu. If this research reveals the diversity of solutions adopted for water management from one category of site to another, it also underlines the features in common with other sites of Narbonnaise and the roman empire.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the importance of brain MRI's findings, and modify the criteria for brain MR imaging in NF1 patients according to this data, to improve the quality of life with early detection of important NF1 complications. Description of the whole cohort, with emphasise to possible cause of high range of sporadic NF1 cases. Evaluation the possibility diagnosis or follow up of brain gliomas by plasmatic values of neuron specific enolase (NSE) and S100B protein. Subjects and methods: I analysed data from 285 NF1 children followed up on our department from 1990 to 2010 by the same examination battery. I evaluated the incidence of brain MRI findings, clinical development, age at gliomas manifestation and necessity of treatment. I also described the whole cohort and made statistic analysis of plasmatic values of NSE and S100B protein in NF1 patients, with and without brain gliomas. Results: OPGs were found in 77/285 (27 %) children and GOOPs in 29/285 (10.2 %) of NF1 children, of who 19 had OPG and GOOP together, so the total number of brain glioma was 87/285 (30.5 %). Totally, 43/87 (49.4 %), respectively 43/285 (15.1 %) children with brain glioma were treated, and 4/285 (1.4 %) of this children died. Obstructive hydrocephalus was found in 22/285 (7.7 %) patients and was caused...

yes / To investigate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics in the aqueduct of Sylvius (AoS) in chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI)-positive and -negative healthy individuals using cine phase contrast imaging. Materials and Methods Fifty-one healthy individuals (32 CCSVI-negative and 19 age-matched CCSVI-positive subjects) were examined using Doppler sonography (DS). Diagnosis of CCSVI was established if subjects fulfilled ≥2 venous hemodynamic criteria on DS. CSF flow and velocity measures were quantified using a semiautomated method and compared with clinical and routine 3T MRI outcomes. Results CCSVI was associated with increased CSF pulsatility in the AoS. Net positive CSF flow was 32% greater in the CCSVI-positive group compared with the CCSVI-negative group (P = 0.008). This was accompanied by a 28% increase in the mean aqueductal characteristic signal (ie, the AoS cross-sectional area over the cardiac cycle) in the CCSVI-positive group compared with the CCSVI-negative group (P = 0.021). Conclusion CSF dynamics are altered in CCSVI-positive healthy individuals, as demonstrated by increased pulsatility. This is accompanied by enlargement of the AoS, suggesting that structural changes may be occurring in the brain parenchyma of CCSVI-positive healthy individuals

No / PURPOSE: To investigate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics in the aqueduct of Sylvius (AoS) in chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI)-positive and -negative healthy individuals using cine phase contrast imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-one healthy individuals (32 CCSVI-negative and 19 age-matched CCSVI-positive subjects) were examined using Doppler sonography (DS). Diagnosis of CCSVI was established if subjects fulfilled >/=2 venous hemodynamic criteria on DS. CSF flow and velocity measures were quantified using a semiautomated method and compared with clinical and routine 3T MRI outcomes. RESULTS: CCSVI was associated with increased CSF pulsatility in the AoS. Net positive CSF flow was 32% greater in the CCSVI-positive group compared with the CCSVI-negative group (P = 0.008). This was accompanied by a 28% increase in the mean aqueductal characteristic signal (ie, the AoS cross-sectional area over the cardiac cycle) in the CCSVI-positive group compared with the CCSVI-negative group (P = 0.021). CONCLUSION: CSF dynamics are altered in CCSVI-positive healthy individuals, as demonstrated by increased pulsatility. This is accompanied by enlargement of the AoS, suggesting that structural changes may be occurring in the brain parenchyma of CCSVI-positive healthy individuals.