This thesis discusses the problem of accounting terminology in the Australian context and investigates the difficulties of lexicography and translation of accounting terms and the disadvantages created by lack of standardised terminology in the Arab World. It has been discovered that accounting terms have various equivalents in ordinary and specialised dictionaries. The translation of terms is so problematical that it is difficult to distinguish between one term and the next. Although the definitions given to some terms may vary from one dictionary to the other, the Arabic equivalents adopted confuse the user as to the real meaning and usage of such terms. Confusion is deepened when terms of different accounting and commercial nature are being used as if they were synonyms, judging by the Arabic equivalents given to them. Furthermore, there are accounting terms referring to taxation which are unique to Australia and require explanation and translation. Having evaluated the dictionaries and assessed the equivalents given to certain terms, I discovered the need for a new method in lexicography. The introduction of this new method is to make easier the user's task of looking up an entry in the dictionary or trying to identify it. The results achieved in this research should be beneficial to users of general and accounting dictionaries. They are concerned with the collection, description, processing and presentation of terms specific to a single subject area - accounting with reference to taxation. The introduction of an improved method in lexicography, the manner of identifying the terms, the listing of entries and the steps followed in checking equivalents are major achievements of this research. The conclusions reveal to the users the disadvantages of existing arrangements and the way the entries use listed and lack of proper equivalents. This research has led to the formulation of accounting and taxation terms that are unique to Australia and have no equivalents in the Arab World. Such inclusion of new terms would enable the Arabic speaking people to understand the accounting system and the taxation structure in Australia. Such an introduction of terms is made easy by implementing the new method with terms numbered, defined, translated, identified and cross-referenced / University of Western Sydney

Thesis (master's)--Jāmiʻat al-Qāhirah, 1962. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 618-625).

The editor's Thesis--Jāmiʻat Baghdād. / Added t.p.: al-Mujarrad li-lughat al-hadith. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Göteborg, 1980. / Added thesis t.p. inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p. 187-189).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Universität Erlangen, (1938?). / Includes index.

Thèse--Paris. / Includes bibliographical references.

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This paper discusses the teaching and learning of Arabic vocabulary with respect to the needs and desires of the modern learner of Arabic. It begins with an explanation of Arabic diglossia and a review of current research regarding the desires and goals of the modern Arabic learner. It then discusses the issue of teaching Arabic vocabulary showing that learning two varieties of Arabic at the same time, because it is a case of synonymy, creates a learning burden for Arabic learners but is nonetheless necessary. This paper then discusses a number of other reasons that make Arabic vocabulary acquisition a challenge and suggests possible methods to overcome this challenge. / text

The focus of kharja criticism on origins and influences has prevented scholarship of this literature from exploring different approaches for understanding this poetry. This dissertation takes a new and needed direction by examining the themes of gender, sexuality and religion in the muwashshahs with Romance kharjas. The first chapter presents a meta-critical analysis of kharja scholarship and notes how these studies have been focused on philological issues. The second chapter looks at the role gender plays in this corpus of poetry. It analyses the relationship of the voices of the kharjas and muwashshahs, compares descriptions of males and females, discusses gender conventions in Arabic poetry and determines the gender of the referent for each poem. The third chapter places the muwashshahs in the context of Andalusian sexuality and society. It notes the importance of their courtly creation and examines the themes of violence, sexuality and pleasure. The fourth and final chapter examines the convergence of religious and sexual language in the muwashshahs. It summarizes this tradition beginning with Plato's "Symposium" followed by descriptions of paradise in the Koran and Ibn Hazm's "The Dove's Ring Neck". The conclusion compares the muwashshahs to the "cantigas d'amigo", the troubadour lyric and the "Divine Comedy" with respect to the themes of gender, sexuality and religion. This analysis demonstrates the cultural and societal influences on these literatures. / text

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