As micorrizas arbusculares (MAs) são associações simbióticas mutualísticas entre fungos da ordem Glomales e as raízes da maioria das plantas terrestres. Os mecanismos moleculares que controlam o desenvolvimento e a eficiência da simbiose são pouco conhecidos, dificultando sua aplicação agrícola em larga escala. No entanto, a análise sistemática e em larga escala de genes expressos em raízes colonizadas por fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) em diferentes condições ambientais poderia contribuir de forma significativa para o conhecimento da biologia dessa simbiose. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar genes com expressão induzida ou suprimida em raízes de cana-de-açúcar colonizadas por Glomus clarum em condições de baixo e alto fósforo (P) no substrato de cultivo, durante o desenvolvimento da simbiose. Usando hibridização subtrativa supressiva (\"Suppresive Subtractive Hybridization, SSH) foram encontrados 74 genes com expressão diferencial significativa em raízes micorrizadas de 12 semanas após inoculação (SAI). Por outra parte, um total de 386 genes foram arranjados em membranas de nylon e sua expressão diferencial avaliada por sondas sintetizadas a partir de cDNA extraído em 4 SAI e 12 SAI. A hibridização em macroarranjos mostrou na presença da micorriza acúmulo diferencial de transcritos de genes codificando proteínas putativas envolvidas no metabolismo de jasmonato (COI1) e de etileno (ET) em raízes com 4 SAI, e ácido salicílico (AS) em raízes com 12 SAI. Dos genes que apresentaram acúmulo de transcritos regulados pela micorrização foram escolhidos 12 genes: que codificam cisteina protease (meabolismo de proteínas); remorina (dinâmica celular); dehidroascorbato redutase, e proteína rica em hidroxiprolina (resposta ao estresse); duas proteína associadas a senecência; a horcolina (função não definida); COI1 (metabolismo de jasmonato); catalase, germina, glutationa (estresse oxidativo); quitinase (resposta de defesa), para analise de acúmulo de transcritos por qRT-PCR em 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 SAI. Os resultados indicam que em etapas precoces do desenvolvimento das MAs são ativados genes que estão relacionados com a resposta ao estresse oxidativo e com metabolismo de fitohormônios, em etapas tardias esses genes mostraram diminução no acúmulo de transcritos. A análise dos padrões de expressão dos genes envolvidos no estabelecimento da simbiose poderia contribuir para elucidar os mecanismos genéticos que controlam a simbiose e poderiam facilitar a aplicação agrícola em larga escala dos FMAs / Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) are mutualistic symbiotic associations between fungi of the order Glomales and most of the terrestrial plants. The molecular mechanisms regulating AM development and efficiency are not well understood so that agricultural large scale application is so difficult. Although so many approaches are being used to the identification of differentially expressed genes in AMs, large scale analysis it must contributed to the knowledge of symbiosis molecular biology. The aim of this work was identify genes induced or suppressed in sugarcane roots colonized for G. clarum in low and high phosphorus (P) conditions, during symbiosis development. Using suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) was possible to detect 74 genes with differential significant expression in 12 weeks mycorrhized roots. In other hand a total of 386 genes were spotted into nylon membranes and differential expression was evaluated with probes of cDNA of 4 and 12 weeks. Macroarray hybridization shows increase of genes transcripts involved in jasmonate metabolism (COI1) and ethylene metabolism (ET) 4 weeks after inoculation, and in salycilic acid 12 weeks after inoculation. Twelve genes differentially expressed in mycorrhizal presences were choosen to analyse the expression with qRT-PCR in 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks after inoculation. A cistein protease (protein metabolism); a remorin (cellular dynamic), dehydroascorbate reductase, hidroxiproline rich protein (estress response); two proteins associated to senescence; a horcolin (unknown function); COI1 (jasmonate metabolism); catalase, germin, glutathione (oxidative estress); chitinase (defence response) were tested. The results showed that genes relationated with oxidative stress are activated in early stages of MAs development, and, in late stages these phytohormones metabolism related genes are suppressed. Patterns expression of genes involved in MAs development it must contributed to elucidate the genetics mechanisms controlling the symbiosis and it must facilitate large scale use of FMAs.

As micorrizas arbusculares (MAs) são associações simbióticas mutualísticas entre fungos da ordem Glomales e as raízes da maioria das plantas terrestres. Os mecanismos moleculares que controlam o desenvolvimento e a eficiência da simbiose são pouco conhecidos, dificultando sua aplicação agrícola em larga escala. No entanto, a análise sistemática e em larga escala de genes expressos em raízes colonizadas por fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) em diferentes condições ambientais poderia contribuir de forma significativa para o conhecimento da biologia dessa simbiose. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar genes com expressão induzida ou suprimida em raízes de cana-de-açúcar colonizadas por Glomus clarum em condições de baixo e alto fósforo (P) no substrato de cultivo, durante o desenvolvimento da simbiose. Usando hibridização subtrativa supressiva (\"Suppresive Subtractive Hybridization, SSH) foram encontrados 74 genes com expressão diferencial significativa em raízes micorrizadas de 12 semanas após inoculação (SAI). Por outra parte, um total de 386 genes foram arranjados em membranas de nylon e sua expressão diferencial avaliada por sondas sintetizadas a partir de cDNA extraído em 4 SAI e 12 SAI. A hibridização em macroarranjos mostrou na presença da micorriza acúmulo diferencial de transcritos de genes codificando proteínas putativas envolvidas no metabolismo de jasmonato (COI1) e de etileno (ET) em raízes com 4 SAI, e ácido salicílico (AS) em raízes com 12 SAI. Dos genes que apresentaram acúmulo de transcritos regulados pela micorrização foram escolhidos 12 genes: que codificam cisteina protease (meabolismo de proteínas); remorina (dinâmica celular); dehidroascorbato redutase, e proteína rica em hidroxiprolina (resposta ao estresse); duas proteína associadas a senecência; a horcolina (função não definida); COI1 (metabolismo de jasmonato); catalase, germina, glutationa (estresse oxidativo); quitinase (resposta de defesa), para analise de acúmulo de transcritos por qRT-PCR em 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 SAI. Os resultados indicam que em etapas precoces do desenvolvimento das MAs são ativados genes que estão relacionados com a resposta ao estresse oxidativo e com metabolismo de fitohormônios, em etapas tardias esses genes mostraram diminução no acúmulo de transcritos. A análise dos padrões de expressão dos genes envolvidos no estabelecimento da simbiose poderia contribuir para elucidar os mecanismos genéticos que controlam a simbiose e poderiam facilitar a aplicação agrícola em larga escala dos FMAs / Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) are mutualistic symbiotic associations between fungi of the order Glomales and most of the terrestrial plants. The molecular mechanisms regulating AM development and efficiency are not well understood so that agricultural large scale application is so difficult. Although so many approaches are being used to the identification of differentially expressed genes in AMs, large scale analysis it must contributed to the knowledge of symbiosis molecular biology. The aim of this work was identify genes induced or suppressed in sugarcane roots colonized for G. clarum in low and high phosphorus (P) conditions, during symbiosis development. Using suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) was possible to detect 74 genes with differential significant expression in 12 weeks mycorrhized roots. In other hand a total of 386 genes were spotted into nylon membranes and differential expression was evaluated with probes of cDNA of 4 and 12 weeks. Macroarray hybridization shows increase of genes transcripts involved in jasmonate metabolism (COI1) and ethylene metabolism (ET) 4 weeks after inoculation, and in salycilic acid 12 weeks after inoculation. Twelve genes differentially expressed in mycorrhizal presences were choosen to analyse the expression with qRT-PCR in 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks after inoculation. A cistein protease (protein metabolism); a remorin (cellular dynamic), dehydroascorbate reductase, hidroxiproline rich protein (estress response); two proteins associated to senescence; a horcolin (unknown function); COI1 (jasmonate metabolism); catalase, germin, glutathione (oxidative estress); chitinase (defence response) were tested. The results showed that genes relationated with oxidative stress are activated in early stages of MAs development, and, in late stages these phytohormones metabolism related genes are suppressed. Patterns expression of genes involved in MAs development it must contributed to elucidate the genetics mechanisms controlling the symbiosis and it must facilitate large scale use of FMAs.

No description available.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito que a alteração na sensibilidade ou metabolismo hormonal em uma planta hospedeira poderia ter sobre o desenvolvimento de micorrizas arbusculares (MAs). Para tal, uma coleção de mutantes hormonais de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum) introgredidos na cultivar miniatura Micro-Tom foi inoculada com o fungo Glomus clarum, em dos níveis de P no substrato. Foram realizados 3 experimentos, com os genótipos Never ripe (parcialmente insensível ao etileno), epinastic (superprodutor de etileno), bushy root (parcialmente insensível a citocinina), diageotropica (parcialmente insensível a auxina), procera (supersensível a giberelina) e notabilis (deficiente em ABA). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: porcentagem de colonização micorrízica, massa seca da parte aérea e massa seca da raiz em condições de P suficiente e insuficiente. Com os genótipos que apresentaram maiores alterações no desenvolvimento de MAs, Never ripe e epinastic , foram conduzidas análises morfológicas por meio de microscopia de luz, dosagem de P na parte aérea e estudos de expressão gênica através da técnica de PCR em tempo real (PCR Real-Time). Concluiu-se que, nas condições do presente trabalho, o grupo hormonal que mostrou a maior influencia sobre a formação de MAs foi o etileno, sendo que o seu efeito parece ser tanto estimulatório quanto inibitório. Contudo, os resultados de expressão de genes de defesa não permitem explicar as diferenças observadas. / The aim of the present work was to study the effect that alterations in hormonal sensitivity and metabolism in a host plant could have in the development of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM). In this regard, a series of hormone-related mutants introgressed in the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cultivar Micro-Tom were inoculated with the fungus Glomus clarum, in two different levels of substrate P. Three experiments were performed, using the genotypes Never ripe (partially insensitive to ethylene), epinastic (ethylene overproducer), bushy root (partially insensitive to cytokinin), diageotropica (partially insensitive to auxin), procera (gibberellin hypersensitive) and notabilis (ABA-deficient). The following parameters were assessed: mycorrhizal colonization percentage, shoot and root dry mass, under conditions of either sufficient or insufficient P on the substrate. Further analyses, such as root morphology, P dosage and gene expression quantification (through Real-Time PCR), were performed on the genotypes which presented the most alterations in mycorrhizal development, namely Never ripe and epinastic. It was concluded that the hormone showing most influence on AM formation was ethylene. Its effect appears to be either stimulatory o inhibitory. In any case, defense gene expression alone could account for the observed differences.

<p>The Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is an endosymbiont of higher plant roots. Most land plants and cultivated crops are concerned to AM symbiosis. This endosymbiosis is based on the mutual exchange of nutrients between plant and fungus. Therefore, AM symbiosis leads to an increased demand for photosynthetic products. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathway used by plants during AM symbiosis to increase photosynthetic performance. Therefore, we have carried out a systematic characterization of photosynthesis in Medicago truncatula (M. truncatula), which is a model legume. We observed colonization by the fungus in roots and that AM symbiosis increases the fresh and dry plant biomass. This could be attributed to an increase in both photosynthetic efficiency and capacity in AM plants. Consistent with these observations, AM symbiosis enhanced phosphorus uptake from the soil into roots, stems and leaves, as based on analyses of phosphorus content. Based on equal chl loading, no differences were found regarding D1, Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 protein content in four plant groups. This indicates similar ratio between chl and PSII proteins. Furthermore, AM symbiosis increases the amount of chlorophyll, steady state oxygen evolution activities, maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), and photosynthetic electron transport rate (about 5 fold). Nevertheless, photoprotection was not affected by AM symbiosis. We observed an increase in weight of seed/fruit and weight of seed/plant in AM plants (about 2 fold). Based on these results, we propose that AM symbiosis increases both the efficiency and the capacity of photosynthetic apparatus in the M. truncatula.</p>

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito que a alteração na sensibilidade ou metabolismo hormonal em uma planta hospedeira poderia ter sobre o desenvolvimento de micorrizas arbusculares (MAs). Para tal, uma coleção de mutantes hormonais de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum) introgredidos na cultivar miniatura Micro-Tom foi inoculada com o fungo Glomus clarum, em dos níveis de P no substrato. Foram realizados 3 experimentos, com os genótipos Never ripe (parcialmente insensível ao etileno), epinastic (superprodutor de etileno), bushy root (parcialmente insensível a citocinina), diageotropica (parcialmente insensível a auxina), procera (supersensível a giberelina) e notabilis (deficiente em ABA). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: porcentagem de colonização micorrízica, massa seca da parte aérea e massa seca da raiz em condições de P suficiente e insuficiente. Com os genótipos que apresentaram maiores alterações no desenvolvimento de MAs, Never ripe e epinastic , foram conduzidas análises morfológicas por meio de microscopia de luz, dosagem de P na parte aérea e estudos de expressão gênica através da técnica de PCR em tempo real (PCR Real-Time). Concluiu-se que, nas condições do presente trabalho, o grupo hormonal que mostrou a maior influencia sobre a formação de MAs foi o etileno, sendo que o seu efeito parece ser tanto estimulatório quanto inibitório. Contudo, os resultados de expressão de genes de defesa não permitem explicar as diferenças observadas. / The aim of the present work was to study the effect that alterations in hormonal sensitivity and metabolism in a host plant could have in the development of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM). In this regard, a series of hormone-related mutants introgressed in the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cultivar Micro-Tom were inoculated with the fungus Glomus clarum, in two different levels of substrate P. Three experiments were performed, using the genotypes Never ripe (partially insensitive to ethylene), epinastic (ethylene overproducer), bushy root (partially insensitive to cytokinin), diageotropica (partially insensitive to auxin), procera (gibberellin hypersensitive) and notabilis (ABA-deficient). The following parameters were assessed: mycorrhizal colonization percentage, shoot and root dry mass, under conditions of either sufficient or insufficient P on the substrate. Further analyses, such as root morphology, P dosage and gene expression quantification (through Real-Time PCR), were performed on the genotypes which presented the most alterations in mycorrhizal development, namely Never ripe and epinastic. It was concluded that the hormone showing most influence on AM formation was ethylene. Its effect appears to be either stimulatory o inhibitory. In any case, defense gene expression alone could account for the observed differences.

Le blé (genre Tritucum aestivum, famille des Poaceae) est une céréale d’intérêtagronomique très important. Certaines variétés très anciennes sont mise de côté pour desvariétés plus récentes souvent sélectionnées pour répondre à une culture intensiveconsommatrice de produits phytosanitaires. L’agriculture biologique, système de productionsupposant une réduction des intrants chimiques de synthèse afin de préserver l’écosystème,peut se définir comme une pratique où l’emploi d’engrais synthétiques, de pesticideschimiques et d’organismes génétiquement modifiés est prohibé.Cette pratique gagne de plus en plus en popularité et la superficie des terres cultivéesde cette manière a crû de 60 % entre 2000 et 2004, sur la planète. Les contraintes associées àla production de céréales biologiques comprennent la baisse de rendement attribuable auxcarences d’éléments nutritifs dans le sol et la concurrence des mauvaises herbes. Au cours des90 dernières années, les efforts internationaux d’amélioration du blé se sont concentrés sur lahausse du rendement et les paramètres de qualité.La mise en place d’une base de données des blé basées sur des critèresmorphologiques, taxonomiques et écologiques et l'introduction des mycorhizes à arbuscules(MA), connues pour aider à la sélection et induire une augmentation de rendement et dequalité de la production, dans l'optique de produire plus dans une agriculture respectueuse del’environnement pourrait constituer une partie intégrante d'une stratégie appropriée.Cependant, les effets mycorhiziens sur les rendement et la qualité de la production ne sont pastoujours prévisibles et les mécanismes qui régulent ces paramètres qualitatifs des mycorhizessont largement inconnus.Le criblage au champ de 53 variétés de blés anciens a montré des différences dans leuraptitude à développer des mycorhizes avec des champignons indigènes. Des plantesanalysées, seul cinq variétés étaient toutes mycorhizées au Tallage, alors que toutes l’étaientau stade Epiaison. Au stade Maturation des épis, dix-neuf variétés montraient une diminutionde la mycorhization.L’inoculation avec un inoculum de laboratoire lors de l’expérimentation en serre dansdes pots contenant d’une part leur terre habituelle de culture et de l’autre la terre d’Epoisses4montre, qu’ avec cet inoculum, toutes les variétés de blé se mycorhizent. Pour les variétéstestées, les variétés récentes utilisées en agriculture biologique mycorhizent mieux que lesanciennes, mais l’effet mycorhizien sur le rendement est observé uniquement chez desvariétés anciennes de blé. Démontrant ainsi un effet variétal sur le développement etl’expression de la symbiose. Les bénéfices de la symbiose sont plus accentués au niveau desphénomènes qualitatifs à savoir la viabilité des grains.L’apport d’un inoculum commercial lors d’expérimentation en serre dans des potcontenant le même sol, a modifié ces proportions. Cet inoculum a également permisl’amélioration du développement des blés et la qualité des graines de certaines variétésdémontrant à la fois l’importance du génome de la plante dans l’expression bénéfique de lasymbiose et de l’impossibilité des champignons mycorhizogènes indigènes à assurer ledéveloppement optimal de la symbiose. Au champ, l’effet variétal a été confirmé suite àl’apport d’un inoculum commercial ou, à l’exception d’une variété, l’inoculation a permis uneamélioration du rendement, particulièrement sensible chez la variété qui a été la plusproductive, soulignant l’intérêt qu’il y aurait à développer un projet de croisement pouraugmenter la réponse des blés aux mycorhizes. / Wheat (kind Tritucum aestivum, Poaceae family) is a very important cereal ofagronomic interest. Some very ancient varieties are set aside for recent varieties often selected to meet a consumer intensive cultivation of pesticides. Organic farming production system assuming a reduction of synthetic chemical inputs in order to preserve the ecosystem can be defined as a practice where the use of synthetic fertilizers, chemical pesticides and genetically modified organisms is prohibited. This practice is gaining more and more popularity and the amount of land cultivated in this way has increased by 60% between 2000 and 2004. Constraints associated with the production of organic grains include lower yields due to nutrient deficiencies in the soil and weed competition. During the past 90 years, the international efforts in wheat breeding have focused on increasing yield and quality parameters The establishment of a wheat database based on morphological, taxonomic and ecological criteria and the introduction of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM), known to help in the selection and induce an increase in yield and quality of production with a perspective to increase production in an agriculture that respects the environment, could be an integral part of an appropriate strategy. However, mycorrhizal effects on yield and quality of production are not always predictable and the mechanisms that regulate these qualitative parameters are largely unknown. Field screening of 53 ancient wheat varieties showed differences in their ability to interact with endogenous mycorrhizal fungi. Among the analysed plants, only five varieties were mycorrhized for all samples at tillering. All samples were mycorrhized at the heading stage for all varieties. Nineteen showed a decrease in the number of mycorrhized samples at the ears maturity. Inoculation with a laboratory inoculum during a greenhouse experiments in pots, containing either the wheat field soil or Ò EpoissesÓ soil, showed that all wheat varieties form mycorrhizal symbiosis. Between varieties tested, recent wheat varieties used in organic farming were better in forming symbiosis than the old, but the mycorrhizal effect on plant yield is seen only for old varieties. Demonstrating a variety effect on the development and 6 expression of symbiosis. The benefits of mycorrhizal symbiosis are more pronounced for the qualitative phenomena as the seed viability. The addition of a commercial inoculum in a similar greenhouse experiment modified these observations. This inoculum helped to improve wheat development but also the seed quality of some varieties, demonstrating both the importance of the plant genome in the beneficial expression of the symbiosis and the impossibility of indigenous mycorrhizal fungi to ensure optimal development of symbiosis. The previously observed field varietal effect was confirmed even after adding an exogenous inoculum as, excepted for one variety, inoculation has improved yield. This was especially noticeable in the variety that was most productive, stressing the importance to develop crossing strategies to increase the wheat response to mycorrhiza.

Работа посвящена изучению микоризации и содержанию углерода и азота в тонких корнях травянистых растений на самозарастающих участках золоотвалов ВТГРЭС и СУГРЭС в сравнении с естественными сообществами. Встречаемость микоризы, корневых волосков и темных септированных эндофитов (ТСЭ) изучали методом световой микроскопии (Leica DM 5000B, Германия, × 100–200) после предварительной мацерации корней в КОН и окрашивания анилиновым голубым [Селиванов, 1981]. Содержание общего N и C определяли на CHNS-O анализаторе EURO EA-3000 CHN. Результаты исследований показали наличие арбускулярной микоризы с гифами, везикулами и арбускулами у всех изученных видов травянистых растений. Развитие микоризы, встречаемость ТСЭ и корневых волосков зависело от местообитания. Микориза менее развита у видов золоотвала СУГРЭС. На золоотвале ВТГРЭС у растений чаще встречались корневые волоски, а мицелий ТСЭ был лучше развит в корнях растений естественных сообществ. Анализ содержания углерода (С) и азота (N) в тонких корнях показал, что содержание N зависело от таксономического положения растения. Больше всего N в корнях бобовых растений. У небобовых двудольных N в корнях большем, чем у однодольных растений. Содержание N сильно варьировало в разных фитоценозах и у лесных видов N в корнях было выше, чем у луговых видов. Концентрация С в корнях зависела от местообитания и была выше у растений золоотвала ВТГРЭС и естественных сообществ по сравнению с золоотвалом СУГРЭС. Содержание N в тонких корнях сопоставимо на всех участках. Материал диссертации получен в результате работы научного коллектива в ходе выполнения проекта РФФИ (грант 18-04-00714). Магистрантом лично получены данные по микоризообразованию травянистых видов на золоотвале СУГРЭС, а также подготовлены пробы для анализа содержания С и N в тонких корнях растений. Данная выпускная работа содержит 35 страниц машинописного текста, включает 14 рисунков, 2 таблицы, 105 источников литературы, в том числе 57 иностранных. / The work is devoted to the study of mycorrhization and the content of carbon and nitrogen in the thin roots of herbaceous plants in the self-growing sections of VtSDPP and SuSDPP ash dumps in comparison with natural communities. The occurrence of mycorrhiza, root hairs, and dark septic endophytes (TSE) was studied by light microscopy (Leica DM 5000B, Germany, × 100–200) after preliminary maceration of the roots in KOH and staining with aniline blue [Selivanov, 1981]. The content of total N and C was determined on a CHNS-O analyzer EURO EA-3000 CHN. The results of the studies showed the presence of arbuscular mycorrhiza with hyphae, vesicles, and arbuscules in all studied species of herbaceous plants. The development of mycorrhiza, the occurrence of TSE and root hairs depended on the habitat. Mycorrhiza is less developed in species of the ash dump of SuSDPP. Root hairs were more common in plants at VtSDPP ash dump, and TSE mycelium was better developed in plant roots of natural communities. Analysis of the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content in thin roots showed that the N content depended on the taxonomic position of the plant. Most N in the roots of legumes. In non- leguminous dicotyledonous N, the roots are larger than in monocotyledonous plants. N content varied greatly in different phytocenoses and in forest species N in the roots was higher than in meadow species. The concentration of C in the roots depended on the habitat and was higher in plants of the VtSDPP ash dump and natural communities compared with the SuSDPP ash dump. The content of N in thin roots is comparable in all areas. The dissertation material was obtained as a result of the work of the research team during the implementation of the RFBR project (grant 18-04-00714). The graduate student personally obtained data on the mycorrhiza formation of herbaceous species in the ash dump of SUGRES, as well as prepared samples for analysis of the content of C and N in the thin roots of plants. This work contains 35 pages of typewritten text, includes 14 figures, 2 tables, 105 sources of literature.

Dans son environnement, la plante interagit sans cesse avec des microorganismes. Elle est confrontée à une variété de microorganismes bénéfiques, neutres ou pathogènes, qui sont fortement dépendants des ressources carbonées que la plante libère dans le sol, leur conférant ainsi un apport de nutriments et d’énergie nécessaire à leur développement. La mycorhize à arbuscules est une symbiose mutualiste formée par 80% des plantes terrestres datant de l’Ordovicien, i.e. environ 450 millions d’années avant notre ère. L’ensemble des travaux de recherche présenté au sein de ce manuscrit, s’inscrit dans le cadre de deux objectifs généraux : (i) acquérir une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes à l’origine des relations trophiques chez la plante mycorhizée, et (ii) étudier l’impact de la mycorhization sur la production végétale tant en terme de quantité que de qualité. Nous avons étudié la réponse à la mycorhization de variétés anciennes de blé afin d’appréhender s’il existait une différence dans un environnement semi-contrôlé (serres) ou dans un environnement non contrôlées (champ), et/ou en fonction de la communauté de champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules présente. Nos résultats ont mis en évidence que la mycorhization et la nature des champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires endogènes peuvent influer sur le rendement au stade tallage, même chez des variétés de blé ayant une faible capacité mycorhizogène. Nous avons aussi illustré l’importance de bien choisir les critères utilisés pour mesurer ce gain éventuel. Dans un deuxième axe de recherche nous nous sommes intéressés à l’impact de la mycorhize à arbuscules sur le développement de la tomate Micro-Tom, et les échanges trophiques au cours de l’interaction. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence, grâce à une analyse multivariée, à la fois des différences de comportement parmi les plantes particulièrement aux stades fruit vert mature et fruit rouge mature selon la nature des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules présents, et des potentiels phénomènes d’interaction entre deux souches de champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules; nos résultats confirmant que les arbuscules ne sont pas les seules sites d’échanges dans la mycorhize à arbuscules. Le troisième axe de ce travail a porté sur l’impact potentiel des méthodes de production de semences de variétés anciennes de tomate en condition de sécheresse, à la fois sur la communauté endogène de champignons mycorhiziens au champ, sur la tolérance de la plante au stress hydrique et sur la production végétale en terme de rendement et de qualité des fruits. Le site d’expérimentation se situait au Potager de santé (ferme de production de semences gérée par Pascal Poot). Nos résultats ne montrent aucune différence, en conditions de stress hydrique au champ, entre des variétés cultivées régulièrement sur ce site et des variétés commerciales. Alors, on peut se demander si d’autres facteurs liés au site d’exploitation, tels que les microorganismes interagissant avec les racines de la plante pourraient être à l’origine de la tolérance accrue au stress hydrique. Des travaux sont en cours au laboratoire pour étudier cette hypothèse. L’ensemble de ces travaux ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles recherches visant à élucider les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la régulation des échanges trophiques au cours de la mycorhize à arbuscules et à la valorisation des services écosystémiques rendus par la mycorhize à arbuscules au champ. / In its environment, the plant interacts constantly with microorganisms. It is confronted with a variety of beneficial, neutral or pathogenic microorganisms, which are highly dependent on the carbon resources that the plant releases into the soil, giving them a supply of nutrients and energy necessary for their development. The arbuscular mycorrhiza is a mutualistic symbiosis formed by 80% of terrestrial plants from the Ordovician period, i.e. about 450 million years ago. The research presented in this manuscript was focused on two main goals: (i) to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying trophic relationships in the mycorrhizal plant, and (ii) to study the impact of mycorhization on plant production, both in terms of quantity and quality. We investigated the mycorrhizal response of wheat landraces in order to understand if there were differences in a semi-controlled environment (greenhouses) or in an uncontrolled environment (field), and / or depending on the community of mycorrhizal fungi. Our results showed that mycorrhization and the nature of endogenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can affect yield, even in wheat varieties with low mycorrhizal ability. We also highlighted the importance of choosing the criteria used to measure this potential gain. In a second line of research, we were interested in the impact of arbuscular mycorrhiza on the development of Micro-Tom tomato, and the trophic exchanges during the interaction. Multivariate analysis revealed behavioral differences between plants at mature green fruit and red ripening stages depending on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal strain, as well as potential interaction event between two arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus trains. Our results confirm that the arbuscules are not the only sites of exchange in arbuscular mycorrhiza. The third axis of this work focused on the potential impact of seed production methods of ancient tomato varieties in drought condition, both on the endogenous community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the field, on the tolerance of the plant to water stress and on crop production in terms of fruit yield and quality. The experimental site was located in the Potager de santé (seed farm managed by Pascal Poot). Our results show no difference, under conditions of water stress in the field, between varieties regularly cultivated on this site and commercial varieties. Then, one may wonder if other factors related to the exploitation site, such as the beneficial microorganisms interacting with the roots of the plants could be at the origin of the increased tolerance to water stress. Work is underway in the laboratory to study this hypothesis. All of this work paves the way for new research aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of trophic exchanges during arbuscular mycorrhizae and the valuation of the ecosystem services rendered by arbuscular mycorrhizae in the field.

The Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is an endosymbiont of higher plant roots. Most land plants and cultivated crops are concerned to AM symbiosis. This endosymbiosis is based on the mutual exchange of nutrients between plant and fungus. Therefore, AM symbiosis leads to an increased demand for photosynthetic products. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathway used by plants during AM symbiosis to increase photosynthetic performance. Therefore, we have carried out a systematic characterization of photosynthesis in Medicago truncatula (M. truncatula), which is a model legume. We observed colonization by the fungus in roots and that AM symbiosis increases the fresh and dry plant biomass. This could be attributed to an increase in both photosynthetic efficiency and capacity in AM plants. Consistent with these observations, AM symbiosis enhanced phosphorus uptake from the soil into roots, stems and leaves, as based on analyses of phosphorus content. Based on equal chl loading, no differences were found regarding D1, Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 protein content in four plant groups. This indicates similar ratio between chl and PSII proteins. Furthermore, AM symbiosis increases the amount of chlorophyll, steady state oxygen evolution activities, maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), and photosynthetic electron transport rate (about 5 fold). Nevertheless, photoprotection was not affected by AM symbiosis. We observed an increase in weight of seed/fruit and weight of seed/plant in AM plants (about 2 fold). Based on these results, we propose that AM symbiosis increases both the efficiency and the capacity of photosynthetic apparatus in the M. truncatula.