Orientador: Vanessa Gomes da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T17:54:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Delbin_Simone_M.pdf: 10464476 bytes, checksum: 61cbf976e94f0f8bce337aa955688411 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Nos cursos de graduação de Arquitetura e Urbanismo no Brasil, conforto ambiental, eficiência energética e projeto arquitetônico são normalmente tratados como áreas distintas de conhecimento, o que se reflete na qualidade ambiental e no consumo energético dos ambientes construídos. Fica clara então a necessidade de inserção de alguma ferramenta ou método que possa ser aplicado em ensino e acabe com a lacuna entre tópicos teóricos de conforto ambiental e a prática de projeto. Como uma tentativa de mudar este quadro, propõe-se um método de ensino de simulação de conforto ambiental de edifícios que possa ser utilizado em cursos graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo. O primeiro passo do trabalho foi selecionar uma ferramenta adequada à simulação de conforto térmico e eficiência energética para as primeiras fases de projeto e de fácil utilização em ensino. Adaptou-se a metodologia de projeto típica para utilização em ensino. Um arquivo climático para Campinas foi então selecionado. Como pré-teste, foi realizado um experimento com alunos do curso de graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Unicamp. Os projetos elaborados pelos alunos durante uma disciplina de projeto foram simulados como em uma consultoria. Os alunos envolvidos no experimento foram acompanhados durante a disciplina de projeto seguinte. Uma disciplina dedicada à utilização de uma ferramenta de simulação foi elaborada, com base em estudos de outras metodologias de ensino de simulação. A disciplina foi oferecida como eletiva aos alunos da graduação do curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Unicamp, a fim de testar a resposta dos alunos à ferramenta e de definir o melhor momento para inserção no currículo. A disciplina foi dividida em dois blocos: o primeiro, revisou conceitos de conforto e os introduziu no contexto do programa de simulação previamente selecionado (ECOTECT). Além disso, foram apresentados os fundamentos da metodologia de simulação (simplificação do modelo, zoneamento do edifício e etapas do processo de simulação). Neste período, os alunos desenvolveram pequenas simulações a cada aula. No segundo bloco de aulas, os alunos realizaram duas simulações mais complexas. Os resultados desta disciplina demonstram que os alunos aprenderam os comandos do programa com facilidade, porém prevalece alguma dificuldade com a simplificação do modelo e escolha dos materiais construtivos. A disciplina de simulação próxima ou no mesmo semestre que a primeira disciplina de conforto térmico, pode auxiliar na fixação do conteúdo aprendido e na utilização de simuladores nas disciplinas seguintes de conforto, maximizando o benefício de utilização destas ferramentas de projeto / Abstract: In architectural design teaching at undergraduate fevel in Brazil, environmental comfort and energy efficiency have been traditionally kept as separate knowledge domains, which reflect on the poor quality and high consumption of the built environment. It is proved then the necessity of insertion of a methodology or tools to be applied in education. As a way to overcome these problems, this research aims to establish a building simulation teaching methodology. Building simulation provides better design solutions and outcomes in energy efficiency designo Besldes, it consolidates the acquired knowledge and test concepts on student's designs. As a first step for the development of this research a tool was selected, then the typical simulation methodology was adapted for teaching purposes. A climatic data file for Campinas was also selected. As a preparation, an experimental research was carried out in the specific design discipline dedicated to thermal comfort and bio-climatic architecture. Students had their design similated in a consultancy formal The students involvedin the experiment were followed in the next design studio. The first outcome showed that a computerized design studio is necessary for this issue. A discipline dedicated to teaching building simulation was elaborated based on traditional building simulation teaching methodology. It was offered as an elective discipline to undergraduate students of the Architectural course at Unicamp, as a way to test students with the simulation toei afld to define when to introduce simulation into the curriculum. Students enrolled in the simulation course were interested in learning practical methods to analyze their projects. The course was based on two major blocks. The first one revisedcomfort subjects and also introduced students to the previous selected simulation toei (ECOTECT) and the simulation methodology (modeling, zoning, steps of the simulation process). In this period, students carried out simple simulations in each dass. During the second block they developed two more complex simulations. The results of this course indicated that students learned easily how to operate the simulation tool, but did not internaHze comfort concept and therefore had some difficulty on handling model simplification and choosing material data. A major reason appears to be lack of request implementation of comfort concepts in subsequent design studios. The simulation course should be at the same semester students are exposed to comfort concepts, or very dose to it. These way students would be capable of using the toei to help on learning comfort issues, and also use it in the following comfort disciplines / Mestrado / Edificações / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Dans une époque de changements des moyens de représentation et communication en architecture, cette recherche porte sur l’enseignement de la conception architecturale et plus spécifiquement sur l’apport que l’informatique pourrait avoir dans ce processus. En nous basant sur une méthodologie qualitative, exploratoire et participative, nous y procédons par enchainement de questions, celle de départ étant la suivante: Comment l’enseignement de la conception architecturale pourrait tirer avantage des moyens numériques? Notre objectif est de proposer des méthodes et des outils d’apprentissage aux étudiants en architecture pour enrichir leurs démarches de conception grâce à l’ordinateur. Après une revue de la littérature dans le domaine, et un approfondissement de l’étude sur le rôle des référents architecturaux et sur la conception intégrée, nous avons procédé à une observation exploratoire du travail des étudiants en atelier d’architecture. Ces premières étapes de la recherche ont permis de dégager des discordances entre les positions théoriques et la pratique en l’atelier, pour concrétiser ultérieurement la question de recherche. Dans le but de discerner des méthodes efficaces et innovatrices pour répondre aux discordances identifiées, nous avons engagé une étude de la littérature sur les théories cognitives par rapport aux connaissances, l’apprentissage et la conception. Certaines stratégies ont pu être définies, notamment la nécessité de représentation multimodale des référents architecturaux, l’importance de représenter le processus et non seulement le résultat, ainsi que l’avantage d’inciter les étudiants à travailler dans leur ‘zone proximale’ de développement. Suite à ces recherches, une méthode d’enseignement complémentaire a été définie. Elle propose aux étudiants des explorations de l’objet en conception basées sur la manipulation des savoir-faire architecturaux. Cette méthode a été opérationnalisée d’un point de vue pédagogique ainsi que didactique et mise à l’épreuve auprès des étudiants en atelier. Un prototype de librairie de référents architecturaux interactifs (LibReArchI) a été créé dans ce but. Elle a été conçue en tant qu’environnement de conception et espace de partage de savoir-faire entre étudiants et enseignants. Les principaux résultats de cette recherche démontrent le rôle positif de la méthode proposée pour le transfert des savoir-faire architecturaux lors de l’apprentissage en atelier. Son potentiel d’assister la conception intégrée et de stimuler l’émergence d’idées a été constaté. Au niveau théorique, un modèle d’un cycle du processus de design avec le numérique a été esquissé. En conclusion, des avenues de développements futurs de cette recherche sont proposées. / Conducted in a period of transition in the representation and communication strategies in architecture, the present research focuses on architectural design teaching and especially on the contributions of digital means to this process. Based on a qualitative methodology, including participative and exploratory approaches, this research evolved around a progression of questions, the first one being “How could architectural design teaching take advantage of digital technologies?” Our objective was to define computer-assisted teaching methods and digital devices that could enrich the students’ design methods. A starting point of the research was a comprehensive literature review of the domain, including in-depth studies of the role of architectural referents in the design learning process, as well as of the integrated design approaches. The findings from these theoretical studies were then confronted with evidence from observations of the students’ design processes when working on a small architectural task. This revealed some discrepancies between the theoretical positions and the teaching practices in the digital architectural studio. The research question was precised in consequence, in order to address them. Specifically, the present research proposes efficient and innovative methods for resolving the discrepancies between theory and teaching practice, based on cognitive aspects of the underlying processes. Focusing on theories of knowledge, learning and design process, we were able to identify some pertinent cognitive strategies for attaining the objectives of this research, namely the necessity for multimodal representation of referents, the importance of representing the process and not only the result, as well as the advantage of motivating the students to work in their ‘zone of proximal development’. As a result of these studies, a complementary design teaching method was defined. It incites the students to perform design explorations based on manipulations of architectural know-how during the conceptual phase of the project. Pedagogic and didactic strategies for the implementation of this method were developed. A prototype of a library of interactive architectural referents (LibReArchI) was created in order to enrich the students’ ‘design space’ and to serve as shared resource between students and tutors. The main results from this research show a positive role of the proposed design teaching method for architectural know-how learning in the digital studio. It was found that this method has the potential to assist some integrated design strategies and to stimulate the generation of ideas. At the theoretical level, we propose a model of one cycle of the conceptual process when performed with digital means. In conclusion, some limitations of the research are mentioned and perspectives for its future development are drawn.

Dans une époque de changements des moyens de représentation et communication en architecture, cette recherche porte sur l’enseignement de la conception architecturale et plus spécifiquement sur l’apport que l’informatique pourrait avoir dans ce processus. En nous basant sur une méthodologie qualitative, exploratoire et participative, nous y procédons par enchainement de questions, celle de départ étant la suivante: Comment l’enseignement de la conception architecturale pourrait tirer avantage des moyens numériques? Notre objectif est de proposer des méthodes et des outils d’apprentissage aux étudiants en architecture pour enrichir leurs démarches de conception grâce à l’ordinateur. Après une revue de la littérature dans le domaine, et un approfondissement de l’étude sur le rôle des référents architecturaux et sur la conception intégrée, nous avons procédé à une observation exploratoire du travail des étudiants en atelier d’architecture. Ces premières étapes de la recherche ont permis de dégager des discordances entre les positions théoriques et la pratique en l’atelier, pour concrétiser ultérieurement la question de recherche. Dans le but de discerner des méthodes efficaces et innovatrices pour répondre aux discordances identifiées, nous avons engagé une étude de la littérature sur les théories cognitives par rapport aux connaissances, l’apprentissage et la conception. Certaines stratégies ont pu être définies, notamment la nécessité de représentation multimodale des référents architecturaux, l’importance de représenter le processus et non seulement le résultat, ainsi que l’avantage d’inciter les étudiants à travailler dans leur ‘zone proximale’ de développement. Suite à ces recherches, une méthode d’enseignement complémentaire a été définie. Elle propose aux étudiants des explorations de l’objet en conception basées sur la manipulation des savoir-faire architecturaux. Cette méthode a été opérationnalisée d’un point de vue pédagogique ainsi que didactique et mise à l’épreuve auprès des étudiants en atelier. Un prototype de librairie de référents architecturaux interactifs (LibReArchI) a été créé dans ce but. Elle a été conçue en tant qu’environnement de conception et espace de partage de savoir-faire entre étudiants et enseignants. Les principaux résultats de cette recherche démontrent le rôle positif de la méthode proposée pour le transfert des savoir-faire architecturaux lors de l’apprentissage en atelier. Son potentiel d’assister la conception intégrée et de stimuler l’émergence d’idées a été constaté. Au niveau théorique, un modèle d’un cycle du processus de design avec le numérique a été esquissé. En conclusion, des avenues de développements futurs de cette recherche sont proposées. / Conducted in a period of transition in the representation and communication strategies in architecture, the present research focuses on architectural design teaching and especially on the contributions of digital means to this process. Based on a qualitative methodology, including participative and exploratory approaches, this research evolved around a progression of questions, the first one being “How could architectural design teaching take advantage of digital technologies?” Our objective was to define computer-assisted teaching methods and digital devices that could enrich the students’ design methods. A starting point of the research was a comprehensive literature review of the domain, including in-depth studies of the role of architectural referents in the design learning process, as well as of the integrated design approaches. The findings from these theoretical studies were then confronted with evidence from observations of the students’ design processes when working on a small architectural task. This revealed some discrepancies between the theoretical positions and the teaching practices in the digital architectural studio. The research question was precised in consequence, in order to address them. Specifically, the present research proposes efficient and innovative methods for resolving the discrepancies between theory and teaching practice, based on cognitive aspects of the underlying processes. Focusing on theories of knowledge, learning and design process, we were able to identify some pertinent cognitive strategies for attaining the objectives of this research, namely the necessity for multimodal representation of referents, the importance of representing the process and not only the result, as well as the advantage of motivating the students to work in their ‘zone of proximal development’. As a result of these studies, a complementary design teaching method was defined. It incites the students to perform design explorations based on manipulations of architectural know-how during the conceptual phase of the project. Pedagogic and didactic strategies for the implementation of this method were developed. A prototype of a library of interactive architectural referents (LibReArchI) was created in order to enrich the students’ ‘design space’ and to serve as shared resource between students and tutors. The main results from this research show a positive role of the proposed design teaching method for architectural know-how learning in the digital studio. It was found that this method has the potential to assist some integrated design strategies and to stimulate the generation of ideas. At the theoretical level, we propose a model of one cycle of the conceptual process when performed with digital means. In conclusion, some limitations of the research are mentioned and perspectives for its future development are drawn.