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A utilização de enxaguatórios bucais é um recurso importante na manutenção da saúde oral, uma vez que esta pode suprir as limitações da higienização tradicional mecânica, devido ao maior acesso às bactérias do biofilme dental. Em função de sua fácil utilização, palatabilidade e poder de refrescância, os enxaguatórios podem ser considerados um produto de fácil adesão, sendo especialmente importantes na manutenção da saúde bucal de usuários com menor destreza ou impossibilidade de realizar uma escovação adequada. Entre os diversos componentes ativos que podem estar presentes nos enxaguatório bucais estão os constituintes de óleos essenciais como mentol, eucaliptol e timol. Uma grande vantagem da utilização de óleos essenciais em produtos para saúde bucal é a existência de uma gama de propriedades biológicas e organolépticas que os mesmos podem conferir às formulações, uma vez que podem atuar como agentes antimicrobianos, inibidores da produção de ácidos e sulfetos voláteis por bactérias orais, antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórios, aromatizantes e flavorizantes simultaneamente. Dessa forma, formulações contendo óleos essenciais podem ser potenciais agentes na prevenção e tratamento das afecções bucais mais comuns como a cárie dental, placa, tártaro, gengivite, periodontite e halitose. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo inicial realizar um estudo comparativo das atividades antimicrobianas e anticariogênicas dos óleos essenciais de Cymbopogon citratus, Illicium verum, Zingiber officinale, Eucalyptus globulus, Tithonia diversifolia e Aldama arenaria, por meio da determinação de suas concentrações inibitórias mínimas (CIM) e concentrações bactericidas mínimas (CBM) e através da medida potenciométrica do pH de suspensões bacterianas, as quais foram tratadas com concentrações seriadas dos óleos essenciais. Entre os componentes voláteis analisados, o óleo essencial das inflorescências de A. arenaria demonstrou-se o mais promissor, apresentando-se ativo contra S. mutans (CIM = 15,6 ?g/mL e CBM = 62,5 ?g/mL) e S. mitis (CIM = 31,2 ?g/mL e CBM = 31,2 ?g/mL) e moderadamente ativo contra L. casei (CIM = 125?g/mL e CBM = 250 ?g/mL) e S. salivarius (CIM = 250 ?g/mL e CBM = 250 ?g/mL). A concentração capaz de inibir 50% da produção de ácidos orgânicos por S. mutans foi de 26,5 ?g/mL. Este óleo essencial foi caracterizado quimicamente e avaliado quanto à sua segurança para incorporação em produtos de higiene bucal. Os principais componentes majoritários identificados foram os sesquiterpenos carotol (12,67%), falcarinol (6,71%) e espatulenol (5,48%). Quanto à citotoxicidade, não foi observado efeito anti-proliferativo do óleo essencial em fibroblastos gengivais humanos tratados com concentrações iguais ou menores que 250 ?g/mL, após 30 minutos de exposição. Assim, esta concentração de óleo essencial foi escolhida para ser veiculada na microemulsão de enxaguatório bucal. A microemulsão obtida apresentou-se como um sistema translúcido e estável, de densidade relativa 1,22 g/mL, viscosidade de 2,28 cP, tamanho de gotícula 24,96 nm, condutividade 1.246,67 ?S/cm e pH final igual a 6,56. Embora o sistema da microemulsão tenha sido caracterizado como físico-quimicamente estável, por meio de análise cromatográfica foi possível constatar que óleo não se encontrava homogeneamente disperso no sistema. Considerando a não homogeneidade da formulação e, visando determinar o real potencial do óleo essencial, optou-se por avaliar seu efeito isoladamente sobre o biofilme de S. mutans. Em concentrações equivalentes a 250 e ii 1.000 ?g/mL, o óleo essencial não apresentou atividade inibitória sobre o crescimento e a produção de ácidos dos micro-organismos sésseis. No entanto, a atividade significativa contra a proliferação e a produção de ácidos orgânicos de S. mutans planctônico, o qual é considerado um dos principais iniciadores do processo de formação da cárie e do próprio biofilme, abrem perspectivas para a aplicação dos constituintes deste óleo essencial em formulações de enxaguatórios bucais. / The use of mouthwashes are an important resource in maintaining oral health as it can overcome the limitations of traditional mechanical cleaning because of their greater access to bacterial biofilm. Due to their ease of use, palatability and freshness, mouthwashes are considered as products of easy adhesibility, being especially important in maintaining oral health of users with less dexterity or inability to perform a proper teeth brushing. Among the several active components which may compose mouthwashes are the constituents from essential oils such as menthol, eucalyptol and thymol. A major advantage of the use of essential oils in oral health products is the range of biological and organoleptic properties that can be confered to the formulations, once these oils can work as antimicrobials that inhibit the production of acids and volatile sulfides by oral bacteria, also as antioxidants, antiinflammatory and flavoring agents simultaneously. Thus, essential oil containing formulations can work for preventing and treating the most common oral diseases such as dental caries, plaque, tartar, gingivitis, periodontitis and halitosis. The initial goal of the present work was to conduct a comparative study of antimicrobial and anticariogenic activities of essential oils extracted from Cymbopogon citratus, Illicium verum, Zingiber officinale, Eucalyptus globulus, Tithonia diversifolia and Aldama arenaria, by determining their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) and by the potentiometric measurement of the pH from bacterial suspensions treated with serial essential oils concentrations. Among the volatile compounds analyzed, the essential oil from A. arenaria inflorescences was considered the most promising, for being active against S. mutans (MIC = 15.6 ?g/ml and MBC = 62.5 ?g/ml) and S. mitis (MIC = 31.2 ?g/ml and MBC = 31.2 ?g/ml) and moderately active against L. casei (MIC = 125 ?g/mL and CBM = 250 ?g/ml) and S. salivarius (MIC = 250 ?g/ml and MBC = 250 ?g/ml). The concentration that inhibits 50% of organic acids production by S. mutans was determined as 26.5 ?g/mL. This essential oil was chemically characterized and evaluated about its safety for incorporation in oral hygiene products. The major identified constituents were the sesquiterpenes carotol (12.67%), falcarinol (6.71%) and spathulenol (5.48 %). The essential oil displayed no anti-proliferative effects against human gingival fibroblasts treated during 30 minutes with concentrations up to 250 ?g/mL. Thus, this concentration of essential oil was chosen to be conveyed in the microemulsion mouthwash. The microemulsion was characterized as a translucent and stable system, with 1.22 g/ml relative density, 2.28 cP viscosity, 24.96 nm droplet size, 1246.67 ?S/cm of conductivity and final pH 6.56. Although characterized as a physical-chemically stable system, through a chromatograph analysis it was found that the oil was not homogeneously dispersed in the system. Considering the inhomogeneity of the formulation and, in order to determine the real potential of the essential oil, it was decided to evaluate the isolated effect of the oil against S. mutans biofilm. The essential oil displayed no inhibitory activity on the growth and acid production of sessile microorganisms at concentrations equal to 250 and 1,000 ?g/mL. However, the significant activity against proliferation and organic acid production of planktonic S. mutans, which is considered one of the main initiators of dental caries process and biofilms,indicated good perspectives for its constituents application in mouthwashes formulations.

A utilização de enxaguatórios bucais é um recurso importante na manutenção da saúde oral, uma vez que esta pode suprir as limitações da higienização tradicional mecânica, devido ao maior acesso às bactérias do biofilme dental. Em função de sua fácil utilização, palatabilidade e poder de refrescância, os enxaguatórios podem ser considerados um produto de fácil adesão, sendo especialmente importantes na manutenção da saúde bucal de usuários com menor destreza ou impossibilidade de realizar uma escovação adequada. Entre os diversos componentes ativos que podem estar presentes nos enxaguatório bucais estão os constituintes de óleos essenciais como mentol, eucaliptol e timol. Uma grande vantagem da utilização de óleos essenciais em produtos para saúde bucal é a existência de uma gama de propriedades biológicas e organolépticas que os mesmos podem conferir às formulações, uma vez que podem atuar como agentes antimicrobianos, inibidores da produção de ácidos e sulfetos voláteis por bactérias orais, antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórios, aromatizantes e flavorizantes simultaneamente. Dessa forma, formulações contendo óleos essenciais podem ser potenciais agentes na prevenção e tratamento das afecções bucais mais comuns como a cárie dental, placa, tártaro, gengivite, periodontite e halitose. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo inicial realizar um estudo comparativo das atividades antimicrobianas e anticariogênicas dos óleos essenciais de Cymbopogon citratus, Illicium verum, Zingiber officinale, Eucalyptus globulus, Tithonia diversifolia e Aldama arenaria, por meio da determinação de suas concentrações inibitórias mínimas (CIM) e concentrações bactericidas mínimas (CBM) e através da medida potenciométrica do pH de suspensões bacterianas, as quais foram tratadas com concentrações seriadas dos óleos essenciais. Entre os componentes voláteis analisados, o óleo essencial das inflorescências de A. arenaria demonstrou-se o mais promissor, apresentando-se ativo contra S. mutans (CIM = 15,6 ?g/mL e CBM = 62,5 ?g/mL) e S. mitis (CIM = 31,2 ?g/mL e CBM = 31,2 ?g/mL) e moderadamente ativo contra L. casei (CIM = 125?g/mL e CBM = 250 ?g/mL) e S. salivarius (CIM = 250 ?g/mL e CBM = 250 ?g/mL). A concentração capaz de inibir 50% da produção de ácidos orgânicos por S. mutans foi de 26,5 ?g/mL. Este óleo essencial foi caracterizado quimicamente e avaliado quanto à sua segurança para incorporação em produtos de higiene bucal. Os principais componentes majoritários identificados foram os sesquiterpenos carotol (12,67%), falcarinol (6,71%) e espatulenol (5,48%). Quanto à citotoxicidade, não foi observado efeito anti-proliferativo do óleo essencial em fibroblastos gengivais humanos tratados com concentrações iguais ou menores que 250 ?g/mL, após 30 minutos de exposição. Assim, esta concentração de óleo essencial foi escolhida para ser veiculada na microemulsão de enxaguatório bucal. A microemulsão obtida apresentou-se como um sistema translúcido e estável, de densidade relativa 1,22 g/mL, viscosidade de 2,28 cP, tamanho de gotícula 24,96 nm, condutividade 1.246,67 ?S/cm e pH final igual a 6,56. Embora o sistema da microemulsão tenha sido caracterizado como físico-quimicamente estável, por meio de análise cromatográfica foi possível constatar que óleo não se encontrava homogeneamente disperso no sistema. Considerando a não homogeneidade da formulação e, visando determinar o real potencial do óleo essencial, optou-se por avaliar seu efeito isoladamente sobre o biofilme de S. mutans. Em concentrações equivalentes a 250 e ii 1.000 ?g/mL, o óleo essencial não apresentou atividade inibitória sobre o crescimento e a produção de ácidos dos micro-organismos sésseis. No entanto, a atividade significativa contra a proliferação e a produção de ácidos orgânicos de S. mutans planctônico, o qual é considerado um dos principais iniciadores do processo de formação da cárie e do próprio biofilme, abrem perspectivas para a aplicação dos constituintes deste óleo essencial em formulações de enxaguatórios bucais. / The use of mouthwashes are an important resource in maintaining oral health as it can overcome the limitations of traditional mechanical cleaning because of their greater access to bacterial biofilm. Due to their ease of use, palatability and freshness, mouthwashes are considered as products of easy adhesibility, being especially important in maintaining oral health of users with less dexterity or inability to perform a proper teeth brushing. Among the several active components which may compose mouthwashes are the constituents from essential oils such as menthol, eucalyptol and thymol. A major advantage of the use of essential oils in oral health products is the range of biological and organoleptic properties that can be confered to the formulations, once these oils can work as antimicrobials that inhibit the production of acids and volatile sulfides by oral bacteria, also as antioxidants, antiinflammatory and flavoring agents simultaneously. Thus, essential oil containing formulations can work for preventing and treating the most common oral diseases such as dental caries, plaque, tartar, gingivitis, periodontitis and halitosis. The initial goal of the present work was to conduct a comparative study of antimicrobial and anticariogenic activities of essential oils extracted from Cymbopogon citratus, Illicium verum, Zingiber officinale, Eucalyptus globulus, Tithonia diversifolia and Aldama arenaria, by determining their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) and by the potentiometric measurement of the pH from bacterial suspensions treated with serial essential oils concentrations. Among the volatile compounds analyzed, the essential oil from A. arenaria inflorescences was considered the most promising, for being active against S. mutans (MIC = 15.6 ?g/ml and MBC = 62.5 ?g/ml) and S. mitis (MIC = 31.2 ?g/ml and MBC = 31.2 ?g/ml) and moderately active against L. casei (MIC = 125 ?g/mL and CBM = 250 ?g/ml) and S. salivarius (MIC = 250 ?g/ml and MBC = 250 ?g/ml). The concentration that inhibits 50% of organic acids production by S. mutans was determined as 26.5 ?g/mL. This essential oil was chemically characterized and evaluated about its safety for incorporation in oral hygiene products. The major identified constituents were the sesquiterpenes carotol (12.67%), falcarinol (6.71%) and spathulenol (5.48 %). The essential oil displayed no anti-proliferative effects against human gingival fibroblasts treated during 30 minutes with concentrations up to 250 ?g/mL. Thus, this concentration of essential oil was chosen to be conveyed in the microemulsion mouthwash. The microemulsion was characterized as a translucent and stable system, with 1.22 g/ml relative density, 2.28 cP viscosity, 24.96 nm droplet size, 1246.67 ?S/cm of conductivity and final pH 6.56. Although characterized as a physical-chemically stable system, through a chromatograph analysis it was found that the oil was not homogeneously dispersed in the system. Considering the inhomogeneity of the formulation and, in order to determine the real potential of the essential oil, it was decided to evaluate the isolated effect of the oil against S. mutans biofilm. The essential oil displayed no inhibitory activity on the growth and acid production of sessile microorganisms at concentrations equal to 250 and 1,000 ?g/mL. However, the significant activity against proliferation and organic acid production of planktonic S. mutans, which is considered one of the main initiators of dental caries process and biofilms,indicated good perspectives for its constituents application in mouthwashes formulations.

Au stade de carcinome in situ, la tumeur mammaire peut être retirée chirurgicalement. mais, à des stades plus avancés, les cellules tumorales peuvent subir une transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse, devenir invasive et chimioresistante. Les produits naturels représentent la majorité de nos médicaments et La biodiversité marine, dont les micro-organismes, est à l'origine de plusieurs médicaments sur le marché, en oncologie. Notre stratégie consiste en la caractérisation de molécules extraites de 70 souches fongiques associées aux algues brunes. Les extraits bruts et les molécules sont selectionnées sur leur capacité à inhiber la prolifération et la migration des cellules tumorales. Un test de viabilité a mis en évidence un extrait issu d'une souche de Paradendryphiella arenaria, très actif sur la lignée épithéliale MCF7 (IC50 de 0.37 µg / mL) et la lignée invasive MCF7-Sh-WISP2 (0.19 µg /mL). La purification de son extrait a permis l'isolement de la hyalodendrine, très cytotoxique (IC50 de 0.07 µg / mL sur les mcf7 et 0.046 µg / mL sur les MCF7-Sh-WISP2), ainsi qu'un nouveau dérivé de pentanorlanostane et du methoxycarbonyl methyl cholate. L'étude du mécanisme d'action de la hyalodendrine a montre des modifications des protéines p53, HSP60, HSP70 et PRAS40. Parallèlement, un test de migration des cellules MCF7-Sh-WISP2 simplifié en plaque 96 puits, a identifié un extrait brut très actif mais non cytotoxique, de Penicillium echinatum. Les molecules de l'extrait one été etudiee de manière déréplicative par élaboration d'un réseau moléculaire. L'ensemble de ces résultats ont montré le fort potentiel thérapeutique de champignons marins par leurs activités anti-metastatiques. / At the in situ carcinoma stage, the breast tumor can be surgically removed. But at later stages, tumor cells can undergo an epithalial-mesenchymal transition, become invasive and chemoresistant. Natural products represent the vast majority of our drugs on the market, especially in oncotherapy. Our experimental strategy consists in isolating and characterizing molecules extracted from 70 fungal strains associated to brown algae. Crude extracts and molecules are then selected for their capacity to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and migration. A first viability assay highlited a crude extract derived from the fungus Paradendryphiella arenaria, very active against the epithelial cancer cell line MCF7 (IC50 of 0.37 µg / mL) and its invasive counterpart MCF7-Sh-WISP2 (0.19 µg / mL). The purification of its extract allowed the isolation of the very cytotoxic hyalodendrin (IC50 of 0.07 µg / mL on MCF7 and 0.046 µg / mL on MCF7-Sh-WISP2), as well as a new pentanorlanostan derivative and the methoxycarbonyl methyl cholate. The mechansim of action of the hyalodendrin revealed p53, HSP60, HSP70 and PRAS40 protein modifications. In parallel, a simplified 96 well plate migration assay let identify a very active but non cytotoxic crude extract, from Penicillium echinatum. The molecules of this extract were studied by dereplication using a molecular network. Together, these results showed the strong therapeutic potential of marine fungi trhough their anti-metastatic activities.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Biological Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2008. / Includes bibliographical references. / In this dissertation, I explored metapopulation dynamics and population connectivity, with a focus on the softshell clam, Mya arenaria. I first worked towards developing a method for using elemental signatures retained in the larval shell as a tag of natal habitat. I designed and implemented an experiment to determine whether existing methods commonly used for fishes would be applicable to bivalves. I found that the instrumentation and setup I used were not able to isolate and measure the first larval shell of M. arenaria. In concert with developing this method for bivalves, I reared larval M. arenaria in the laboratory under controlled conditions to understand the environmental and biological factors that may influence elemental signatures in shell. My results show that growth rate and age have significant effects on juvenile shell composition, and that temperature and salinity affect larval and juvenile shell composition in variable ways depending on the element evaluated. I also examined the regional patterns of diversity over the current distribution of M. arenaria using the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome oxidase I (COI). I found minimal variability across all populations sampled, suggesting a recent population expansion in the Northwest Atlantic. Finally, I employed theoretical approaches to understand patch dynamics in a two-patch metapopulation when one patch is of high quality and the other low quality. I developed a matrix metapopulation model and compared growth rate elasticity to patch parameters under variable migration scenarios. I then expanded the model to include stochastic disturbance. I found that in many cases, the spatial distribution of individuals within the metapopulation affects whether growth rate is most elastic to parameters in the good or bad patch. / by Carly A. Strasser. / Ph.D.

Host resistance has become a cornerstone of sustainable production of flue-cured tobacco in regions where root-knot nematodes present a threat to growers. Resistance to races 1 and 3 of M. incognita, historically the most significant root-knot nematode threat to tobacco production, is now widely available in commercially available flue-cured tobacco varieties, and is imparted by the gene Rk1. The same gene also provides resistance to race 1 of M. arenaria. The widespread deployment of this resistance has fostered a shift in root-knot nematode population dynamics, as a result of which M. arenaria race 2 has become the predominant root-knot nematode threat in Virginia. A second resistance gene known to impart resistance to M. javanica, Rk2, has also been incorporated into numerous released cultivars in combination with Rk1. This combination has been demonstrated to impart increased resistance to M. incognita and M. javanica relative to either gene alone. In the present work, eleven greenhouse trials conducted from 2017-2019, as well as two trials conducted in 2018 and 2019 on a cooperating farm, investigated the efficacy of this stacked resistance against M. arenaria race 2 and compared the effect of stacking both resistance genes to the effect of either gene alone relative to a susceptible cultivar. We also evaluated how these forms of resistance compare with resistance possessed by a breeding line with resistance reportedly derived from N. repanda to determine if additional, novel sources of resistance to root-knot nematodes previously identified from other species in the genus Nicotiana could play a role in expanding the genetic diversity of germplasm available for the refinement of host resistance in flue-cured tobacco. Additionally, in light of potential new rule making from the FDA mandating reduced nicotine content of cured tobacco leaf, we investigated the relationship between alkaloid (nicotine) content of flue-cured tobacco and root-knot nematode parasitism, while also evaluating nematode parasitism effects on carbohydrate content. Despite considerable variability in our results, particularly under field conditions, our results demonstrate that stacking Rk1 and Rk2 imparts greater resistance to M. arenaria race 2 than either gene alone, but that an entry possessing resistance reportedly derived from N. repanda exhibited significantly greater resistance to root-knot nematodes than the combination of Rk1 and Rk2 based on root galling, and egg mass and egg production. The alkaloid content of flue-cured tobacco did not appear to have an effect on root-knot nematode parasitism under greenhouse or field conditions, but the presence of the nematode did lead to increased accumulation of nicotine in the roots of plants, while translocation of nicotine to leaves was reduced. Conversely, root-knot nematode parasitism was reduced accumulation of carbohydrates in roots, while having no significant effects on leaf carbohydrate content. / Ph.D. / Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are microscopic round worms that can cause considerable damage to flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), and while not typically responsible for killing plants outright, can reduce the quality of cured tobacco leaf and may predispose plants to a host of other issues, resulting in challenges and economic burdens on growers. Chemicals that effectively control nematodes, which are animals, pose inherent threats to human applicators and may harm the environment in a number of ways, so the use of tobacco varieties that are resistant to root-knot nematodes is increasingly common and essential to sustainable tobacco production. One form of root-knot nematode resistance, called Rk1, has become common and is found in all commercially grown flue-cured tobacco. This form of resistance is effective against 2 ‘races’ of the root-knot nematode M. incognita, which has historically caused tobacco growers the most issues. However, because this resistance is so widely employed, growers have controlled these nematodes, while another species, M. arenaria, has become more prevalent, particularly ‘race’ 2, which is not controlled by Rk1. We know from previous research that another gene, Rk2, provides resistance to some root-knot nematode that Rk1 does not effect, and that combining both genes seems to provide even greater root-knot nematode control than either gene alone. We investigated whether Rk2 is effective at controlling M. arenaria race 2 when it is combined with Rk1 in greenhouse and field experiments. We also investigated how a different, novel type of resistance, which comes from a species of tobacco related to cultivated tobacco, compares with the Rk1/Rk2 resistance in greenhouse trials. Additionally, the FDA has recently suggested that nicotine levels in tobacco leaf should be dramatically reduced to help mitigate adverse human health consequences associated with tobacco consumption. Nicotine may play some role in resistance to root-knot nematode in tobacco, and conversely, root-knot nematodes may impact levels of nicotine, as well as other important chemical constituents of tobacco. We also investigated these questions in greenhouse and field experiments. Our results ultimately demonstrate that combining both Rk1 and Rk2 gives flue-cured tobacco a higher level of resistance to root-knot nematodes than either gene alone, but also suggests that the form of resistance we evaluated from a related Nicotiana species could be even more effective in controlling these nematodes. We observed that the amount of nicotine present in tobacco did not impact nematode parasitism, but that nematode parasitism could lead to lower levels of nicotine in the leaves of plants because the nematodes, which feed on plants roots, cause damage to the plant that interferes in the movement of nicotine from roots to leaves.

Utilizing resistant cultivars is a main control strategy for root-knot nematodes in flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Most commercial cultivars possess the Rk1 gene, providing resistance to races 1 and 3 of Meloidogyne incognita and race 1 of M. arenaria. This initiated a shift in root-knot populations to other species and races, creating a need for resistance to those populations. Numerous cultivars possess a second resistance gene, Rk2. Greenhouse experiments investigated whether possessing both Rk1 and Rk2 increases resistance to a variant of M. incognita race 3 compared to either gene alone, and if high soil temperatures impact their efficacy. Root galling, numbers of egg masses and eggs, and the reproductive index were compared from roots of Coker 371-Gold (susceptible), NC 95 and SC 72 (Rk1Rk1), T-15-1-1 (Rk2Rk2), and STNCB-2-28 and NOD 8 (Rk1Rk1 and Rk2Rk2). The same data were analyzed from plants in open-top root zone cabinet growth chambers set to 25ºC, 30ºC, and 35ºC to examine if resistance is temperature sensitive. Despite variability, Rk1Rk2 entries conferred greater resistance than entries with Rk1 or Rk2 alone. Entries with Rk1 alone reduced galling and reproduction compared to the susceptible control, whereas T-15-1-1 (Rk2) did not, but often suppressed reproduction. An apparent reduction in nematode reproduction was observed at 25ºC and 30ºC on entries possessing Rk1 and Rk1Rk2 compared to the control and Rk2. However, no apparent differences in reproduction occurred on Rk1 and/or Rk2 entries at 35ºC compared to the control, indicating parasitism increased on resistant entries at higher temperatures. / Master of Science in Life Sciences

When multiple predators foraging together have different individual consumption rates than predators foraging in isolation, they exhibit non-independent multiple predator effects on prey. I examined multiple predator effects in a system consisting of invasive green crabs (Carcinus maenas L.), native rock crabs (Cancer irroratus Say) and benthic macrofauna prey. First, I examined multiple predator effects when green crabs and rock crabs forage on soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria L.) in different habitat types (sand, sand with artificial seagrass) and assessed the behavioural mechanisms responsible for the observed predation effects. Independent multiple predator effects on prey were detected for most conspecific and heterospecific pairs in both habitat types. In general, crab foraging behaviours were not affected by the presence of another predator. Interactions between predators did not influence foraging behaviours because encounters were infrequent, short in duration and predominantly non-aggressive. A non-independent multiple predator effect on prey (marginally significant) was observed when green crabs foraged with rock crabs in artificial seagrass. This effect, however, could not be explained by the observed crab behaviours. Second, I investigated multiple predator effects when green crabs and rock crabs forage on a soft-sediment macrofauna community. Because crabs did not have significant predation effects on the community throughout the experiment, I did not evaluate multiple predator effects on prey. It is possible that crab predation was not important in regulating the macrofauna community, in which case multiple predator effects were non-existent. Predation may have been suppressed due to a combination of factors, including interactions between predators, harsh environmental conditions or a sub-optimal prey field. Alternatively, my ability to detect significant predation effects may have been hindered because of prey movement in and out of cages or low statistical power. Overall, results from this thesis demonstrate that multiple predator effects on prey may differ with habitat and highlights the importance of conducting behavioural observations to better understand interactions between predators and the resulting consequences for prey. Multiple predator effects on a soft-sediment community should be re-evaluated to assess the importance of these crab species in regulating benthic macrofauna under natural conditions.

Thesis (MScFor (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 1985. / Die ontstaan van waaisand langs die Suidwes-Kaapse kus en die geskiedenis van waaisandherwinning in die gebied word behandel. Die gebruik van Ammophila arenaria (marram) en A. breviligulata tydens die herwinning van waaisand in ander lande word bespreek. Verskillende metodes kan gebruik word om die resultate van die onderskeie behandelings op die groei van marramgras te bepaal.