Orientador: Antonio José Gomez Cobo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T04:45:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ganzaroli_DaianaRezende_M.pdf: 2594677 bytes, checksum: 083b3d18fb22abe80176433b885c8c2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A hidrogenação de compostos aromáticos tem sido muito estudada devido à sua ampla gama de aplicações industriais, bem como às restrições ambientais impostas por diversos países. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem o objetivo estudar os efeitos do pH de impregnação e da natureza do agente redutor sobre o desempenho de catalisadores de Ni e Ru suportados em ?-Al2O3, empregados na hidrogenação de tolueno em fase líquida. Para tanto, catalisadores foram preparados a partir de soluções aquosas dos precursores de NiCl3.6H2O e RuCl3.xH2O, através de impregnação úmida conduzida a pH constante entre 4 e 8. Durante a impregnação, catalisadores foram reduzidos a 353 K (80 ºC) em fase líquida, empregando-se formaldeído (H2CO) ou boroidreto de sódio (NaBH4) como agentes redutores. Os catalisadores de Ni e Ru também foram reduzidos sob fluxo de H2 a 773 e 573 K (500 e 300 ºC) respectivamente, após a impregnação úmida. O suporte foi caracterizado utilizando as técnicas de análise granulométrica, adsorção de N2 (método de B.E.T.) e titulação potenciométrica. As técnicas de MEV+EDX e XPS foram empregadas para determinar a composição química dos sólidos empregados, e a formação da fase ativa dos catalisadores foi estudada através de TPR. O desempenho dos catalisadores foi avaliado na reação de hidrogenação do tolueno em fase líquida, conduzida num reator Parr do tipo "slurry" à temperatura de 373 K (100 ºC) e sob pressão de H2 de 5 MPa (50 atm). Os resultados obtidos mostram que os catalisadores de Ru/Al2O3 são muito mais ativos que os catalisadores de Ni/Al2O3, sendo ainda seletivos para a obtenção do produto da hidrogenação parcial do tolueno (metilcicloexeno). A maior atividade dentre os catalisadores de Ni/Al2O3 é obtida para um pH de impregnação acima do ponto isoelétrico (pI) do suporte, igual a 6,2, utilizando-se o agente redutor H2CO. No caso dos catalisadores de Ru/Al2O3, o agente H2CO também leva às maiores atividades catalíticas, tendo-se o valor máximo para o pH igual ao pI do suporte. Já o maior rendimento de metilcicloexeno é obtido para o pH igual a 4. Os comportamentos catalíticos observados são analisados e discutidos à luz dos resultados da caracterização dos sólidos e da literatura técnica especializada / Abstract: The hydrogenation of aromatic compounds has been studied due to the wide range of industrial applications, as well as to environmental restrictions imposed by several countries. In this context, the present work aims to study the effects of the impregnation pH and the nature of the reducing agent on the performance of Ni and Ru catalysts supported on ?-Al2O3, employed for toluene hydrogenation in liquid phase. For this, catalysts were prepared from aqueous solution of NiCl3.6H2O and RuCl3.xH2O precursors by wet impregnation, conduced at constant pH between 4 and 8. During impregnation, catalysts were reduced at 353 K (80 ºC) in liquid phase, using formaldehyde (H2CO) or sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as reducing agents. The Ni and Ru catalysts were also reduced under H2 flow at 773 and 573 K (500 and 300 °C) respectively, after the wet impregnation. The support was characterized using the techniques of particle size, N2 adsorption (B.E.T. method) and potentiometric titration. The techniques of SEM+EDX and XPS were used to determine the chemical composition of the employed solids, and the formation of the catalysts active phase was studied by TPR. The catalysts performance were evaluated for toluene hydrogenation reaction in the liquid phase, carried out in a Parr reactor of the slurry type at the temperature of 373 K (100 ° C) and under H2 pressure of 5 MPa (50 atm). The results show that Ru/Al2O3 catalysts are much more active than the Ni/Al2O3 catalysts, and even selective for obtaining the product of the partial hydrogenation of toluene (methylcyclohexene). The highest activity among the Ni/Al2O3 catalysts is obtained by impregnation at pH above of the isoelectric point (pI) of the support, equal to 6.2, using the reducing agent H2CO. In the case of the Ru/Al2O3 catalysts, the H2CO agent also leads to higher catalytic activities, having a maximum value at pH equal to the support pI. However, the highest yield of methylcyclohexene is obtained at pH 4. The observed catalytic behaviors are analyzed and discussed in the light of the results of the characterization of solids and specialized technical literature / Mestrado / Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Mestra em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Antonio José Gomez Cobo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T13:34:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Suppino_RaphaelSoeiro_D.pdf: 5206972 bytes, checksum: 371cc5a8b519d6d7c42de22340b60b7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A hidrogenação de compostos aromáticos é uma reação química de grande interesse industrial. Diante das crescentes restrições à presença desses compostos em combustíveis, a hidrodesaromatização catalítica é um dos processos mais importantes nas refinarias. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar a hidrogenação de compostos aromáticos em fase líquida, empregando catalisadores à base de metais básicos (Fe, Co, Ni) e nobres (Ru, Pd, Pt) suportados em Al2O3 via impregnação úmida. Especificamente, buscou-se avaliar a influência da composição química, da redução sob H2 e do reuso de tais catalisadores sobre o desempenho catalítico. Catalisadores mono e bimetálicos foram preparados a partir de precursores clorados, através de coimpregnação úmida conduzida a 353 K (80 oC) e pH igual a 10. Durante a impregnação úmida, os sólidos foram reduzidos em fase líquida com formaldeído, sendo posteriormente reduzidos ex situ ou in situ sob H2. Os sólidos preparados foram caracterizados através das técnicas de titulação potenciométrica, adsorção de N2, espectroscopia de fotoelétrons excitados por raios X, microscopia eletrônica (varredura e transmissão) e redução à temperatura programada. O desempenho dos catalisadores foi avaliado na hidrogenação do tolueno e de uma mistura de aromáticos. As reações foram realizadas num reator Parr do tipo slurry, sob pressão de H2 de 5 MPa (50 atm) e à temperatura de 373 K (100 oC), com a adição de água e de solventes ao meio reacional. Na hidrogenação do tolueno, os catalisadores à base de Ru são muito mais ativos e seletivos ao produto da hidrogenação parcial (metilcicloexeno). O efeito da redução sob H2 sobre a atividade catalítica se mostra dependente da natureza do metal básico, enquanto os catalisadores à base de metais nobres têm a atividade diminuída. A adição de metal básico ao catalisador de Ru/Al2O3 também leva a uma diminuição da atividade, mas um efeito sinergético é obtido com a associação Ru-Pt. Para a mistura de aromáticos, a taxa de hidrogenação com o catalisador de Ru-Pt/Al2O3 segue a ordem: benzeno > tolueno > o-xileno > p-xileno. Nesse caso, a adição de solventes ao meio reacional e o reuso do catalisador diminuem a taxa de hidrogenação do benzeno e do tolueno, favorecendo a hidrogenação dos xilenos / Abstract: The hydrogenation of aromatic compounds is a chemical reaction of major industrial interest. Given the increasing restrictions on the presence of these compounds in fuels, the catalytic hydrodearomatization is one of the most important processes in refineries. In this context, the present work aims to study the hydrogenation of aromatic compounds in liquid phase employing catalysts based on base metals (Fe, Co, Ni) and noble metals (Ru, Pd, Pt) supported on Al2O3 by wet impregnation. Specifically, one has sought to evaluate the influence of the chemical composition, H2 reduction and reuse of the solids on its catalytic performances. Mono and bimetallic catalysts were prepared from chlorinated precursors by wet co-impregnation conducted at 353 K (80 °C) and pH of 10. During the wet impregnation, the solids were reduced with formaldehyde in liquid phase and subsequently reduced in situ or ex situ under H2. The prepared solids were characterized by potentiometric titration, N2 adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and temperature programmed reduction. Catalysts performances were evaluated for toluene and aromatics mixture hydrogenations. The reactions were performed in a "slurry" Parr reactor under H2 pressure of 5 MPa (50 atm) and at a temperature of 373 K (100 °C) with the addition of water and solvents to the multiphase reaction medium. For toluene hydrogenation, Ru-based catalysts are much more active and selective to the product of the partial hydrogenation (methylcyclohexene). The effect of H2 reduction on the catalytic activity is shown dependent on the nature of the base metal, while the noble metal catalysts have decreases its activities. The addition of base metal to the Ru/Al2O3 catalysts also leads to a decrease in activity, but a synergetic effect is obtained with the Pt-Ru association. For the aromatics mixture hydrogenation, the reaction rate to Ru-Pt/Al2O3 catalyst follows the order: benzene > toluene > o-xylene > p-xylene. In this case, the addition of solvents to the reaction medium, as well as the reuse of the catalyst decreases the benzene and toluene hydrogenation rates, favoring the xylenes hydrogenation / Doutorado / Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Lors de l’élevage des vins avec le bois de chêne, plusieurs molécules d’intérêts organoleptiques comme les ellagitanins (vescalagine, castalagine, roburines A, B, C, D, E et grandinine), sont extraites. Leurs concentrations dans le bois et le vin sont très variables et leurs cinétiques d’extraction au cours de l’élevage ainsi que leurs propriétés organoleptiques dans les vins sont mal connues. Dans le but de classifier chaque douelle pour fabriquer des barriques avec des indices en polyphénols (IP) totaux significativement différents, un système proche infrarouge (NIRS), Oakscan®, a été mis en place par la tonnellerie Radoux. Notre objectif était d’étudier l’influence de ce mode de classifications des bois au niveau de la composition moléculaire et organoleptique des vins. Dans un premier temps, la classification NIRS des bois de chêne a été confirmée par quantification des concentrations en ellagitanins totaux et moléculaire par HPLC-UV-MS. Une forte variabilité des concentrations en ellagitanins des bois est observée entre 5,95 et 32,91 mg d’équivalent acide ellagique/g de bois. De plus, la classification NIRS des bois se corrèle avec les analyses chimiques (p < 0,02%). Cette nouvelle méthode permet donc de fabriquer des barriques avec un IP moyen différent (IP : 11 à 70). Dans un second temps, des vins de différentes origines et cépages sont élevés dans les barriques classifiées. La cinétique des teneurs en ellagitanins montre l’influence de la classification des bois de chêne (p < 5%). En effet, dès les premiers mois d’élevage, une augmentation en ellagitanins jusqu’à un maximum est obtenue. Plus les bois sont riches, plus le maximum de concentration en ellagitanins des vins est élevé et décalé dans le temps. Puis, une lente diminution des concentrations en ellagitanins est observée. Les influences du grain et de la chauffe des bois ont également été analysées. La solubilisation dans les vins des composés aromatiques des bois de chêne classifiés par Oakscan® montre dans plusieurs cas que les teneurs en aldéhydes furaniques et en syringol impliqués dans les perceptions du fumé/grillé sont corrélées avec la classification NIRS et également avec l’IP des bois. Ainsi, un vin élevé au contact de bois riches en polyphénols possède des concentrations en arômes fumé/grillé plus importantes. Néanmoins, l’intensité de la chauffe a un rôle prépondérant sur les concentrations de ces arômes boisés. Parallèlement, les propriétés organoleptiques des vins élevés avec du bois de chêne à 6, 12, 18 ou 24 mois et testées par un jury entrainé, montrent des différences significatives corrélées à l’IP des barriques. Les vins élevés au contact des IP les plus importants sont significativement décrits comme plus boisés, fumés/grillés et épicé au nez. En bouche, l’amertume et l’astringence sont significativement plus importantes pour les vins élevés dans les barriques possédant les plus fortes concentrations en ellagitanins. A contrario, le fruité des vins, au nez et en bouche, est généralement noté comme moins important pour les vins élevés avec des barriques à IP le plus haut.L’influence de la classification des bois, en fonction de leurs grains et de leurs IP, sur la consommation en oxygène des vins rouges a été suivie grâce à une méthode innovante et non invasive. Les résultats montrent que 96% de l’oxygène dans le vin à T0 est consommé huit jours après entonnage. Des différences significatives (p < 0,01%), entre les vitesses de consommation de l’oxygène et l’IP ou le grain des barriques, sont observées. La vitesse de consommation d’oxygène augmente en corrélation de l’IP des barriques ou de la taille du grain. Ces résultats permettent d’envisager l’utilisation de méthodes de sélection non empiriques et fiables des bois de chêne en fonction de leurs grains ou de leurs concentrations en ellagitanins ce qui permet de fabriquer des barriques classifiées à l’aide de nos résultats conférant, au vin, des propriétés organoleptiques maîtrisées. / During the wine aging with oak wood, some compounds with interesting organoleptic properties such as ellagitannins (i.e., vescalagin, castalagin, roburins A, B, C, D, E and grandinin) are extracted. The ellagitannins concentrations in oak wood and wine are highly variable and their extractions kinetic during the aging as well as their organoleptic impacts on wines are poorly known and still unclear. In order to classify each stave according to their polyphenolics index (IP) before making the barrels, an infrared system (NIRS), Oakscan®, was develop by the tonnellerie Radoux. Our aim was to study the influence of this wood classification on the wines molecular composition and organoleptic properties.In the first place, the NIRS oak staves classification has been confirmed by the determination of the total ellagitannins concentration as well as the specific levels of each ellagitannins molecule by HPLC-UV-MS. A high variability of the ellagitannins level in wood between 5.95 ± 0.30 and 32.91 ± 0.98 mg ellagic acid equivalent/g of dry wood was observed. Furthermore, the wood infrared classification is correlated with chemical analyzes (p < 0.02%) and allow the production of barrels with different IP (IP: 11, 12, 16, 21, 26, 30, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 50, 51, 53, 62, 67 et 70).In a second place, some wines were aged in the classified barrels. The ellagitannins levels show the oak wood classification influences (p < 5%). Indeed, the first months of aging, the ellagitannins concentration increased until a maximum was obtain . Indeed, this maximum concentration in wine aged in barrel manufactured with the wood richer in ellagitannins was higher and latter (2.30 ± 0.05 after 4 months and 11.56 ± 0.31 mg ellagic acid equivalent/L of wine after 12 months respectively for the IP 21 and IP 70 barrels). After this maximum, a slow decrease of the ellagitannins level was observed. The influences of grain and toasting were also analyzed. The aromatics compounds solubilization of classified oak wood by Oakscan® show that the furanic aldehydes levels (furfural, alcool furfurylique et 5-méthylfurfural) and the syringol involved in the smocked/toasted aromas were correlated with the NIRS classification and the wood IP. So, a wine aged in contact with wood richer in polyphenols compounds was describe as more smocked/toasted. Nevertheless, the toasting intensity (which formed these compounds by thermo-degradation of hemicelluloses and lignins) plays a major role on their concentrations. Moreover, organoleptic properties of the wines aged with oak wood (barrels, staves) at 6, 12, 18 or 24 month and tested by trained judges were significantly impacted by the IP barrels. In fact, wine with the highest ellagitannins level was significantly described with a higher woody, smoked/burned and spicy in nose. In mouth, the bitterness and the astringency were significantly higher in wine containing the highest ellagitannins level. Whereas, the wine fruity aroma, in nose and mouth, was generally descript as lower in wine aged with the barrel with the IP higher.The influences of wood classification, in relation with the grain and the IP, on the red wine oxygen consumption after being put into barrels were analyzed with a new no invasive method. The results show that 96% of the oxygen in wine at T0 was consumed after 8 days. Significant differences (p < 0.01%) between the oxygen consumption speed and the barrel IP or the grain were observed. The oxygen consumption speed increase with correlation of barrel IP or the size of grain. These results allows the utilization of method not empirical and reliable method to select oak wood regarding their grain or their ellagitannins concentration in order to be able to produce oak barrels classified by means of our results to give organoleptic properties controlled to the wine.