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Dynamics of peptide chains during co-translational translocation, membrane integration & domain foldingHedman, Rickard January 2015 (has links)
The biosynthesis of proteins occurs at the ribosomes, where amino acids are linked together into linear chains. Nascent protein chains may undergo several different processes during their synthesis. Some proteins begin to fold, while others interact with chaperones, targeting factors or processing enzymes. Nascent membrane proteins are targeted to the cell membrane for integration, which involves the translocation of periplasmic domains and the insertion of membrane-embedded parts. The aim of this thesis was to gain insights about the dynamics of nascent peptide chains undergoing folding, membrane translocation and integration. To this end, we explored the use of arrest peptides (APs) as force sensors. APs stall ribosomes when translated unless there is tension in the nascent peptide chain: the higher the tension, the more full-length protein can be detected. By using APs, we could show that a transmembrane helix is strongly ‘pulled’ twice on its way into the membrane and that strong electric forces act on negatively charged peptide segments translocating through the membrane. Furthermore, we discovered that APs could be used to detect protein folding and made the surprising discovery that a small protein domain folded well inside the ribosomal tunnel. Finally, we explored the arrest-stability of a large set of AP variants and found two extremely stable APs.
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Insertion studies of model transmembrane segments into bacterial and eukaryotic membranesSchiller, Nina January 2017 (has links)
Cells are encapsulated by a biological membrane in order to separate the cell interior from the surrounding environment. Different lipids and proteins compose the membrane and present a semi-permeable barrier for the diffusion of ions and molecules across the lipid bilayer. Membrane proteins also mediate the passage of signals between the interior and the exterior of the cell. To ensure the proper functioning of membrane proteins, it is essential that nascent membrane proteins are correctly integrated into the lipid bilayer to be able to fold and oligomerize. In this thesis, an engineered protein containing two natural transmembrane segments followed by an additional test segment, has been used as a model protein to study (i) sequence requirements for translocon-mediated insertion of the test segment, (ii) dynamics of nascent membrane proteins undergoing translocon-mediated insertion and (iii) to carry out an extensive mutagenesis scan to identify critical residues in the mammalian arrest peptide Xbp1 that enhances translational stalling in the ribosome. This provides a toolbox of arrest peptides with different stalling strengths that will be useful for force measurements on nascent protein chains. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>
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Metabolite sensing by ribosome arresting peptides / Détection de métabolites par des peptides d'arrêt ribosomauxHerrero del valle, Alba 27 November 2019 (has links)
Les bactéries doivent s'adapter rapidement aux modifications de leur environnement en ajustant leur modèle d'expression génétique et leurs activités enzymatiques. Dans la plupart des cas, les variations de leur habitat impliquent de petites molécules que les bactéries peuvent détecter et auxquelles elles peuvent réagir. Le ribosome, la machinerie de la cellule qui catalyse la formation de la liaison peptidique, est capable de détecter les métabolites ou les antibiotiques afin de réguler l'expression des gènes, où le peptide naissant au sein du ribosome est capable d’induire l’arrêt de la traduction. Dans ce mécanisme, le peptide en cours de traduction (peptide d'arrêt) bloque le ribosome en interagissant avec les parois du tunnel ribosomal correspondant à la cavité par laquelle le peptide atteint le cytoplasme. L'arrêt peut dépendre uniquement de la séquence du peptide ou bien nécessiter la liaison d’une petite molécule. L’arrêt du ribosome en cours de traduction contrôle à son tour l'expression sur le même ARNm d'un gène situé en aval. Malgré plusieurs études biochimiques et structurales antérieures, le mécanisme exact de détection de ces petits métabolites par le peptide d’arrêt est encore inconnu. Mon travail de doctorat a porté sur : (1) comprendre comment de petites molécules sont détectées par les peptides d'arrêt ribosomaux, et (2) un cas particulier d'arrêt de la traduction dépendant du ligand : la détection des antibiotiques par des peptides d'arrêt courts.Pour répondre au premier problème, j'ai étudié biochimiquement et structurellement un nouveau peptide d'arrêt (appelé SpeFL) qui détecte l’ornithine (un petit métabolite) et qui est codé en amont de l'opéron speF chez Escherichia coli. La structure cryo-EM que j'ai résolue a révélé comment l’ornithine est détectée de manière très spécifique par un complexe ribosomal en cours de traduction. De plus, j'ai montré que le mécanisme d'induction du gène en aval speF implique un arrêt du ribosome au niveau de speFL empêchant ainsi une terminaison prématurée de la transcription Rho-dépendante.Dans la deuxième partie de ma thèse, je me suis concentrée sur la façon dont un antibiotique ciblant les ribosomes, l'érythromycine, est détecté par un peptide d'arrêt court. L'érythromycine est capable de bloquer la traduction de manière séquence-dépendante, où le motif (+)X(+) est le motif principal de blocage. Des données biochimiques publiées antérieurement suggèrent que l'encombrement stérique et électrostatique causé par le premier acide aminé chargé positivement (+) empêche l'addition du second, arrêtant ainsi le ribosome en cours de traduction. La résolution de la structure cryo-EM d'un ribosome arrêté par un peptide MKFR en présence d'érythromycine suggère le contraire, ce qui ouvre la voie à d'autres recherches sur le sujet. / Bacteria need to rapidly adapt to the changing environment by adjusting their gene expression patterns and enzymatic activities. In most cases, the variations in their habitat involve small molecules that bacteria are able to sense and respond to. The ribosome, the machinery of the cell that catalyzes peptide bond formation, is able to detect metabolites or antibiotics to regulate gene expression via nascent-chain mediated translational arrest. In this mechanism, the peptide that is being translated (arrest peptide) stalls the ribosome by interacting with the walls of the ribosomal tunnel, the cavity through which it reaches the cytoplasm. The arrest may depend solely on the sequence of the peptide or need a small molecule to be triggered. Ribosomal stalling in turn, controls the expression of a gene that is located downstream on the same mRNA. Despite previous biochemical and structural studies, the exact mechanism of sensing of small metabolites by the nascent chain is still unknown. My PhD work focused on: (1) understanding how small molecules are sensed by ribosomal arrest peptides, and (2) a special case of ligand-dependent translational arrest: drug sensing by short arrest peptides.To address the first issue, I studied biochemically and structurally a novel L-ornithine sensing arrest peptide (SpeFL) encoded upstream the speF operon in Escherichia coli. The cryo-EM structure that I solved revealed how a small molecule is sensed by a ribosome nascent chain complex in a highly specific manner. Besides, I showed that the mechanism of induction of the downstream gene speF involves ribosomal arrest at speFL preventing premature Rho-dependent transcriptional termination.On the second part of my thesis, I focused on how a ribosome-targeting antibiotic, erythromycin, is sensed by a short arrest peptide. Erythromycin is able to block translation in a sequence dependent manner, with the (+)X(+) motif being the main stalling motif. Previously published biochemical data suggest that steric and static hindrance caused by the first positively charged amino acid prevents the addition of the second one arresting the ribosome. I solved the cryo-EM structure of a ribosome arrested by an MKFR peptide in the presence of erythromycin that shows otherwise and opens up further investigation on the matter.
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