In 1877, an American educator named William Smith Clark began his one year contract with the Meiji government to head a new agricultural college in Sapporo, Hokkaido. While there, he taught the basics of Christianity to his Japanese students under the guise of moral education. This paper seeks to understand the religious and moral philosophy that was absorbed by the students at Sapporo Agricultural College and how this laid the foundation for two prominent Japanese Christian intellectuals who came out of the Sapporo Band: Uchimura Kanzô and Nitobe Inazô. In order to accomplish this, this thesis first examines William Clarks educational and religious views as influenced by his background, followed by a discussion of what Christian-related activities took place at Sapporo Agricultural College before and immediately after Clarks departure. In the last chapter, the religious elements that were taken away by students like Nitobe and Uchimura from their Sapporo experience will be examined. Such an exercise will show that they and other graduates shared the basic elements of a Christianity run by laymen, with an emphasis on Bible study and a disregard for ecclesiasticism and denominationalism, as well as the addition of a spiritual lineage that they traced to William Smith Clark. Sapporo graduates also adopted a philosophical system that encouraged the development of self-cultivation and independence of thought not unlike that of certain Neo-Confucian schools.

This paper focuses on Dianshizhai Pictorials (1884-1898), an influential pictorial with commercial success, as a case study. By analyzing selected illustrations of Western technology and policy, I will explore why and how the visual functioned as mediation between the new knowledge and the ideals of Chinese traditions. The intellectuals and literati, such as the editors and artists of Dianshizhai Pictorial, were relatively receptive and open-minded towards new knowledge and other innovative aspects of Western culture. But they were also distressed at many of the social changes induced by Western interaction in the settlements, especially the disintegrating effect on the traditional values and mores of Chinese society. My main argument is seeing is not necessarily believing. The Dianshizhai Pictorial was a part of the mediation between Ti (Chinese tradition and values as foundation) and Yong (Western Technology as tools). The editors and readers, and even high ranking officials like Li Hung Chang, wanted to see and use Western technology as effective tools (Yong). However, they were seeing the tools through Chinese minds, interpreting and believing through Chinese tradition and values, which is the basic foundation (Ti).

This thesis traces the immigration of "model minority" mothers: Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, from their home countries to the United States. It examines the reasons women immigrate to the United States, the situations into which they immigrate, and the ways that they adapt traditional East Asian modes of mothering and child rearing techniques to life in the United States. This thesis finds that Chinese, Japanese, and Korean women emigrate to the United States primarily under the direction of male figures of authority. Motivators of their emigration include leaving poverty and war in their own countries, joining husbands or potential husbands in the United States, hoping to escape the cultural restrictions of their home countries, or becoming prostitutes. As these women make their own way in the United States, they find themselves encountering immense cultural difficulties, not the least of which is the alteration of their role as mothers as they try to raise their children in an entirely new cultural context. Despite the hopes of many of these women, what they find in the United States is not a life of leisure and wealth; rather, they are forced into positions in which they must work for long hours outside the home to provide economically for their families as well as raise their children and care for the home. This thesis finds that memoirs, novels, biographies, autobiographies, narratives, historical accounts, and sociological data highlight several major areas of adaptation for these women including: the differences in these women's sense of community in America, their expectations of the educational system in the United States, the reversal of power in the use of language between mother and daughter, and the complex measures of adaptation to and rejection of U.S. cultural norms that mothers must implement while raising their children. Rather than being crushed by the labor that they must perform and the cultural adaptations that they must make, these women willingly sacrifice their lives to build a base upon which their children can succeed through the attainment of higher education leading toward upward mobility.

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<p> This dissertation examines body politics in the People&rsquo;s Republic of China. It first closely looks at Zhuangzi&rsquo;s idea of <i>xu</i> by analyzing the major aspects of the term&mdash;blandness, lack of substance, spontaneity, dispossession, incompleteness, and absurdity. It then argues that the concept of xu generates profound implication for politics by bringing up a particular mode of politics&mdash;politics of indeterminacy. In this mode of politics, power relation and power structure are never settled. Instead, they morph without being actualized. Examined in this context, the body for Zhuangzi is understood as an indeterminate entity whose political agency is attributed to its capacity in re-articulating power relation by constantly receiving and transforming a manifold of forces. That the body can be alternatively construed this way is crucial for our re-examination of the shaping of reshaping of identity in the contemporary Chinese society. In this light, the work investigates two cases&mdash;the Cultural Revolution and the state capitalism to find out in what specific ways the body, identity and politics are intertwined in manifesting the story of changing political relations in the everyday life of the ordinary Chinese people. The work contends that the making of the subjectivity is an indeterminate process in which one&rsquo;s identity is impossible to be fixed. It can never be composed with certainty. The construction of identity is a process of detachment by which one experiences the unexperienced without being settled around a center. The making of the political, to Zhuangzi, is thus founded on this indeterminacy to create new self and dissident political subject. </p>

<p> This study aims to explore how English-speaking learners of Chinese acquire Resultative Verb Compounds (RVC). The specific research questions are: Do learners think that change of state is achieved by using an RVC? Do learners assign resultative meaning to V₁-<i>le</i> uniformly or only in certain types of situations depending on how result is expressed in their L1? Lastly, do learners realize that RVCs are a highly productive construction?</p><p> This thesis provides linguistic analysis that can account for differences in how change of state is expressed in Chinese and English. It also presents a second language acquisition study informed primarily by the sentence acceptability judgement task. In English, result is typically expressed by a monomorphemic verb or by a resultative construction. In Mandarin, the most typical way to convey result is to use RVCs. In addition to differences in such phenomena as event conflation, strength of implicature and the incompleteness effect also constitute key differences between English and Mandarin. It is claimed that the major factor in determining the effect of L1 transfer from English to Mandarin is how change-of-state situations are expressed in English.</p><p> In response, two experiments were conducted. The subjects were 47 learners and 26 native speakers of Chinese. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) was applied in evaluating outcomes of the experiments. The results show that learners understand that RVCs must be used to describe change-of-state situations. However, learners do not habitually take the aspect marker &ndash;<i> le</i> as a resultative marker. Instead, the outcomes of the data analysis are compatible with the interpretation of &ndash;<i>le</i> as a past tense marker. The analysis also shows that how change-of-state situations with respect to event conflation are expressed in English has some effect on their understanding of RVC-<i>le</i> vs. V₁-<i> le</i> combinations. Lastly, while learners do not reject the idea that more than one RVC can describe a change-of-state event, they do not have full understanding of this phenomenon.</p>

This thesis borrows Susan Sontag's analysis of "illness as metaphors" and discussed three different disease-related metaphors appeared in China's New Life Movement: disease as a metaphor of invaders; disease as a metaphor of Chinese traditional family; disease as a metaphor of national crisis. By analyzing how these metaphors were used by the state and the Kuomintang government, this thesis studies the increasing intervention of the state’s power in people's everyday life experience, the changing concepts of hygiene, disease, and body, as well as the relationships between the state and the individual in the New Life Movement.

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