A strategy was proposed to make machining rate stable and the machining precision achieved by properly tool dwelling time when surface still has form error after previously machining. Using computer simulation to plan tool dwelling time and to estimate practicability of this strategy. As a result of curvatures are different on the every points of the work piece surface. Normal vectors that between tool and work pieces surface are not stable in polishing process.HDP conditions and film thickness will be changed by curvature radius of work pieces.So HDP conditions must be controlled when the planning of tool motion. Analyzing all of different aspheric surfaces to make sure this strategy can be used. The different thing that between axially symmetric and axially non-symmetric is tool dwelling time should be a linear function the product of the depth function of profile and the radius for symmetric work pieces, but that of axially non-symmetric work pieces only should be linearly proportional to the depth function of profile.

No / Aspheric intraocular lenses (IOLs) are designed to correct spherical aberration in pseudophakic eyes. We predict the benefit from correcting spherical aberration based on simulations and aberrometry of pseudophakic eyes implanted with spherical IOLs. METHODS Ray tracing was performed through a model eye with an equi-biconvex spherical IOL and with a spherical aberration-correcting aspheric IOL. The IOLs were increasingly tilted and/or displaced, and the resulting transverse aberrations of 169 rays were transformed into Zernike coefficients for different pupil sizes. The benefit from correcting spherical aberration at individual mesopic pupils was investigated by canceling in the sets of Zernike coefficients for 41 eyes implanted with a spherical IOL. RESULTS Both the model eye and the real eye data predict that age-related miosis reduces spherical aberration in the eye implanted with a spherical IOL to approximately 1/3 of the spherical aberration at a 6-mm pupil. A reduction of similar magnitude occurs when spherical aberration-induced non-paraxial defocus is corrected by a spectacle lens. For natural mesopic pupils, canceling the Zernike coefficient improved the objective image quality at a rate similar to changing defocus by 0.05 diopters. Average centration and tilt levels diminish the lead of aspheric IOLs over spherical IOLs, depending on the direction of decentration. CONCLUSIONS The benefit from correcting spherical aberration in a pseudophakic eye is limited for some or all of the following reasons: wearing glasses, age-related miosis, tilt and decentration of IOL, small contribution of spherical aberration to all aberrations, and intersubject variability

Modern large telescopes such as TAO, LSST, TMT and EELT require 0.9m-4m monolithic convex secondary mirrors. The fabrication and testing of these large convex secondary mirrors of astronomical telescopes is getting challenging as the aperture of the mirror is getting bigger. The biggest challenge to fabricate these large convex aspheric mirrors is to measure the surface figure to a few nanometers, while maintaining the testing and fabrication cycle to be efficient to minimize the downtime. For the last a couple of decades there was huge advancement in the metrology and fabrication of large aspheric secondary mirrors. College of Optical Sciences in the University Arizona developed a full fabrication and metrology process with extremely high accuracy and efficiency for manufacturing the large convex secondary mirrors. In this paper modern metrology systems including Swing-Arm Optical Coordinate Measuring System (SOCMM) which is comparable to Interferometry and a Sub-aperture stitching interferometry scalable to a several meters have been presented. Also a Computer Controlled Fabrication Process which produces extremely fine surface figure and finish has been demonstrated. These most recent development has been applied to the fabrication and testing of 0.9m aspheric convex secondary mirror for the Tokyo Atacama Observatory's 6.5m telescope and the result has been presented.

We present an optical surface in closed form that can be used to design lenses for controlling relative illumination on a target surface. The optical surface is constructed by rotation of the pedal curve to the ellipse about its minor axis. Three renditions of the surface are provided, namely as an expansion of a base surface, and as combinations of several base surfaces. Examples of the performance of the surfaces are presented for the case of a point light source. (C) 2016 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att jämföra den initiala komforten mellan sfäriska och asfäriska stabila linser då uppfattningen har varit att asfäriska linser (med sin mer följsamma passform) borde vara bekvämare. Metoder: Studien omfattade 30 deltagare med en medelålder på 26 år. Med hjälp av topografens (Topcon CA-100) kontaktlinstillpassningsprogramvara valdes en sfärisk A- design lins (från Nordiska Lins) och en asfärisk A90 lins (från Expert Optik, Sverige) ut med passande parametrar. Linserna sattes i vardera öga utan att försökspersonen visste vilken lins som var vilken. Efter 5 respektive 15 minuter fick patienten, med hjälp av en modifierad VAS-skala, avgöra hur linserna kändes både i höger och vänster öga. Resultat: Ingen signifikant skillnad i komforten mellan de asfäriska och sfäriska linserna varken observerades efter 5 (p=0,78) eller 15 (p=0,84) minuter. Överlag ökade komforten både för de asfäriska och för de sfäriska linserna efter att de suttit i en stund; komforten ökade med 0,9 enheter för de asfäriska respektive 1,1 enheter för de sfäriska linserna mellan 5 och 15 minuters bärtid. Det fanns en signifikant skillnad i komfort för den enskilda asfäriska linsen mellan första och andra graderingstillfället (p=0,015) och samma gällde de sfäriska (p=0,0001). Slutsats: Resultatet visar ingen markant skillnad i initial komfort på stabila linser med dessa olika typer av designer; en multikurvig asfärisk samt en trekurvig sfärisk lins. Med detta i åtanke behöver man inte, ur ett komfortmässigt perspektiv, ta hänsyn till den specifika designen vid tillpassning med moderna stabila linser.

We discuss the behavior of air lenses in lens design. The structural aberration coefficients of a thin air lens are derived and compared with their glass thin lens counterpart. Examples are provided for a telephoto lens and the Monochromatic Quartet where air lenses or aspheric surfaces are used.

Cette thèse présente les premiers travaux réalisés autour d’un nouveau dispositif expérimental de piégeage d’atomes individuels utilisant une unique lentille asphérique de grande ouverture numérique. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons testé les propriétés optiques de la lentille et démontré la formation d’un col laser de 1 µm ainsi qu’un champ transverse sur lequel la lentille est limitée par diffraction de plus ou moins 25 µm. Après avoir démontré la capacité de ce système à piéger des atomes uniques, les caractérisations usuelles des conditions de piégeage ont été conduites: durée de vie, taux de chauffage, polarisation de la lumière de fluorescence, fréquences d’oscillations. Cette thèse s’est intéressée spécifiquement à la distribution d’énergie des atomes uniques piégés. La technique de lâcher et recapture combinée à une étude spectroscopique de l’occupation du piège par les atomes a conduit à la vérification du caractère thermique de la distribution d’énergie des atomes. Par un refroidissement laser combiné à un refroidissement adiabatique, une température minimale de 1,75 µK sans pertes d’atomes est obtenue avec un niveau vibrationnel moyen occupé égal à 4. Ces résultats sont très encourageants dans le contexte de l’information quantique où la température est souvent la principale limite physique à la durée de vie des cohérences d’un bit quantique. La dernière partie de cette thèse revient sur la problématique de la manipulation spatiale d’atomes uniques. Envisagé dans le cadre de la réalisation d’un calculateur quantique, le transfert d’un bit quantique et son déplacement dans l’espace sur une échelle compatible avec les caractéristiques d’un calculateur sont successivement étudiés. Ces travaux ont montré que ni l’état externe des atomes (au travers de leur température) ni leur état interne (à travers la durée de vie des cohérences d’un bit quantique) sont affectés par ce type de manipulations. / This thesis presents the early work done on a new setup that we have developped for trapping single atoms in an optical tweezer using only one diffraction limited large numerical aperture aspheric lens. Together with an experimental optical measurement of a 1µm laser beam waist created by such an aspheric lens, we showed that the diffraction limited transverse field of the lens is about plus or minus 25 µm. The ability of this new setup to trap single atoms is demonstrated and some crucial parameters are then determined : survival time in the dark, heating rate, fluorescence light polarisation, oscillation frequencies. During this PhD, we did focus our attention especially on determining the energy distribution of the single trapped atoms. A release and recapture technique along with the spectroscopic study of the energy levels occupation helped us show a termal behavior of a succession of single atoms in an optical twezer. By using common laser cooling techniques associated with adiabatic down ramping cooling, we showed that a reduction by a factor 100 of the mean energy corresponding to a mean vibrationnal energy level of about 4 and a minimum temperature of 1,75 µK. Spatial manipulation of single atoms and qubits was also studied. Using a tip-tilt platform, a second trap is set on the experiment and the transfer from one trap to the other, as well as the displacement of one trap with help of the platform, are experimentally studied. Both the temperature of the atoms and the qubit lifetime are showed to be insensitive to these manipulations.

A novel lensed plastic optical fiber (LPOF) scheme to achieve the high coupling efficiency with a long working distance between the light source and LPOF is proposed. The advantages of the proposed LPOF are demonstrated by proofs of the experiment. In this study, an aspheric convex-concave plastic lens (CCPLs) is bonded with a flattened end of the plastic fiber by using the laser transmission welding (LTW) to form an aspheric-endface fiber. The working distance between the light source and LPOF can be increased with high coupling efficiency by the design of the CCPLs. According to the proposed design in this study, the working distance and the coupling efficiency can reach to 300£gm and 80%, separately. Furthermore, the analysis shows that the LTW can achieve a high welding strength and a small heat affected zone that meets the commercial utilization. But the LTW technology has some restrictions, the disadvantages of the LTW technology are improved in this study to spread the application of the laser welding.

The ability to produce mirrors for large astronomical telescopes is limited by the accuracy of the systems used to test the surfaces of such mirrors. Typically the mirror surfaces are measured by comparing their actual shapes to a precision master, which may be created using combinations of mirrors, lenses, and holograms. The work presented here develops several optical testing techniques that do not rely on a large or expensive precision, master reference surface. In a sense these techniques provide absolute optical testing.The Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) has been designed with a 350 m2 collecting area provided by a 25 m diameter primary mirror made out from seven circular independent mirror segments. These segments create an equivalent f/0.7 paraboloidal primary mirror consisting of a central segment and six outer segments. Each of the outer segments is 8.4 m in diameter and has an off-axis aspheric shape departing 14.5 mm from the best-fitting sphere. Much of the work in this dissertation is motivated by the need to measure the surfaces or such large mirrors accurately, without relying on a large or expensive precision reference surface.One method for absolute testing describing in this dissertation uses multiple measurements relative to a reference surface that is located in different positions with respect to the test surface of interest. The test measurements are performed with an algorithm that is based on the maximum likelihood (ML) method. Some methodologies for measuring large flat surfaces in the 2 m diameter range and for measuring the GMT primary mirror segments were specifically developed. For example, the optical figure of a 1.6-m flat mirror was determined to 2 nm rms accuracy using multiple 1-meter sub-aperture measurements. The optical figure of the reference surface used in the 1-meter sub-aperture measurements was also determined to the 2 nm level. The optical test methodology for a 1.7-m off axis parabola was evaluated by moving several times the mirror under test in relation to the test system. The result was a separation of errors in the optical test system to those errors from the mirror under test. This method proved to be accurate to 12nm rms.Another absolute measurement technique discussed in this dissertation utilizes the property of a paraboloidal surface of reflecting rays parallel to its optical axis, to its focal point. We have developed a scanning pentaprism technique that exploits this geometry to measure off-axis paraboloidal mirrors such as the GMT segments. This technique was demonstrated on a 1.7 m diameter prototype and proved to have a precision of about 50 nm rms.

Aspheric and freeform surfaces are becoming more common as optical designs become more sophisticated and new generations of fabrication tools reduce cost. Unlike spherical surfaces, these surfaces are fabricated with processes that leave a signature or "structure" that is primarily in the mid-spatial frequency region. Tolerancing aspheric and freeform surfaces requires attention to both surface form and structured mid-spatial frequency fabrication errors. These structured surface errors are shown to create image artifacts such as ghosts, and ripples in the MTF profile. Spatial frequencies beyond "form" errors are often ignored or are modeled with statistical descriptors, which do not account for structured errors.This work explores and develops the theory to describe these errors without statistical assumptions. The analytic source of these artifacts in the image Point Spread Function and the Modulation Transfer Function are compared with computational models. The magnitudes of the image artifacts arising from structured surface errors are shown to be non-linear with surface height. It is also shown that multiple structured surface frequencies mix to create sum and difference diffraction orders that are not present in statistical models.An algorithm is developed that enables an optical designer to determine the important spatial frequencies and magnitudes of allowable errors given an MTF performance budget.