Thesis (MA (Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / This study presents the possible contribution that self psychology might make to understanding, and guiding the treatment of; childhood functional faecal retention. A discussion of self psychology's theoretical perspective on childhood development is provided, including specific reference to the central theoretical issues 0 f optimal responsiveness and mutual- and self-regulation and how these manifest within the psychotherapeutic process. A case study provides the vehicle for the discussion ofthe applicability and relevance of the central self psychological tenets to the psychotherapeutic treatment of functional faecal retention in childhood. It tentatively concludes that self psychological theory may be useful in informing and structuring the treatment of children with retentive encopresis, and may be especially useful in conjunction with potentially invasive medically and surgically based interventions

Thesis (MA (Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / The primary objective of the current study was to determine the fear-coping mechanisms of a group of late adolescents regarding normal fears and their perceived efficacy of these mechanisms during recall of their early childhood and their perception of their current functioning. The secondary aim of this study was to determine any gender differences in terms of this group of late adolescents' fear-coping mechanisms regarding their early-childhood fears, that were retrospectively recalled by them, and also to determine gender differences in terms of their fear-coping mechanisms in response to their current fears. Within the South African context Loxton (2004) proposed the primary-secondary control model as a suitable model for describing the fear-coping mechanisms of young children (between the ages of 5 and 7 years). The primary-secondary control model is based on studies by Band and Weisz (1988) and Tremewan and Strongman (1991). This model was used as a framework for the current study in order to be able to do a comparative study of the current fear-coping mechanisms of late adolescents and their early-childhood fear-coping mechanisms reported retrospectively. A group of late adolescents enrolled as first-year students at a tertiary institution in the Western Cape, South Africa, were approached to participate voluntarily. The questionnaires were completed by 255 students between the ages of 17 and 27 years, with a mean age of 19.4years (SD=1.49). Of the 255 participants 52 were male and 203 female. The study was a combination of qualitative and quantitative research, which was mainly explorative in nature. The Free-Option-Method Questionnaire which forms part of a bigger research project, was the first questionnaire to be completed by the students. Based on the expression of fears, the focus was aimed at the coping of fears and the perceived efficacy thereof. In order to facilitate appropriate comparisons, the content of the responses as well as the number of responses were coded according to categories identified by Band and Weisz (1988), Loxton (2004) and Tremewan and Strongman (1991). Participants reported that the most efficacious coping mechanisms were also those most frequently used. In terms of the sustainability of fear-coping mechanisms, it seems as though direct problem solving and problem-focused avoidance were two of the three most frequently used as well as the most efficacious coping mechanisms, during both early childhood and late adolescence. No statistical significant differences were found with regard to gender during the retrospective recall of fear-coping mechanisms and the perceived efficacy of early-childhood coping mechanisms. Statistical significant differences were however found between gender groups with regard to fear-coping mechanisms during late adolescence. A recent study by Loxton (2004) relating to fear-coping mechanisms offered support for the majority of findings of the current study.

Thesis (MA (Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / The current study investigates intercultural differences in suggestibility between Black, Coloured and White students at a South African university using the Creative Imagination Scale (CIS), (Wilson & Barber, 1978). The CIS and a short biographical questionnaire measuring embeddedness in traditional culture were administered to three samples (N=20 each) from students belonging to the above cultural groups. Statistical tests were applied to determine the effects of ethnicity, cultural embeddedness and gender on CIS scores. The results indicate that these three dimensions do not significantly impact on CIS scores. Implications of the results obtained are discussed and ensuing recommendations for future related research are made.

Sammanfattning Kandidatuppsats i företagsekonomi Ekonomihögskolan, Linnéuniversitetet VT 16 Författare: Viktor Odenbrink, Louis Perikala, Viktor Johansson Handledare: Tom Karlsson Titel: Controllerrollen inom den offentliga sektorn Bakgrund och problem: Det existerar många studier om controllerrollen inom den privata sektorn, studier inom den privata sektorn belyser också vilka arbetsuppgifter och egenskaper som är relevanta för en controller. Däremot råder det delade meningar om controllerrollen inom den offentliga sektorn, vissa studier säger att rollen skiljer sig åt och andra forskare skriver att rollen är densamma inom båda sektorer. Vi vill med denna studie belysa vad det innebär att vara controller inom den offentliga sektorn och vilka arbetsuppgifter och egenskaper som är relevanta för rollen. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva vad det innebär att vara en controller inom den offentliga sektorn och vilka arbetsuppgifter och egenskaper som är av vikt. Detta för att skapa mer kunskap om den offentliga controllerrollen. Metod: En kvalitativ forskningsansats har legat till grund för studien. Forskningen ses som en kvalitativ intervjustudie. Empirin har inhämtats genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med controllers samt med ekonomer med arbetsuppgifter likt en controller inom den offentliga sektorn. Slutsats: Den stora skillnaden i vad det innebär att vara controller inom den offentliga och privata sektorn är att en controller inom den offentliga sektorn betonar vikten av att få vara med och bidra till välfärd och samhällsnytta. Arbetsuppgifterna och egenskaperna är svåra att placera in i en specifik controllerroll och det rör sig snarare mot en hybridroll, där controllern bör ha inslag från kamrerrollen, den analytiska rollen, pedagogiska rollen och coachrollen. Nyckelord: Offentliga sektorn, controller, arbetsuppgifter, egenskaper / Abstract Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration School of Business and Economics, Linnaeus University, Växjö 2016 Authors: Viktor Odenbrink, Louis Perikala, Viktor Johansson Supervisor: Tom Karlsson Title: The role of a controller within the public sector Background: There are many studies on the role of controllers within the private sector, studies in the private sector focus on the work assignments and characteristics that are relevant for a controller as well. However, there are different opinions and interpretations regarding the role of controller in the public sector, some studies say that the roles differs while other researchers state that the roles are similar in both sectors. Our goal with this study is to shed light on what it means to be a controller within the public sector and the work assignments and characteristics that are relevant to the role. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe what it means to be a controller within the public sector and the work assignments and characteristics that are of importance. This is to create more knowledge about the role of a controller within the public sector. Method: A qualitative research approach has been the basis for this study. The research is seen as a qualitative interview. The empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with controllers and economists with similar duties as a controller within the public sector. Conclusion: The big difference in what it means to be a controller within the public and private sector is that a controller within the public sector emphasizes the need to be involved in the contribution to the welfare and social benefits. The work assignments and characteristics are difficult to place in a specific segment and this points towards a so called hybrid role, which means that the controller should have elements from all the segments which include the role of an accountant, the analytical role, the pedagogical role and lastly the so called coaching role. Keywords: Public sector, controller, work assignments, characteristics

Thesis (MCur (Nursing Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge of Universal Precautions Policy by Registered Nurses at Kenyatta National Hospital (Kenya) and their perception of occupational risk of exposure to blood-borne pathogens. The study also assessed management of blood and body fluids of patients and identified the types and frequency of occupational exposure common among these Registered Nurses. A structured 24-item, self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 185 randomly sampled Registered Nurses in selected departments at this hospital. Compliance with Universal Precautions practices was also observed using a checklist. Data analysis was done by use of a computer software package, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11.0. The study findings suggest: 1) lack of continuous education demonstrated by a high level of non-response about knowledge of Universal Precautions Policy with only 19% of the respondents having attended an in-service course in Universal Precautions Policy, and 2) inaccurate understanding of transmission modes of blood-borne pathogens. The majority of nurses surveyed were using Universal Precautions; with indications that nurses were not as familiar with Universal Precautions as they think they were. Respondents admitted modifying personal protection habits based on subjective judgment regarding patient’s perceived blood-borne infectious state. Non-compliant behaviours with barrier precautions were identified, which included failure to use gloves, gowns and protective eyewear, failure to wash hands, and recapping used needles. Compliance with barrier precautions was associated with patients’ perceived blood-borne status. The study revealed a high level of occupational exposures, of which the majority went unreported. Although respondents were aware of the risk of occupationally acquired blood-borne infections, their irregular practice of Universal Precautions Policy is likely to perpetuate the risks. The findings suggest a need for more educational interventions, which may result into integration of concepts into practice. Educational programmes should focus on the epidemiology of occupationally acquired blood-borne pathogens and their modes of transmission, risk of occupationally acquired blood-borne infections at work place, and with emphasis on the principle and practice of Universal Precautions Policy and current protocol of reporting mechanisms in Kenya.

Thesis (MCur (Nursing Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Nursing documentation is the written evidence of nursing practice and reflects the accountability of nurses to patients. Accurate documentation is an important prerequisite for individual and safe nursing care. It is a severe threat for the individuality and safety of patient care if important aspects of nursing care remain undocumented. Nursing staff cannot rely on information that is not documented. Every patient is important and unique hence every patient’s care is individualised and different according to his/her needs. This is why important aspects of his/her care need to be documented. Ultimately, the documentation practices reflect the values of the nursing personnel (Isola, Muurinen and Voutilainen, 2004:79-80). The goal of this study was to investigate documentation of nursing care with reference to current practices and perceptions of nurses in a teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia Specific objectives of the study were:  to identify whether the hospital policies are being carried out  to identify whether the procedures regarding current documentation are being carried out and  to explore the perceptions of the nurses regarding the current documentation practices. Research Methodology For the purpose of this study, a non-experimental descriptive design with a quantitative approach was used. The study was carried out at King Faisal Specialist Hospital in Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. The total population of 90 registered nurses were used in this study. Questionnaires were distributed to the participants and they were answered with no identities written on the questionnaires. After the questionnaires were completed, it was posted in a box and was collected by the researcher. The questions are straightforward, easily understood, unambiguous, non-leading, objectively set and aimed at obtaining views, experiences and perceptions of documentation of nursing care. . Involvement of participants was voluntary and non-coercive. Data analysis were carried out with the support of a statistician, expressed in tables, frequencies and statistical associations were done between various variables based on a 95% confidence interval. The study revealed that:  Hospital policies are being carried out N=76 (95%)  Procedures pertaining to documentation of nursing care are being carried out N=67(83,7%).  Nurses N=45(56,3%) indicated that paper documentation included a lot of paperwork.  The Cerner (computer system) is regarded as the best system ever used for documentation of nursing care N=44(55%)  The Mycare system (medication ordering system) is regarded as the most reliable, user-friendly system and nurses are happy with it N=68(85%) Recommendations are:  Nurses still need to be taught about the hospital policies  Nurses should be taught the correct procedure on documenting the patient data  Nurse clinicians and managers should check the Cerner for compliance with regard to documentation of physical assessment when conducting audits  Use of paper for nursing documentation should be minimized by shifting some of the nursing documentation procedures from paperwork to electronic version  Continuous updating, in-service training and monitoring to keep nurses abreast with the dynamic nature of computer usage  Reviewing of the system, troubleshooting and suggestions from users need to be attended to on a continuous basis  It is recommended that a backup system (generator) is in place to ensure continuity of documentation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die dokumentering van verpleegsorg is die skriftelike bewys van die verpleegpraktyk en weerspieël die toerekenbaarheid van verpleegsters teenoor pasiënte. Noukeurige dokumentering is ’n belangrike voorvereiste vir individuele en veilige verpleegsorg. Dit is ’n ernstige bedreiging vir die individualiteit en veiligheid van pasiënte-sorg, indien belangrike aspekte van verpleegsorg nie gedokumenteer word nie. ’n Mens kan nie inligting vertrou wat nie gedokumenteer is nie. Die versorging van elke pasiënt is belangrik en uniek. Dit is waarom belangrike aspekte aangaande haar/sy versorging gedokumenteer behoort te word. Uiteindelik weerspieël die dokumenteringspraktyke, die waardes van die verpleegpersoneel (Isola, Muurinen en Voutilainen, 2004: 79-80). Die doel van die studie was om dokumentasie van verpleegsorg met verwysing na huidige praktyke en persepsies van verpleegkundiges in ‘n opleidingshospitaal in Saudi Arabia te ondersopek. Spesifieke doelwitte was  om vas te stel of die hospitaal se beleidsrigtings toegepas word  om vas te stel of die prosedure t.o.v die huidige dokumentering uitgevoer is  en’n ondersoek na die persepsies van verpleegsters aangaande die huidige dokumenteringspraktyke Vir die doel van hierdie studie is ’n nie-eksperimentele beskrywingsontwerp met ’n kwantitatiewe benadering gevolg. Hierdie studie was in King Faisal Specialist Hospital in Jeddah, in Saudia Arabia gedoen. ’n Totale bevolking van 90 geregistreerde verpleegsters was betrokke. Vraelyste was versprei na die deelnemers en is naamloos beantwoord, sonder dat hulle identiteite op die vraelys aangebring is. Na voltooiing van die vraelyste, is dit in ’n houer geplaas en deur die navorser afgehaal. Die vrae is direk, eenvoudig, maklik verstaanbaar, ondubbelsinnig, nie-afleibaar, objektief opgestel en is daarop gemik om gesigspunte, ervaringe en persepsies oor dokumentering van verpleegsters te verkry. Betrokkenheid van deelnemers was vrywillig en nie afdwingbaar nie. Data is getabuleer en in histogramme en frekwensies voorgestel. Deur die Chi-square- toets te gebruik, is statisties betekenisvolle assosiasies tussen veranderlikes bepaal. Bevindinge sluit die volgende in:  Die hospitaalbeleid word toegepas N= 76(95%)  Prosedure t.o.v. dokumentering aangaande verpleegsorg word uitgedra N=67(83,7%)  Verpleegsters het aangedui dat dokumentering op papier, baie papierwerk behels N=45(56,3%)  Die Cerner (rekenaarstelsel) word beskou as die beste stelsel ooit in gebruik vir die dokumentering van verpleegsorg N==44(55%)  Die Mycare stelsel (medisyne bestellingstelsel) word beskou as betroubaar en gebruikersvriendelik, en een waarmee verpleegsters gelukkig is N=68(85%). Aanbevelings is gemaak, gebaseer op die volgende bevindinge:  Dit is steeds nodig dat verpleegsters die hospitaal se beleidsrigtinge geleer moet word  Verpleegsters moet die korrekte prosedure aangaande die dokumentering van die pasiënt se data geleer word  Verpleegklinici en bestuurders moet die Cerner nagaan ter voldoening van die dokumentering van fisiese waardebepalinge tydens ouditeringe  Die gebruik van papier vir verpleegdokumentering behoort afgeskaal te word deur van die praktyk van papierwerk na elektroniese dokumentering te skuif  Voortdurende bywerking van data, indiensopleiding en monitering van verpleegsters om hulle op die hoogte te hou van die dinamiese aard van rekenaargebruik  Hersiening van die stelsel, foutspeurdery en voorstelle van gebruikers moet op ’n voortdurende basis aandag geniet.

Thesis (MCur (Nursing Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The work environment in critical care units in South Africa is hampered by a profound shortage of nurses, heavy workloads, conflict, high levels of stress, lack of motivation and dissatisfaction among the staff. The task of managing a C.C.U. has therefore become a challenge. It is important that unit managers apply a leadership style that matches these challenges. The aim of this study was to investigate the ideal style of leadership. The objectives set for the study were to identify the ideal leadership style required in the following areas:  administrative functions  education functions  patient care  research An explorative, descriptive research design was applied, with a quantitative approach to determine the ideal leadership style for unit managers in critical care units of private health care institutions. The research sample consisted of all nurses working permanently in eleven private hospitals in the Cape Metropolitan area. A questionnaire consisting of predominantly closed questions was used for the collection of data, which was collected by the researcher in person. Ethical approval was obtained from the Committee of Human Science Research at Stellenbosch University. Permission to conduct the research was obtained from the institutions and informed consent from the participants. A pilot study was conducted to test the questionnaire at a private hospital which did not form part of the study. A 10% sample of the relevant staff, namely 27 participants were involved in this study. The validity and reliability was assured through the pilot study and the use of a statistician as well as experts in nursing and a research methodologist. Data was tabulated and presented in histograms and frequencies. Statistical significant associations were drawn between variables, using the Chi-square test. The Spearman rank (rho) order correlation was used to show the strength of the relationship between two continuous variables. Findings of the study show that participatory leadership style and transformational leadership approach were valued in all four (4) of the objectives. Emphasis was placed on consultation prior to any decisions. Nurses requested an opportunity to give feedback on a regular basis regarding the unit managers conduct (Chi-square test p = 0.025). They also agreed that unit managers should apply the necessary rules and procedures (Chi-square test p = 0.016). A huge request was made for integrity, trust, impartiality, openness, approachability and particularly honesty. The nurses also maintained that the nurse manager’s behaviour should be congruent. Furthermore, the results indicate that nurses would like to be empowered by:  being involved in the scheduling of off-duties  taking the lead in climate meetings  being granted opportunities (to all categories of nurses) to attend managerial meetings. N = 41 (48.2%) of nurses admitted that unit managers would instruct them to cope with insufficient staffing pertaining to ventilated patients, putting them under severe strain and at risk legally. N = 39 (47%) of nurses admitted that unit managers only consider qualifications and experience in the delegation of tasks if the workload in the unit justifies it. Safe patient care is not always a priority. N = 99 (96%) of nurses agreed that autocratic behaviour relating to task delegation exists. Recommendations included the application of transformational leadership and participatory management. The aim to create a healthier, more favourable work environment for critical care nurses will hopefully be attained through applying the ideal leadership style and leadership approach. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die werksverrigtinge in kritieke sorgeenhede in Suid-Afrika word deur ‘n ernstige tekort aan verpleegsters, hoë werklading, konflik, spanning, min motivering en baie ontevredenheid onder verpleeglui gekortwiek. Die leiding en bestuur van ‘n kritieke sorgeenheid is dus nie ‘n maklike taak nie. Dit is dus belangrik dat eenheidsbestuurders ‘n leierskapstyl aan die dag lê wat dié uitdagings doeltreffend aanspreek. Die doel van die studie is dus om ondersoek in te stel na die wenslike leierskapstyl vir kritieke sorgeenhede. Die doelwitte daargestel is dus om die ideale leierskapstyl in elk van die volgende funksies te bepaal:  administrasie  opleiding  pasiënte-sorg  navorsing Die ideale leierskapstyl vir eenheidbestuurders in kritieke sorgeenhede in privaathospitale is bepaal deur ‘n kwantitatiewe benadering met ‘n beskrywende ontwerp toe te pas. Die populasie het alle kritieke sorg verpleeglui ( permanent werksaam by een van elf privaathospitale in die Kaapse Metropool) ingesluit. Instrumentasie het ‘n vraelys behels (met oorwegend geslote vrae) en data is persoonlik deur die navorser ingevorder. Etiese toestemming is vanaf die Etiese Komitee van die Mediese Fakulteit te Universiteit Stellenbosch verkry asook die hoofde van die verskillende privaathospitale waar navorsing plaasgevind het. Ingeligte toestemming is ook van elkeen van die deelnemers verkry. Ten einde die vraelys te toets, is ‘n loodstudie by ‘n privaathospitaal ( wat nie by die studie ingesluit was nie) gedoen. Die loodstudie het N = 27 (10%) van die totale populasie behels. Die betroubaarheid en geldigheid van die studie is deur die loodstudie, die gebruik van ‘n statistikus, verpleegdeskundiges en die navorser-metodoloog versterk. Data is getabuleer en in histogramme en frekwensies voorgestel. Deur die Chi-square- toets te gebruik, is statisties betekenisvolle assosiasies tussen veranderlikes bepaal. Ten einde sterkte van verhoudings tussen twee opeenvolgende veranderlikes te bepaal, is die Spearman rangordekorrelasie (rho) aangewend. Die bevindings van die studie het getoon dat ‘n deelnemende bestuurstyl en transformasie-leierskapbenadering die mees aangewese keuse vir al vier doelwitte is. Die toepassing van veral ‘n deelnemende besluitnemingsproses het groot voorrang geniet, Verpleegkundiges wil daarbenewens ook op ‘n gereelde basis geleentheid hê om terugvoering oor die leierskapgedrag van die eenheidsbestuurder te gee (Chi-square toets p = 0.025). Ook verlang die deelnemers dat eenheidsbestuurders nie reëls en regulasies moet verontagsaam nie (Chi-square toets p = 0.016). ‘n Ernstige versoek is gerig ten opsigte van integriteit met pertinente verwysing na eerlikheid, vertroue, onpartydigheid, deursigtigheid, toeganklikheid en dat die leier se woorde en dade moet ooreenstem. Die resultate het verder getoon dat verpleegsters graag bemagtig wil word deur:  betrokkenheid in die skedulering van afdienste,  leiding in klimaatsvergaderings te wil neem,  geleentheid te hê om bestuurvergaderings by te woon (alle kategorieë van verpleegkundiges).. N = 39 (48.2%) van verpleegkundiges het erken dat hulle gedwonge personeeltekorte ten opsigte van geventileerde pasiënte ervaar en dus aan mediese geregtelike risiko’s en onnodige druk blootgestel word. N 39 (47%) van verpleegkundiges het erken dat eenheidsbestuuders kwalifikasies en ondervinding slegs in ag neem indien die werklading in die eenheid dit toelaat..Veilige pasiëntesorg kry dus nie altyd voorkeur nie. N = 99 (96%) van verpleegkundiges het erken dat outokratiese gedrag ( wat met werkstoewysing verband hou) wel voorkom. ‘n Transformasie leierskapsbenadering en deelnemende bestuurstyl is dus aanbeveel. Die hoop word dus uitgespreek dat deur aan die verpleegkundiges se versoeke ten opsigte van die ideale bestuursbenadering en bestuurstyl te voldoen, die werksatmosfeer binne kritieke sorgeenhede toenemend gesonder en dus aangenamer sal word.

Thesis (MCur (Nursing Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Communication in nursing is to establish a nurse-patient relationship. Some nurses are quite effective at this whilst others are not so effective. The female patient diagnosed with cancer of the breast can face many dilemmas ranging from a physical, psychological and psychosocial domain. Nursing, being an interactive skill, requires the nurse to be able to communicate with the patient. The inability to communicate can hamper this very crucial relationship. For the purpose of this study it was decided to provide an in-depth account of the management of the nurse-patient communication in the ward. The rationale for choosing this setting (ward) were based on the comprehensive functions of a professional nurse and his/her ability to communicate. The objectives set for the study were to describe the manner in which professional nurses communicated with the patient diagnosed with cancer of the breast and who underwent a mastectomy, barriers that prohibited the communication and the patient’s perception of the communicative processes. A quantitative, exploratory and descriptive approach was applied to investigate and describe factors that influence communication between the patient with breast cancer and the professional nurse within a provincial hospital in the Western Cape. The total population included only female patients diagnosed with cancer of the breast who underwent a mastectomy and who were referred to the breast outpatient clinic. These female patients had to be diagnosed during a twenty month period as of January 2007 to August 2008 and had to be hospitalised within a ward setting after their diagnosis. The population size consisted of 27% of the total population with a 9% refusal rate. A survey was done using a six point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree, disagree and mildly disagree to mildly agree, agree and strongly agree. The questionnaire consisting of close-ended questions were used for the collection of data and the researcher personally collected data. Ethical approval was obtained from the Committee of Human Science Research at Stellenbosch University and the Department of Health - Cape Town. Consent to conduct the research was obtained from the institution and informed consent from the participants. A pilot study was conducted to test the questionnaire which did form part of the study. A 10% sample of the population, namely 10 participants, was involved in this study. The validity and reliability was assured through the pilot study and the use of a statistician, experts in oncology nursing, an oncology doctor and the research methodologist. Data was tabulated and presented in histograms and frequencies. Statistical significant associations were drawn between variables, using the Chi square test. The Spearman rank (rho) order correlation was used to show the strength of the relationship between two continuous variables. Findings included statistical significance between the level of schooling and the nurse, who took the respondents at face value and communicated what she deemed necessary (rho=0.29, p=0.00). The respondents also showed concern and disagreed that the ward nurses provide their family with relevant information (p=0.00). R ecommendations include:  Nursing education should include a module in communication on a graduate and post graduate level  In-service training programmes should focus on the interpersonal relationship between the nurse and the patient and the importance thereof.  Continuous Quality Improvement should include patient satisfaction surveys.  Awareness campaigns about the importance of communication between the patient and the health professional should be conducted  Developing protocols and policy guidelines that can assist the nursing staff with the communication process. Since communication is an interactive process it requires skillful conduct. Nurses need to realize the importance communication plays in the health sector and the impact it has on patients, irrespective of whether it is from a verbal or non-verbal content. Effective communication or not can have an everlasting impact. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kommunikasie in verpleging behels die vestiging van ’n verpleegster-pasiënt verhouding. Sommige verpleegsters is taamlik effektief hierin, terwyl andere nie so effektief is nie. Die vroulike pasiënt wat met borskanker gediagnoseer is, kan baie dilemmas in die gesig staar wat wissel van ’n fisiese, psigologiese tot ’n psigo-sosiale domein. Verpleging, wat ’n interaktiewe vaardigheid is, vereis dat die verpleegster met die pasiënt moet kan kommunikeer. Die onvermoë om te kan kommunikeer, kan hierdie beslissende verhouding belemmer. Vir die doel van die studie is besluit om ’n indringende verslag van die bestuur van die verpleegster-pasiënt kommunikasie in die saal te doen. Die rasionaal vir die keuse van die omgewing (saal) is gebaseer op die komprehensiewe funksies van ’n professionele verpleegster en sy/haar vermoë om te kan kommunikeer. Die doelstellings wat uiteengesit is vir hierdie studie is om die manier te beskryf waarop professionele verpleegsters met die pasiënt wat met borskanker gediagnoseer is, en wat ’n mastektomie ondergaan het, omgaan, asook die hindernisse wat kommunikasie en die pasiënt se persepsie van die kommunikatiewe prosesse belemmer het. ’n Kwantitatiewe, verkennende en beskrywende benadering is toegepas om faktore te ondersoek en te beskryf wat kommunikasie tussen die pasiënt met borskanker en die professionele verpleegster in ’n provinsiale hospitaal in die Wes-Kaap beïnvloed. Die totale bevolking het slegs vroulike pasiënte wat met kanker gediagnoseer is en ’n mastektomie ondergaan het en na die bors buite-pasiënt kliniek verwys is, ingesluit. Hierdie vroulike pasiënte moes gedurende ’n periode van twintig maande vanaf Januarie 2007 tot Augustus 2008 gediagnoseer en gehospitaliseer gewees het in ’n saalomgewing na hul diagnose. Die bevolking grootte het bestaan uit 27% van die totale bevolking met ’n 9% verwerpingskoers. ’n Opname was gedoen wat die ses punt Likert skaal gebruik wat wissel vanaf sterk verskil van mening, verskil en effense verskil van mening tot effens saamstem, saamstem en sterk saamstem. Die vraelys wat uit geslote vrae bestaan, was gebruik vir die insameling van data en die navorser het die data persoonlik gekollekteer. Etiese goedkeuring was verkry van die Raad vir Geesteswetenskaplike navorsing aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch en die Departement van Gesondheid – Kaapstad. Toestemming om die navorsing uit te voer is verkry van die inrigting en ingeligte toestemming van die deelnemers. ’n Loodsprojek is uitgevoer om die vraelys te toets wat deel van die navorsing uitgemaak het. ’n 10% Steekproef van die bevolking, naamlik 10 deelnemers, was betrokke by die studie. Die geldigheid en betroubaarheid was verseker deur die loodsprojek en die gebruik van ’n statistikus, kenners in onkologie verpleging, ’n onkologiese dokter en die navorsingsmetodoloog. Data is getabulleer en aangebied in histogramme en frekwensies. Statistiese beduidende assosiasies is gemaak tussen veranderlikes, deur gebruik te maak van die Chi-kwadraat toets. Die Spearman rang (rho) orde korrelasie is gebruik om die sterkte van die verhouding tussen die aaneenlopende veranderlikes te wys. Bevindings het statistiese beduidendheid ingesluit tussen die vlak van geleerdheid en die verpleegster wat die respondente op sigwaarde geneem het en die kommunikasie wat sy noodsaaklik gevind het (rho=0.29, p=0.00). Die respondente het ook besorgdheid getoon en het nie saamgestem dat die saalverpleegsters hul gesinne van die relevante inligting voorsien het nie (p=0.00). A anbevelings sluit in:  Verpleegopleiding behoort ’n module in kommunikasie op graad en nagraadse vlak in te sluit.  Indiensopleidingsprogramme behoort te fokus op die interpersoonlike verhouding tussen die verpleegster en die pasiënt en die belangrikheid daarvan.  Deurlopende kwaliteitsverbetering behoort pasiënt tevredenheidsopnames in te sluit.  Bewusmakingsveldtogte oor die belangrikheid van kommunikasie tussen die pasiënt en die gesondheidsprofesioneel behoort geloods te word.  Protokolle en beleidsriglyne wat die verpleegpersoneel kan help met die kommunikasie proses behoort ontwikkel te word. Sienende dat kommunikasie ’n interaktiewe proses is, word vaardige gedrag geverg. Verpleegsters behoort die belangrikheid wat kommunikasie speel in die gesondheidssektor te besef en die impak wat dit op die pasiënte het, ongeag of dit verbaal of nie-verbaal is. Effektiewe kommunikasie aldan nie, kan ’n ewigdurende impak hê.

Thesis (MOccTher (Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Occupational Therapy))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / Objectives: The study aimed to identify the functions that occupational therapy leaders perform in clinical settings in the Metropole District of the Provincial Administration of the Western Cape (PAWC) and determine the influence of these functions on clinical practice. Methodology: The researcher used a descriptive design and a non-standardised questionnaire which was compiled to collect the data for the study. The questionnaire was piloted with a group of occupational therapy leaders from the Boland Overberg Region. Feedback was used to refine the final study questionnaire. Thirty-five study questionnaires were mailed or handed to the participants in the study and the researcher received 25 completed questionnaires; therefore, the response rate was 71.4%. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 10.0) for all the questions. Descriptive statistics were used to report the data. Inter-observer reliability was checked by using the split-half method. The results revealed that the study questionnaire was reliable as Cronbach's Alfa was calculated at 0.90, correlation coefficient Pearson’s r was calculated at 0.51, and Spearman-Brown was calculated at 0.67. Results: The results were presented in relation to the respondents’ number (N = 25). The participants identified 57 leadership functions, grouped as managerial, ethics-related, education, research, and consultation functions. The participants reported to have high performance in both direct and indirect occupational therapy services. Performance in the direct occupational therapy services functions was higher than the performance in the indirect occupational therapy services. Minimal performance in occupational therapy leadership functions was reported for consultation, ethics related, and research functions which need to be addressed by in-service training. The indirect occupational therapy services enabled the participants in the study to perform on a more optimum level regarding the direct occupational therapy services. The occupational therapy leaders had many empowering factors in their work place such as subordinates, supervisors, and top management. Conclusion: The 57 leadership functions identified in the study culminated in an occupational therapy leadership functions framework (OTLFF) which represents the managerial activities of the occupational therapy leaders in the PAWC. These study findings are useful guidelines for occupational therapy professionals and students as guidelines for leadership training, participant facilities to compile job descriptions, and educational facilities to set educational curricula. Recommendations: The study had many shortcomings; therefore, generalisation of results can't be done. The researcher recommends replication of the study using a larger and more representative sample.

Thesis (MDiv (Theology. Divinity))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / There is a possible connection between congregation-members’ participation in church ministries and the level of their spiritual experience in their specific congregations. Youth ministry should be able to increase the ongoing participation of adolescents by creating a more ‘fertile space’ for experiencing a connection with God. This assignment investigates the nature of such a ‘fertile space’ by analyzing the concept of Spirituality Types, which in this case refer to the different attitudes and activities which is characteristic of a person’s attempting to connect with God.