To date nothing is known about the attitudes of South Asian men in the UK toward women and domestic violence. Issues related to South Asian men and communities have remained largely under the surface due to religious and cultural sensitivity. The aim of the research is to examine the attitudes of South Asian men in London and the South East of England toward women and their understanding and justification of domestic violence. More specifically, the research explores a range of cultural and religious actions and behaviours in relation to women and domestic violence that have specific reference and are pertinent to South Asian communities. This includes a focus on: educational and employment attainment; domestic labour/household duties; type of and freedom to choose clothes worn; living away from home; relationships before marriage; marriage; divorce; and domestic violence. The research applies an intersectional gender perspective as the key analytical concept to undertake the first dedicated multi-methodological study to explore South Asian men’s attitudes across a range of cultural and religious issues. It provides a baseline for understanding South Asian men’s perspectives, enabling policy and practice to tailor interventions to better assist South Asian women and engage in prevention. The first stage of the research consisted of piloting and constructing a new survey instrument; the South Asian Attitudes Toward Women and Domestic Violence Scale (SAATWDVS). South Asian men were approached in a range of locations to obtain diversity across socio-demographics such as age, ethnicity, religious affiliation, and country of birth or migration, and asked to complete the SAATWDVS survey instrument. The sample is 190 South Asian men. The second stage comprised nine in-depth face-to-face interviews with South Asian men to explore the issues in more depth. Concepts such as masculinity, tradition, culture, religion, and honour were explored. The findings show that whilst the majority of men held liberal attitudes, they were still setting the parameters of appropriate female behaviour. There appeared to be a difference, albeit small, between the public and private sphere. Where behaviour was deemed to be unacceptable this was often framed within concerns for the protection and well-being of women. Gender and gender relations are not static but evolving and becoming more progressive within the UK’s South Asian community. Men’s attitudes are understood as located in a complex interplay of factors: gender socialisation; religion; ethnic origin and country of birth; traditions; cultures; family/upbringing; the role of female family members; education; and interactions with female peers.

Organised crime is a worldwide phenomenon, which also affects South Africa. In many instances organised crime is transnational. Consequently, South Africa had to develop legislation in order adequately to deal with organised syndicates and associations of criminals, and bring its legal system in line with international standards aimed at combating transnational organised crime. In the United States of America organised crime, and any conduct that meets a “pattern of racketeering”, are prosecuted under the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act 18 USCA 1961-1968. This legislation played a significant role when racketeering offences were formulated in the South African Act. The Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998 inter alia includes aspects such as racketeering, money laundering, gangs and the civil recovery of property. It also deals with conduct of individual wrongdoing and crimes that cannot be categorised as organised crime. This study focuses on problematic aspects with regard to racketeering offences in Chapter 2 of the Act that are probably going to labour the Constitutional Court and/or the Supreme Court of Appeal in the near future. One of the problematic aspects of Chapter 2 of the Act is that it does not include a definition of “racketeering”. It only describes the different types of conduct which may lead to a successful prosecution on racketeering offences. The legislation also introduces new concepts, such as “enterprise” and “pattern of racketeering activity”. Therefore, in order to determine whether the State will succeed in prosecuting an accused with racketeering offences, it must be established what is meant by the terms of being part of an “enterprise” and what a “pattern of racketeering activity” entails. Also of importance is the requirement that two or more offences referred to in Schedule 1 of the Act must have been committed for a successful prosecution. Although the South African courts have considered this aspect there is still room for discussion as to whether an accused must have previously been convicted of two or more criminal offences referred to in Schedule 1 for a conviction on racketeering offences, or whether the commission of one offence will suffice. The offence of racketeering does not only consist of the commission of an act in itself. The membership or association with a legal or illegal organisation also plays a vital role to determine culpability. This study looks at the possible role (s) that an accused may fulfil when he is involved as a member of an organisation involved with racketeering offences. Another aspect that needs to be clarified is the requirement relating to fault. The element of unlawfulness is also problematic when an accused did not foresee the possibility of unlawfulness of his actions. Close consideration is given to the requirements for culpability and whether mere negligence on the part of a role player is sufficient as a form of mens rea for a successful prosecution or not. The element of unlawfulness is also discussed. Ordinary citizens may raise the issue that they did not know that the commission of two or more offences mentioned in Schedule 1, may lead to the prosecution of a racketeering offence. Therefore, it is crucial to determine whether a role player must have the necessary knowledge of unlawfulness to commit the racketeering offences. The fact that the Act has been introduced in the South African legal system to criminalise racketeering offences does not exclude the scenario that each case must be decided on its own particular set of facts. It is clear from the research presented that there must be one or other link between the accused person, the “enterprise” and the “pattern of racketeering activities” for a successful prosecution on a racketeering offence. This study seeks to provide assistance to legal practitioners when their clients are faced with prosecution on a racketeering offence. The study also discusses the real risk of a possible duplication of convictions. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Procedural Law / unrestricted

From a sociological perspective, there is consensus on the idea that identities are constructed. This consensus forms the basis of this research on the social construction of identities in the National Youth Service of Zimbabwe (NYSZ). Other aspects of identity - its multiplicity and negotiable nature - are used as key terms of reference in the investigation of identity construction in the NYSZ. Institutions may be used by the state to produce a certain kind of identity, and power relations are always at play in the manufacturing of identity. This study investigates how social identity is constructed in the NYSZ, by whom and for what is it being constructed, and, significantly, with what success the NYSZ is creating the identities, and how its success can be explained. The NYSZ was established in 2001. It was not the first of such programmes to be established but could in fact possibly be the last to be instituted worldwide. Findings reveal that the NYSZ is successfully achieving its goals, and in particular, its goal of influencing the process of identity construction in the youth. A number of reasons account for this success: Its quasi-military nature, the socioeconomic background of trainees, and power relations in the training camps combined with the age of the trainees, all contribute to the success of the programme. The teaching of history from an afro-centric perspective also plays a significant role and contributes to the success of the NYSZ in creating a new identity in the participants. In this study, it is asserted that the NYSZ is not an ordinary kind of NYS. It is quite exceptional in terms of its structure, aims and operation. With regard to sociological theories, of NYSs I propose the addition of a fourth perspective to the three presented by Sherraden and Eberly: construction of social and political identity. / Prof. Peter Alexander Mr. Henry Mushonga

Policing in Europe has become more complex, due to the nature of organised crime being more and more trans-national and a growing Europeanization in policing as a result of the creation of European agencies like Europol and Eurojust taking over activities which before the Lisbon Treaty remained within the sole responsibility of single Member State. Informal law enforcement cooperation between Member States is being transferred into formalised cooperation by European agencies with a specific mandate and specific powers. This development also requires a mechanism to streamline national and European law enforcement priorities. In 2005 the United Kingdom proposed the European Criminal Intelligence Model (ECIM) as the tool to achieve this task. In general terms the ECIM is based on the principles stemming from the concept of intelligence-led-policing as proposed by Ratcliffe (2005). However, until today the implementation of the ECIM is not finalised. This dissertation will address the conditions for such a model to be successful, especially with regard to the operationalisation of strategic findings at EU level within a national or trans-national setting. In this regard, the question of the meaning of ‘intelligence’ for the ECIM is examined, especially taking into account that the concept of ‘intelligence’ in law enforcement still is a rather new discipline. In addition, this thesis will discuss the societal framework in which the ECIM is to be deployed with a focus on the respective consequences if our society has changed from modern to a postmodern society. In relation to the ECIM a reflection on this aspect is of crucial importance as a shift in the societal paradigm would also question the value of a ‘grand narrative’ like the ECIM, a single, monolithic tool that would be able to address the problems in tackling trans-national organised crime as if made from one piece in a European context which is defined by diversity.

The voluntary association is a characteristic manifestation of social life in North America, and has always been regarded as a force for the preservation of democracy. The leadership of the voluntary association appears to be a crucial element in the survival of this form of organization, yet previous studies suggest that the voluntary association may no longer have the same significance for contemporary society as it did in the early history of the continent. This study is an exploration of the leadership of one voluntary organization in British Columbia, the British Columbia Parent-Teacher Federation. These leaders were asked how they perceived the goals and purposes of the organization, to which they give their time and energy. Thirteen members of the Board of Directors were interviewed to obtain information concerning the extent of their participation; why they joined the organization; their family constellations; where they live; and their perception of the contributions they make to the organization. Interviews were arranged with members of the Board selected on an arbitrary basis, with the permission and the cooperation of the President and the Board of Directors. The information that was obtained was used as the background material of the study. The limitations of the case study method are noted and the reader cautioned to examine the data critically. The findings of this study support the conclusions of other empirical investigations: with changes in other sectors of society and increased specialization of function, the role of the voluntary association in contemporary life appears to be blurred and requiring examination. Some of the possible reasons for these developments are outlined, and the relationship of the leaders to the voluntary association is explored. Finally the thesis suggests some questions for consideration and indicates some areas which might be investigated in future studies. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

This is a study of Russian ethnic organizations in the Greater Vancouver area of British Columbia. These ethnics in total include an official population of 9,324. More specifically, this is a study of "joiners" in fourteen "existent" and seven "non-existent" organizations. Bata were gathered over an eighteen month period mainly by participant observation and interviews. The findings may be summarized as follows: 1. There are relatively few "joiners" as compared to "non-joiners" in the ethnic sub-community. 2. Those that join do so for a variety of reasons, including religious, ideological, cultural and/or personal reasons. 3. Turning from the individual to the voluntary association or organization, we find certain characteristics of growth which we have described in eight sections: origin, formal structure and membership, internal differentiation, cooperation with other groups, conflict with other groups, internal strains, actual splits and termination (if any), 4. The dominant theme which evolves from the study is that one's perception of Communism (together with the "cold war" atmosphere) greatly affects organizational behavior. Thus we find a whole series of symbolic magic-like words used to pave the way on one hand or to hinder the spread of Communism on the other—or else to maintain a "neutral" position. 5. Other factors which affect organizational behavior in the Russian community have been included under seven sub-categories: social class, kinship, jurisdictional conflict, effective leadership, ecological factors, common interest, and place of birth and time of arrival in Canada. 6. Certain queries arise concerning the actual acceptance of "unpopular" ideas in a society which theoretically glorifies "diversity". This, in turn, affects the rate of integration of such minority opinions into society. In brief, then, the study of Russian ethnic organizations shows that there are certain things which bring people together and other things which split them apart; this whole process, in turn, is largely related to the national policy and its role in the "cold war" atmosphere. / Arts, Faculty of / Sociology, Department of / Graduate

Considérée comme une histoire pour enfants et adolescents, la saga Harry Potter, tout comme la saga Star Wars dans les années 1980, est devenue un véritable phénomène culturel et intergénérationnel. L'impact de ces livres d'abord, puis des films ensuite, se ressent toujours et ce, malgré leur conclusion en 2011. Beaucoup d'auteurs se sont principalement intéressés à la partie narrative de la saga Harry Potter en interprétant les différents sens politique, psychologique, social, etc., mais sans jamais s'attarder réellement sur la musique des films. 6Mon attention dans ce projet se portera sur la musique des deux derniers films de l'octalogie, composée par Alexandre Desplat. L'objectif de la thèse est de déterminer au moyen de diverses approches comment les thèmes narratifs principaux des deux derniers films de la saga Harry Potter (Les Reliques de la Mort, Parties I et II) sont illustrés par des marqueurs sonores. Nous nous intéresserons à l'illustration de la magie dans la Partie I en nous basant sur la théories critique de la musique de film de Claudia Gorbman en premier lieu, avant de discuter du rôle dramatique de Lily's Theme dans la Partie II en nous basant sur des études sur l'Éternel Féminin et certaines approches en musique et image de Lori Burns. Dans une dernière partie, nous montrerons comment les marqueurs sonores du Bien, de l'héroïsme et du Mal peuvent être compris en terme d'associations culturelles dans la scène du Duel Final de la Partie II avant d'analyser comment la musique agit en tant qu'agent narratif indépendant de l'image en nous basant sur les approches de Robert Hatten (marqué/non marqué) et de Steve Larson (attentes de l'auditeur). Ces approches nous permettent de montrer comment la musique participe à la création d'un univers audiovisuel cohérent et unifié avec l'image dans les deux derniers films de Harry Potter.

The aim of this thesis is to describe, in a preliminary way, the nature of voluntary associations in a peasant community in the Philippines, Kabacan. This objective is discussed in the introductory chapter which also presents a general background on the Philippines. Chapter II discusses some aspects of the fieldwork, the problems the researcher faced in conducting research in his own culture, and a general description of the methodological procedures employed. Chapter III presents a description of the community studied, its recent history, growth, and development and some features of the social and economic life of the population. Chapter IV discusses and analyzes some aspects of the culture and social organization. This analysis is necessary as it sheds light on a broader understanding of the form and character that voluntary associations take and the functions they perform in the community. Chapter V is concerned with an analysis and description of the voluntary associations in the community studied. The analysis here is focused on providing answers to the following questions: Why do people join voluntary associations? What relationships maintain voluntary associations and what undermine them? What types of associations are found in the community? Chapter VI, finally, discusses the functions that voluntary associations serve in a peasant community like Kabacan. This analysis is based on the findings reported and described in Chapter V. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

The main objective of this thesis is to explore the issue of microregional associations, the center of my interest is the Borsko microregion and the renewal project of the recreational area Bonětice. I am especially interested in how this association is performing since its establishment, how it is pursuing its aims, which projects were implemented by the Borsko microregion, whether it is operating effectively and, ultimately, what barriers and limits the development is facing. To confirm my initial assumptions, I used the survey method. The work is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part I deal with basic concepts and practical part deals with the microregion Borsko. The work also includes socio-economic analysis of microregion Borsko.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study set out to investigate the conditions under which urban issues triggered grassroots mobilization in Metropolitan Cape Town, South Africa between 1976 and 1986. It sought to understand the form taken by such collective behavior and tried to discover the relations of power that inform urban social movements, locally, regionally and nationally. I did not only observe neighborhood social life, but neighborhood-based protests. Through a close observation of social practices in different neighborhoods I have managed to document the influence of urban social movements on the dominant relations of power in Cape Town. In this regard, I have demonstrated that through the organizational strategies and mobilizational tactics of neighborhood associations, political institutions in Black townships have been turned upside down; social relationships in some neighborhoods have been dramatically challenged and reviewed, and perhaps most significantly the legacy of constructed cultural silence amongst the oppressed and exploited has been significantly eroded from unconscious acquiescence to the status quo to a conscious disobedience to the dominant relations of power politically, economically and ideologically. It is in the mobilizational moments of resistance and organizational strategies of city-wide neighborhood networks in the form of urban social movements that there emerge, through conscious struggle, the organic potential and conjunctural possibilities for the construction and propagation of counterhegemonic social relations in the arena of conflict and contestation where the State, since 1976 is finding it increasingly difficult to elicit the consent of the governed. Thus, it is in this historically-informed context that urban social movements are first and foremost an expression of an organized attempt by the people at the grassroots level to transform the dominant Apartheid practices at all levels of society.