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Wie seit schon einigen Jahrzehnten bekannt ist, werden akustische Oszillationen durch stellare Aktivität beeinflusst. Die globalen akustischen Moden in der Sonne weisen eine Variation mit dem 11-jährigen Sonnenzyklus auf. Ein ähnliches Phänomen konnte auch in anderen Sternen mit Hilfe von Asteroseismologie nachgewiesen werden. In dieser Arbeit erforsche ich den Einfluss von großen Sternflecken auf globale Oszillationen mit niedrigem Grad ℓ. Als wichtigstes Werkzeug benutze ich hierfür den GLASS Kode, der die Ausbreitung von linearen akustischen Wellen im Sterninneren in 3D simuliert. Zunächst habe ich das Problem der konvektiven Stabilisierung betrachtet, welches bei jedem linearen Oszillationskode im Zeitbereich auftritt. Ich präsentiere eine allgemeine Methode um konvektiv stabile Hintergrundsmodelle für ein vorgegebenes Sternmodell zu erzeugen. Dabei werden wichtige Eigenschaften des ursprünglichen Modells beibehalten, beispielsweise das hydrostatische Gleichgewicht. Ich schlage einen störungstheoretischen Ansatz vor, um das akustische Wellenfeld in dem ursprünglichen instabilen Sternmodell näherungsweise zu erlangen. Tests zeigen, dass für Moden mit niedrigem Grad ℓ und einer Frequenz um 3 mHz die korrigierten Frequenzen mit einer Genauigkeit von 1 μHz mit den exakten Werten übereinstimmen. Zweitens habe ich mit Hilfe des GLASS Kodes den Einfluss einer am Nordpol des Sterns lokalisierten Störung der Schallgeschwindigkeit auf radiale, dipolare und quadrupolare Oszillationsmoden untersucht. Diese Studie zeigt auf, dass die axialsymmetrischen Moden dadurch am stärksten beeinflusst werden und im Falle von großen Sternflecken können ihre Frequenzen nicht mit der linearen Theorie berechnet werden. Die Form der Eigenfunktionen der Moden weicht von reinen Kugelflächenfunktionen ab und werden mit Kugelflächenfunktionen mit unterschiedlichem Grad ℓ vermischt. Dies könnte die korrekte Identifikation der Moden in der spektralen Leistungsdichte beeinflussen. Drittens habe ich den beobachtbaren Einfluss eines großen Sternflecks auf Moden mit Grad ℓ betrachtet. Im Falle einer aktiven Region, die mit dem Stern rotiert (und sich nicht am Pol befindet), ist die Störung nicht stabil, wenn sie in einem Inertialsystem betrachtet wird. Der kombinierte Einfluss von Rotation und Sternfleck veranlasst jede Mode, in der beobachteten spektralen Leistungsdichte als (2ℓ + 1)² Peaks aufzutreten. Die Einhüllende der spektralen Leistungsdichte eines Multipletts ist also komplex und hängt von dem Breitengrad ab, wo sich die aktive Region befindet, und vom Inklinationswinkel des Sterns. Ich berechne die spektrale Leistungsdichte für einige Beispiele sowohl mit Störungstheorie als auch mit Hilfe von GLASS. Diese Arbeit soll dazu beitragen, die spektrale Leistungsdichte von oszillierenden Sternen, die Sternflecken aufweisen, zu interpretieren.

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Stellar models provide a vital basis for many aspects of astronomy and astrophysics. Recent advances in observational astronomy - through asteroseismology, precision photometry, high-resolution spectroscopy, and large-scale surveys - are placing stellar models under greater quantitative scrutiny than ever. The model limitations are being exposed and the next generation of stellar models is needed as soon as possible. The current uncertainties in the models propagate to the later phases of stellar evolution, hindering our understanding of stellar populations and chemical evolution. Here we give a brief overview of the evolution, importance, and substantial uncertainties of core helium burning stars in particular and then briefly discuss a range of methods, both theoretical and observational, that we are using to advance the modelling. (C) 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

A sismologia estelar oferece uma oportunidade única de sondar as propriedades internas das estrelas através do estudo de oscilações estelares. Essas oscilações são dependentes diretamente da física da cavidade onde são formadas. No entanto, a rotação da estrela introduz um eixo de simetria e levanta a degenerescência nas frequências, dificultando assim, a sua identificação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a dependência das frequências de oscilação estelar com a velocidade de rotação para modelos de massas intermediárias ao longo da sequência principal. Este estudo foi realizado através da modelagem de estrelas com uma grande variedade de massas e velocidades de rotação (2-8 Msol, 20-100km/s) com os códigos CESAM/FILOU. O comportamento do splitting rotacional e de sua assimetria nos modos g2, g1, p1 e p2 mostrou uma dependência com outros parâmetros físicos, além da rotação. A assimetria apresenta variações interessantes levando a um método de diagnóstico de evolução: quando vários modos são observados, as assimetrias levam a uma determinação precisa da fase evolutiva da estrela. Modelos representativos para a estrela HD50844 foram comparados com os dados observacionais. A falta da identificação dos modos (l,m) e o grande número de frequências não permite obter-se resultados precisos. / Asteroseismology provides a unique opportunity to probe the inner properties of stars through the study of stellar oscillations. These oscillations depend on the physics of the cavity where they are formed. However, the stellar rotation introduces an axis of symmetry and lifts the degeneracy of the frequencies, thus hindering the identification. The goal of this work was to study the dependence of the oscillation frequency on the stellar rotation velocities for models of intermediate mass along the main sequence. This study was performed through the modeling of stars with a wide range of masses and rotational velocities (2-8 Msun, 20-100km/s) with the codes CESAM/FILOU. The behavior of the rotational \\textit and its asymmetry for the modes g2, g1, p1 and p2 showed a dependence on other physical parameters, as well as rotation. The asymmetry presents interesting variations leading to a diagnostic method of evolution: when multiple modes are observed, the asymmetries lead to a precise determination of the evolution phase of the star. Representative models for the star HD50844 were compared with the observational data. The lack of identification of the modes (l,m) and the large number of frequencies does not allow to obtain accurate results.

The success of asteroseismology lies in the correct identification of the normal modes of oscillation. The Whole Earth Telescope (WET) identified the normal modes of a helium white dwarf pulsator, GD358, by analyzing the period distribution of the pulsation modes. Another way to identify modes is by comparing pulsation amplitudes in the UV to the optical. To cross-calibrate the two mode identification methods, we observed GD358 in August, 1996 with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to obtain the UV data while observing nearly simultaneously from the ground. During our observations, GD358 went through a very drastic amplitude modulation in a time scale of hours. These short time scale amplitude changes made the direct UV to optical amplitude determinations difficult. We successfully eliminate the possibility that the 423s mode, the dominant mode at the time of these observations, is an l=3 or 4 g-mode pulsation, but we cannot unambiguously decide if it is an l=1 or 2. Theoretical calculations indicate that the massive pulsating DA white dwarf BPM 37093 has a crystallized interior (Winget et al. 1997; Kanaan 1996; Montgomery 1998). Crystallization was predicted theoretically 40 years ago (Kirshnitz 1960; Abrisokov 1961; Salpeter 1961) although uncertainties in the nature and extent of crystallization, as well as its associated effects, are the largest sources of uncertainty in calculating the ages of the coolest white dwarf stars- important chronometers of the galactic disk. The WET observed BPM 37093 in April 1998 and again in April 1999, simultaneously with the HST, in hopes of using both the period distribution and the amplitude comparison method to identify the l value of the modes and measure the first crystallized mass-fraction of a stellar interior. Here we also rule out the possibility of the observed modes being l=3 and higher and demonstrate that not all the observed modes are l-1. If all the observed modes are l-2, then we conclude that the crystallization mass fraction is between 0-80%, depending mainly on the surface H layer. In the end, we evaluate the amplitude comparison method and address advantages and problems using this method compared to other mode identification methods. / text

Three γ Doradus-type stars are analysed: HD139095, HD153580, and HD197541. Long-term observation campaigns have been conducted on each star, with over 300 spectra of each star being gathered for analysis using the HERCULES spectrograph at Mount John University Observatory. For each star, cross-correlation techniques were used to obtain representative line profiles for each spectrum. The analysis of these line profiles has resulted in frequency and pulsation mode identifications for these three stars. Abundance analysis has also been performed on HD139095 and HD197541, and their fundamental parameters are confirmed as being consistent with the γ Doradus class of stars. HD153580 and HD197541, previously only candidates for the class, can now be classified as bona fide γ Doradus type stars. The frequencies and modes identified in this thesis will be very useful in constraining future theoretical models, allowing us to better understand and model the interiors of γ Doradus stars.

Les missions spatiales CoRoT (2006-2014) et Kepler (2009) ont procuré de nombreuses données sismiques pour des milliers d'étoiles de faible masse. L'analyse de ces données a rendu possible l'étude de l'intérieur de ces étoiles au cours de l'évolution et a apporté de fortes contraintes sur les processus physiques à l’œuvre sous leur surface. En particulier, ces observations ont montré que la rotation moyenne du cœur de ces étoiles augmente légèrement avec le temps sur la branche des sous-géantes avant de diminuer lors de l'ascension de la branche des géantes rouges. Ceci est désaccord avec les prédictions théoriques actuelles et souligne la nécessité d'inclure de nouveaux processus de transport de moment cinétique dans les modèles stellaires. Dans une première partie, j'ai donc étudié l'influence du transport de moment cinétique par les ondes internes de gravité sur l'évolution de la rotation dans les étoiles de faible masse. Ces ondes se propagent dans les zones radiatives stablement stratifiées et sont capables d'en modifier la vitesse de rotation moyenne. Or, l'efficacité du transport par les ondes dépend de leur amplitude et donc du mécanisme d'excitation. Alors que des modèles semi-analytiques permettaient déjà d'évaluer l'énergie transférée aux ondes par la pression turbulente dans la zone convective, une estimation théorique de l'excitation par la pénétration de panaches convectifs à l'interface avec la zone radiative restait manquante. J'ai donc proposé un modèle d'excitation pour estimer la part d'énergie cinétique des panaches transférées sous forme d'ondes à la base de la zone convective (Pinçon et al., 2016). Cela m'a d'abord permis d'établir que la pénétration convective génère des ondes plus efficacement que la pression turbulente, et ensuite que les ondes induites par la pénétration convective sont capables de s'opposer à l'accélération de la rotation due à la contraction des couches internes, depuis la séquence principale jusqu'au début de l'ascension de la branche des géantes rouges. En particulier, j'ai montré que les valeurs de la rotation observées dans l'intérieur des étoiles sous-géantes peuvent être interprétées comme le possible résultat d'un mécanisme de régulation contrôlé par ces ondes (Pinçon at al., 2017). Dans une seconde partie, je me suis intéressé à l'amélioration et à l'élaboration des diagnostiques sismiques par les modes mixtes, ces modes d'oscillation qui sont capables de sonder aussi bien l'enveloppe que les régions centrales des étoiles. Les diagnostiques sismiques font le lien entre les caractéristiques observées dans un spectre d'oscillation et les propriétés de la structure interne de l'étoile. Mon attention s'est premièrement focalisée sur la facteur de couplage des modes mixtes qui décrit le degré d'interaction entre les oscillations dans la cavité centrale et celles dans l'enveloppe de l'étoile. Ce paramètre n'a été, jusque là, que très peu étudié. Une première étude observationnelle sur un large échantillon d'étoiles par Mosser et al. (2017) a montré que ce facteur varie au cours de l'évolution et se comporte différemment selon le stade évolutif. J'ai contribué à l'interprétation des résultats en montrant via un modèle simplifié que ce facteur est sensible aux changements structuraux de l'étoile au cours de l'évolution. De plus, cette analyse a notamment démontré la nécessité de considérer l'hypothèse d'un fort couplage. J'ai donc entrepris une validation du formalisme proposé parallèlement à cette dernière étude par Takata (2016) en comparant ses prédictions avec celles obtenues numériquement pour des modèles d'étoiles évoluées. Enfin, en utilisant une modélisation simple, j'ai montré qu'une analyse précise du spectre des modes mixtes paramètre permettrait de plus d'obtenir de l'information sur le contraste de densité entre le coeur et l'enveloppe de l'étoile. / The space-borne missions CoRoT (2006-2014) and Kepler (2009) provided a lot of seismic data for thousands of low-mass stars. Data analysis enabled us to study the interior of these stars during their evolution and brought stringent constraints on the physical processes at work under their surface.These observations notably revealed that the mean core rotation rate of stars weakly increases on the subgiant branch before dropping on the red giant branch while their central layers are contracting.for several subgiant and red giant stars in which mixed modes could be detected. Subsequently, several works demonstrated the inability of the current stellar evolution codes to reproduce these observations and stressed out the need for an additional transport process of angular momentum to counteract the acceleration of the central rotation driven by the core contraction during the post-main sequence evolution.Therefore, in a first part of my PhD thesis, I investigated the effect of the angular momentum transport by internal gravity waves on the rotation evolution of low-mass stars. These waves have buoyancy as restoring force and can propagate into stably stratified radiative zones, where they are able to interact with the medium and modify its mean rotation. The efficiency of the angular momentum transport by waves depends on their amplitude and so on their generation mechanism. While several works had already theoretically studied the wave excitation by turbulent pressure in the convective, an estimate of the wave generation by penetrative convection into the upper layers of the radiatve zone was still missing. I thus developed a semi-analytical excitation model to estimate the part of the plumes kinetic energy transferred into internal gravity waves at the base of the convective zone (Pinçon et al., 2016). I first found that penetrative convection generates waves more efficiently than turbulent pressure, and then that plume-induced waves are able to counteract the spin-up of the core driven by the gravitational contraction from the main-sequence to the beginning of the ascent of the red giant branch. Moreover, I showed that the radial-differential rotation observed in subgiant and early red giant stars can be explained by a regulation mechanism controlled by the influence of the plume-induced internal gravity waves (Pinçon et al., 2017).In a second part, I worked on the elaboration and the improvement of the seismic diagnoses by mixed modes that have the ability to probe both the envelope and the core of stars. Seismic diagnoses aim at making the link between the features observed in oscillation spectra and the physical quantities describing stars and their internal structures. In a first step, I focused on the coupling factor of mixed modes which expresses the level of interaction between the central and the outer resonant cavities and had still remained largely unexploited. The first large-scale analysis of this parameter by Mosser et al. (2017) showed that this factor vary during the evolution, with typical values depending on the evolutionary status.In this work, I contributed to the interpretation of the results via a simplified model in which the value of the coupling factor is directly sensitive to structural readjustments occurring during stellar evolution. This study notably revealed the necessity to consider the hypothesis of a strong coupling. In parallel to this work, a theoretical description of mixed modes under the assumption of strong coupling was proposed by Takata (2016). Therefore, I undertook a validation of this formalism by comparing its predictions with an oscillation code for appropriate evolved models. Finally, using a simplifying modeling, I showed that a precise analysis of the mixed modes spectrum can also bring information on the contrast of density between the core and the envelope.

A sismologia estelar oferece uma oportunidade única de sondar as propriedades internas das estrelas através do estudo de oscilações estelares. Essas oscilações são dependentes diretamente da física da cavidade onde são formadas. No entanto, a rotação da estrela introduz um eixo de simetria e levanta a degenerescência nas frequências, dificultando assim, a sua identificação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a dependência das frequências de oscilação estelar com a velocidade de rotação para modelos de massas intermediárias ao longo da sequência principal. Este estudo foi realizado através da modelagem de estrelas com uma grande variedade de massas e velocidades de rotação (2-8 Msol, 20-100km/s) com os códigos CESAM/FILOU. O comportamento do splitting rotacional e de sua assimetria nos modos g2, g1, p1 e p2 mostrou uma dependência com outros parâmetros físicos, além da rotação. A assimetria apresenta variações interessantes levando a um método de diagnóstico de evolução: quando vários modos são observados, as assimetrias levam a uma determinação precisa da fase evolutiva da estrela. Modelos representativos para a estrela HD50844 foram comparados com os dados observacionais. A falta da identificação dos modos (l,m) e o grande número de frequências não permite obter-se resultados precisos. / Asteroseismology provides a unique opportunity to probe the inner properties of stars through the study of stellar oscillations. These oscillations depend on the physics of the cavity where they are formed. However, the stellar rotation introduces an axis of symmetry and lifts the degeneracy of the frequencies, thus hindering the identification. The goal of this work was to study the dependence of the oscillation frequency on the stellar rotation velocities for models of intermediate mass along the main sequence. This study was performed through the modeling of stars with a wide range of masses and rotational velocities (2-8 Msun, 20-100km/s) with the codes CESAM/FILOU. The behavior of the rotational \\textit and its asymmetry for the modes g2, g1, p1 and p2 showed a dependence on other physical parameters, as well as rotation. The asymmetry presents interesting variations leading to a diagnostic method of evolution: when multiple modes are observed, the asymmetries lead to a precise determination of the evolution phase of the star. Representative models for the star HD50844 were compared with the observational data. The lack of identification of the modes (l,m) and the large number of frequencies does not allow to obtain accurate results.

No description available.