The agricultural sector plays a major role in European economies. Of course, it is also very important to the labour market, the income of the poorest people and food security. The food crisis of 2008 has raised numerous questions about the impact of such variability on welfare and the economic sector which directly concerns the agricultural sector. Given the importance of the agricultural sector to the economies, if governments are to take adequate measures to ensure food security, they need to have a good understanding of the functioning of their markets. Agricultural markets have been one of the central targets for the analysis of price transmission. The interest in price transmission has recently gained attention and the amount of studies on this subject is rapidly growing. The price is considered to be the principal mechanism connecting the different stages of the food supply chain. The present thesis studies the existence of asymmetry in the price transmission along the supply chain in the European Countries of 27. In other words, this study addresses the questions: How much and how fast are price changes passed through between the different stages of the chain? Do increases in producer prices lead to immediate increases in consumer prices and also decreases in producer prices take time to be passed down to the consumers? This document aims to check about adjustment of prices in the food supply chain, which is an important characteristic of the functioning of the markets. / Το ενδιαφέρον για τη μετάδοση των τιμών έχει κερδίσει την προσοχή και ο αριθμός των μελετών για το θέμα αυτό έχει αυξηθεί σημαντικά τα τελευταία χρονιά. Η τιμή θεωρείται ότι είναι ο κύριος μηχανισμός που συνδέει τα διάφορα στάδια της αλυσίδας εφοδιασμού τροφίμων. Η παρούσα εργασία μελετά την ύπαρξη της ασυμμετρίας στη μετάδοση των τιμών κατά μήκος της αλυσίδας εφοδιασμού τροφίμων στις ευρωπαϊκές χώρες των 27. Με άλλα λόγια, η μελέτη αυτή εξετάζει τα ερωτήματα: Πόσο και πόσο γρήγορα οι αλλαγές των τιμών περνούν μέσα από τα διάφορα στάδια της αλυσίδας ; Εάν οι αυξήσεις στις τιμές παραγωγού οδηγούν σε άμεση αύξηση των τιμών καταναλωτή, επίσης εάν οι μειώσεις στις τιμές παραγωγού χρειάζονται χρόνο για να περάσουν στους καταναλωτές; Το παρόν έγγραφο έχει ως στόχο να ελέγξει την προσαρμογή των τιμών στην αλυσίδα εφοδιασμού τροφίμων η οποία είναι ένα σημαντικό χαρακτηριστικό της λειτουργίας των αγορών. Οι τιμές των τροφίμων έχουν εμφανίσει ακραίες διακυμάνσεις τα τελευταία χρόνια, φτάνοντας σε εξαιρετικά υψηλά επίπεδα κατά το δεύτερο εξάμηνο του 2007 και τους πρώτους μήνες του 2008, προτού πέσουν ραγδαία κατά τη διάρκεια της οικονομικής κρίσης. Αυτή η αυξημένη μεταβλητότητα, τονίζει την ανάγκη να αυξηθεί η αποτελεσματικότητα της αλυσίδας εφοδιασμού τροφίμων . Οι τιμές των εμπορευμάτων είναι οι πιο σημαντικοί καθοριστικοί παράγοντες της παγκόσμιας οικονομικής απόδοσης. Οι επιχειρηματικές αποφάσεις σχετικά με την παραγωγή, την κατανάλωση και την εμπορία των επιχειρήσεων, συνδέονται άμεσα με τις αγορές εμπορευμάτων. Στην εργασία αυτή , αρχικά αναφέρω συνοπτικά τι είναι η μη συμμετρική μετάδοση των τιμών , τα είδη ασυμμετρίας , τους παράγοντες που προκαλούν ασυμμετρία καθώς και τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας που έκανα. Οι τιμές που χρησιμοποίησα στην ανάλυση αυτή είναι μηνιαίοι δείκτες με έτος βάσης το 2010, από τον Ιανουάριο του 2005 μέχρι τον Ιανουάριο του 2014. Χρησιμοποίησα την βάση δεδομένων της Eurostat για τους δείκτες τιμών των τροφίμων και για το πετρέλαιο την βάση δεδομένων Mundi.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-03-02T17:39:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aline Carvalho de Castro - 2017.pdf: 1645515 bytes, checksum: 74d747a3d5ffe1e777ef3947d34a5855 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-03-03T11:26:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aline Carvalho de Castro - 2017.pdf: 1645515 bytes, checksum: 74d747a3d5ffe1e777ef3947d34a5855 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-03T11:26:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aline Carvalho de Castro - 2017.pdf: 1645515 bytes, checksum: 74d747a3d5ffe1e777ef3947d34a5855 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The aim of this work is to study São Paulo pork marketing at levels of producer, wholesale and retail. In order to reach the objective was studied marketing margin, price transmission analysis and asymmetric price transmission test. The marketing margins study showed that retail is the market level that holds most of the sector's margins, averaging 56% over the analyzed period, while the wholesale margin and the producer share are on average 8% and 36% respectively. Regarding the analysis of price transmission, the SVEC model indicated that 1% producer’s prices variation, turn to 0,74% wholesale price’s variation, while 1% wholesale’s prices variation repercussion the retail price in 0,5%. Therefore, prices changes are not completely transmitted to the next stage. Production’s stage is most susceptible to adjustment along the chain, while retail is the most influencer to other stages prices. Result of the asymmetric error correction model (ECM) shows that price transmission farmer to retail is asymmetric. Indicating that increases and decreases in producer prices are not transmitted in the same path by retailers. Such evidence can be explained by high marketing margins at retailer stage, participation in large retail chains that have market power, access to information by being in direct contact with consumers and a high degree organization. Even not producing and not having the product, they are agents whose negotiate through contracts, which incur in less risk. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal estudar sobre a comercialização de carne suína no estado de São Paulo entre os níveis de mercado do produtor, atacado e varejo. Para atingir o objetivo proposto foi realizado o estudo das margens de comercialização, análise de transmissão depreços e testes de assimetria. A metodologia usada foi baseada na econometria de séries temporais: teste de raiz unitária, teste de cointegração, Vetor Auto Regressivo com Correção de Erro e Identificação de Bernanke (SVEC), funções de impulso resposta e decomposição histórica da variância. O estudo das margens de comercialização mostrou que o varejo é o nível de mercado que detêm a maior parte das margens do setor, em média 56% ao longo do período analisado, enquanto a margem do atacado e a parcela do produtor são em média 8% e 36% respectivamente. Em relação à análise de transmissão de preços o modelo SVEC indicou que a variação de 1% no preço recebido pelo produtor varia o preço no atacado em 0,74% e, a variação de 1% no preço no nível do atacado altera o preço no varejo em 0,5%, indicando que as variações nos preços não são repassadas completamente para o próximo nível. O nível do produtor é o mais suscetível às mudanças ao longo da cadeia, enquanto o varejo é o nível que mais influencia os preços nos demais níveis. Os resultados do modelo de correção de erro (ECM) para assimetria apontaram que a transmissão de preços do produtor para o varejo se dá de forma assimétrica, indicando que os acréscimos e decréscimos nos preços do produtor não são transmitidos da mesma forma pelos varejistas. Tal evidência pode ser explicada pelas altas margens de comercialização verificadas no nível varejista, participação em grandes redes varejistas que apresentam poder de mercado, acesso à informação por estarem em contato direto com os consumidores e alto grau de organização. Mesmo não produzindo e sem deter o produto são agentes que negociam por meio de contratos e devido a isso incorrem em menor risco.

This study has conducted an OLS-regression to examine the relationship between gasoline and crude oil prices in the Swedish petroleum market, focusing on potential asymmetry, where gasoline prices respond more quickly to increases in crude oil prices compared to decreases. Additionally, we examine the impact of individual petroleum stations' competitiveness on this asymmetry, applying the distance to the nearest station as a measure of competitiveness. To explore this relationship, we utilise two datasets: one comprises unique user-generated data for individual gas stations spanning the period from 2019 to 2022, while the other includes recommended prices covering the period from 2001 to 2020. The findings provide some evidence supporting the existence of asymmetry, indicating the presence of inefficiencies within the market. However, no evidence suggesting larger asymmetry concerning individual competitiveness was discovered. Overall, this research offers novel insights into the dynamics of the Swedish fuel market in recent years.