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This study examined differences and relationships between high intensity, intermittent work and menstrual phase. Six performed (10) 6-second sprints on a cycle ergometer in the luteal (LP) and follicular phase (FP) of the menstrual cycle. The average 6-second work was greater in the LP (39.3 (3.4)Jkg) than during the FP (38.3 (3.1)Jkg). There was no difference in peak 6-second power (6.8(0.6)W/kg in FP, 6.9(0.6)W/kg in LP) and the drop-off in work (1.2(3.5)J/kg in FP and 1.0(2.7)J/kg in LP) between menstrual phases. There was no significant difference in sprint V02 or recovery V02 between FP (2.3 (O.S)rnL/kg/min and 24.1 (2.5)mL/kg/min) and LP (2 1.8(1.6)mL/kg/rnin and 23.7(2.8)mL/kg/min). In sprints 2 to 10, recovery V02 was greater in LP (26.3(2.4)mL/kg/min) than FP (25.0(2.6)rnL/kg/min). Recovery V02 and average 6- second work positively correlated (0.78 in FP, 0.77 in LP). In summary, oxygen consumption between sprints 2-10 and average work was greater in LP than FP.

Competitive cheerleading is a sport that has received very little research attention yet was of great interest to the researcher who has coached this sport for over six years. This research asks, "What is the impact of a competitive cheerleading experience on the development of female athletes?" The literature surrounding cheerleading, the sports environment, psychology of coaching, sociology of sports, and feminism in sports is reviewed. A case study approach using both quantitative and qualitative techniques for data collection was used. Participants were five females who had been involved in competitive cheerleading for a mean of 4.4 years. Each participant completed a questionnaire as well as an interview with the researcher. Seven themes were found in the narratives: athleticism, team dynamics, unique aspects of competitive cheerleading, social skills, negative impacts of competitive cheerleading, involving male athletes and peer perception. Within each theme, there were key findings. This study filled some of the gaps in past research by using female participants, qualitative research methods, and the analysis of one sport.

The purpose of this study was twofold: to determine the physical demands of the sport of karate and to establish a standardized field-based physical fitness test battery to assess karate athletes. The Physical Demands Analysis (PDA) consisted of a heart rate analysis, a movement analysis of karate techniques by an expert panel, and a review of the current literature. Five experienced karate athletes were monitored using acticals and heart rate monitors during simulated competition to help determine the physiological demands of karate. The results of all parts of the PDA were combined to inform the development of the physical fitness test battery for karate athletes, as well as rationalize the use of the individual tests included in the battery. The PDA identified the physical requirements for karate athletes to be: kicking and punching performance, flexibility, balance, agility, short burst high intensity fitness, and stamina. Therefore, a fitness test battery was developed using field-based tests that measures lower (vertical jump) and upper body (seated medicine ball put) power, hip flexibility (lateral split test), single leg balance (modified bass test), anaerobic capacity (modified 300 metre shuttle test), agility (T-Test), as well as aerobic performance (Leger 20m shuttle run test). While this study provides some evidence on the physiological profiling and fitness testing standards for karate athletes, the proposed physical fitness test battery provides a preliminary tool for the appropriate steps to analyze karate training and performance, establish normative data for athletes at all stages of development and experience and to determine karate fitness standards. / Graduate / 2018-04-26

Master of Science / Department of Human Nutrition / Mark Haub / Sports nutrition is a blossoming profession and continues to grow. Within the daily functions of a sports nutrition department, working as a sports dietitian is more than providing food and hydration sources. Sports nutrition includes educating athletes about the benefits of food and teaching them life-long skills such as, cooking and grocery shopping that they may use for the rest of their lives. Being successful in the sports nutrition profession requires excellent communication, organization, dedication, and hard work. Nutrition can help an athlete in creating an advantage for improving performance and recovery. Within sports nutrition, sports dietitians are being called on to provide appropriate education for athletes. The purpose of this review is to examine the various aspects of a sports nutrition department and the skills necessary for a sports dietitian to be successful at the Division I Collegiate level. This review will cover the regulatory, financial, staffing, athlete, environmental, and technological aspects of sports nutrition. The following review may be beneficial for those who are interested in pursuing sports nutrition as a career, as it aims to elucidate expectations regarding the day to day job requirements.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Medicine (Exercise Science) Johannesburg, 1997 / This investigation examined the cross- training effect of swim training on middle distance running performance. Eight, healthy, untrained subjects (mean age + SD = 24.63 + 2.77 yrs) participated in a 12 week. swim training program. Before and immediately following the training period, measurements were made of: maximal oxygen consumption (V03 max.) (treadmill); anaerobic capacity (Wingate test); knee and shoulder muscle strength (isokinetic dynamometer); 100m and 200m swim time- trials; and 400m and 800m run time-trials. VO- max. increased from a mean of 42.06 + 5.1 ml/kg/min. to 45.39 + 5.05 ml/kg/min. (8.137. ; p< 0.005). The 100m, 200m swim times and the 400m, 800m run times improved significantly in response to the swimming training (p< 0.0001). Dynamometry showed significant inc reases in power and work during knee flexion at an angular velocity of 60 °/sec; knee extension at 245 °/sec; and during shoulder f1 ex ion and extension at 195 and 245 °/sec. The Wingate test however, did not show any changes after the training period. A cross-training effect by swim training on running performance was attained among the untrained, non- competitive swimmers of this study. While mode of activity was non- specific, a training response was attained by keeping the intensity and volume of the swim training specific to middle distance run training. / IT2017

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University

Mimi Yuk-Mei Yeung. / Varying title: Energy balance and dietary intake of Hong Kong elite athletes. / Year shown on spine: 1997. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-148). / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION AND AIMS OF THE STUDY --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Sports Development in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Hong Kong Athletes Performance and Achievement --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Nutrition and Sport Performance --- p.2 / Chapter 1.4 --- Aims of the Study --- p.2 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- NUTRITION NEEDS OF THE ATHLETES --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Energy Needs of Elite Athletes --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Components of Energy Expenditure in Athletes --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Sex Differences in Energy Expenditure --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Indicators for Body Energy Stores --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Nutrient Requirements in Sports --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Carbohydrate --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Protein --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Fat --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Vitamins & Minerals --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Alcohol and Caffeine --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Optimal Training Diet for Sports --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Training Diet for Optimizing Performance --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Review of Dietary Studies in Athletes --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Sex Differences in Dietary Intakes of Athletes --- p.20 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF ELITE ATHLETES --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1 --- Evaluation of Activity Energy --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Factorial Method --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Direct and Indirect Calorimetry --- p.24 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Doubly labeled Water --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Heart Rate Method --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2 --- Evaluation of Dietary Intake --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Dietary Assessment --- p.27 / Chapter 3.3 --- A review on Adopted Methods --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- FLEX-HR Minute-by-minute Heart Rate Method --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Dietary Assessment Methods Adopted in the Present Study --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Food Composition Tables & Calculation of Nutrient Intake --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- The Importance of Anthropometric Measurements --- p.30 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- "SUBJECTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS" --- p.38 / Chapter 4.1 --- Subjects --- p.38 / Chapter 4.2 --- Anthropometric Measurements --- p.38 / Chapter 4.3 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.39 / Chapter 4.4 --- Energy Assessment --- p.39 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Subject Calibration --- p.39 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- "Respiratory Gas, Heart Rate Measurement and Analysis" --- p.40 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Heart Rate and Regression Formula --- p.42 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Minute-by-minute Heart Rate Recording --- p.43 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Activity Record --- p.44 / Chapter 4.5 --- Dietary Assessment --- p.44 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- 3days 24-Hour Recall --- p.44 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Estimation of Quantity of Food --- p.45 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Nutrient Analysis --- p.45 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- RESULTS --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1 --- Anthropometric Changes in Athletes --- p.68 / Chapter 5.2 --- Individual Calibration Curve of Athletes --- p.68 / Chapter 5.3 --- Exercise Energy Expenditure of Athletes --- p.68 / Chapter 5.4 --- Total Daily Energy Expenditure of Athletes --- p.71 / Chapter 5.5 --- Dietary Intake of Athletes --- p.72 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Energy Intake of Athletes --- p.72 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Carbohydrate Intake of Athletes --- p.73 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Nutrient Intake of Athletes --- p.74 / Chapter 5.5.4 --- Food Choices of Athletes --- p.76 / Chapter 5.6 --- Observations in Energy Balance in Athletes --- p.76 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- DISCUSSION --- p.116 / Chapter 6.1 --- Reliability of Energy Expenditure and Dietary Measurement --- p.116 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Application of the FLEX-HR --- p.116 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Application of the Polar Sport Tester PE3000 Heart Rate Monitor --- p.117 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Reliability of Dietary Assessment for Energy and Carbohydrate Intake --- p.118 / Chapter 6.2 --- Energy Expenditure in Training / Exercise Days in Athletes --- p.118 / Chapter 6.3 --- Energy Intake and Energy Expenditure in Athletes --- p.121 / Chapter 6.4 --- Nutrient and Food Intake of the Athletes --- p.123 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Energy Intake of Athletes --- p.123 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Nutrient intake of Athletes --- p.124 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Food Choices of Athletes --- p.128 / Chapter 6.5 --- Conclusions --- p.129 / Chapter 6.6 --- Recommendations --- p.129 / Chapter 6.7 --- A Need for Further Studies --- p.130 / References --- p.132 / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of Tables --- p.xiii / Appendix I Schofield equation for Basal Metabolic Rate --- p.149 / Appendix II Exercise Testing Protocols in Athletes --- p.150 / "Appendix III Computer print out of HR, VO2, and Energy Expenditure" --- p.151 / Appendix IV Form for Calibration Test Information --- p.152 / Appendix V Heart Rate Curve --- p.153 / Appendix VI Heart Rate and Energy Data Sheet --- p.154 / Appendix VII Heart Rate and Energy Curve --- p.155 / Appendix VIII Activity Record Sheet --- p.156 / Appendix IX Diet Record Sheet --- p.157

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries