The family has been described as the center or heart of societal relationships with each family member playing an integral part in that relationship (Garret & Landau, 2007; Jay & Jay, 2000). Therefore, when a family member is affected by a disease such as addiction, his or her predicament typically impacts other members of the family. When this occurs, family members may seek therapy to provide solutions. One technique that has been found to be beneficial to the entire family by providing education about the addiction is brief family-based treatment (FBT) (Jay & Jay; Johnson, 1998). Brief family-based treatment, teaches, that as family members work together, they have a much better chance of changing their own perceptions/attitudes about addiction and thereby changing the outcome for the relative with addiction.

Familjestrukturer och föräldraroller är i förändring. Stereotyper av föräldraskap har bidragit till rådande attityder där män och kvinnor i icke traditionella familjestrukturer bedöms mindre fördelaktigt (Brescoll & Uhlmann, 2005). Studiens syfte var att se om attityder påverkas av huruvida föräldern är karriärist eller föräldraledig samt man eller kvinna. En pilotstudie genomfördes för att generera egenskaper för föräldraskap och bestod av 30 deltagare. I huvudstudien deltog 115 personer, varav 69 kvinnor och 46 män. En egenkonstruerad enkät användes där deltagarna fick bedöma bra respektive dåligt föräldraskap utifrån en fiktiv fallbeskrivning. Enkäten bestod även av The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory som avser att mäta sexism (Glick & Fiske, 1996). Resultatet visade att både män och kvinnor bedöms som bättre föräldrar då de är föräldralediga. Fientlig sexism hade samband med uppfattning av mäns bra föräldraskap samt kvinnors dåliga föräldraskap. Resultaten stämmer till stor del överens med tidigare forskning om traditionella samt icke traditionella familjestrukturer.

The objective of this research is to discuss the scientific story intergrated in science curriculum about the students¡¦ attitude towards science and conceptions of the nature of science . This research made use of the Static-group comparison design method for use in quasi-experimental research. The first step was to collect the related scientific background and a scientists¡¦ information, and then create a fictitious story according to the situation in an experimental teaching process, and finally issue a questionnaire in order to understand the students¡¦ experience and conviction. Our research samples were 4 grade 5 classes from a school in Kaohsiung, selected as our test group. Our control groups were 5 classes chosen from another school in Kaohsiung City. We made use of both quantitative and qualitative analysis to collect the data and analyze the information, and the research included the original Questionnaire on the nature of science, Questionnaire on learning science, and an interview information sheet. The questionnaire on the nature of science was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the t-test to obtain a quantitative analysis. The questionnaire on learning science uses percentiles and inductive analysis to obtain a quantitative analysis, with an interview providing qualitative information. The research results indicated that the students enjoyed the fictitious story curriculum, and especially enjoyed hearing about the scientists¡¦ background, as the students believed the stories could assist them in their learning. The students¡¦ attitudes were found to be positive, as the stories were thought to assist them in their learning. Thus, the students were highly interested in the curriculum, though the attitude towards the image of the scientists was not as positive, as was their attitude towards science career planning. On the point of the nature of science, students in the test group were modern minded, and the test group achieved more than the control group. On the quantity and quality of the students¡¦ knowledge, there were significant differences between the test group and the control group. Therefore, the recommendation of this research is that teachers, if interested in this teaching approach, should attempt to collect information on the scientists and their backgrounds. Also, the history of science should be taught to training teachers during their teaching training program. This will assist the teacher in becoming an effective aid towards the students learning of science.

The aim of this article was to analyze the construct validity and reliability of the Love Attitude Scale (LAS, Hendrick & Hendrick, 1986). The sample consisted of 381 undergraduate students (61.7 % of them women) between the ages of 17 and 25 years old. The LAS and the I- PANAS - SF (adapted by Gargurevich, 2010) that evaluates positive and negative affect were applied. The exploratory factor analysis resulted in six factors (Eros, Ludus, Storge, Pragma, Mania and Ágape), that explained 47.87 % of the total variance. The correlations between the score of Eros and Pragma styles and positive affect were positive and significant; while Manía and Ludus styles had positive and significant relationships with negative affect. Reliability by the method of internal consistency of the six factors found was from .62 to .85; while the stability coefficients for test- retest method were .44 to .77. These results allow concluding that the LAS and their scores are valid and reliable to measure attitudes toward love in the college population of Lima. / El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la validez de constructo y la fiabilidad de la Escala de Actitudes sobre el Amor (Love Attitudes Scale [LAS]) de Hendrick & Hendrick (1986). La muestra estuvo compuesta por 381 estudiantes universitarios de Lima, Perú, (61.7 % mujeres) de entre 17 y 25 años de edad. Aparte del LAS, se aplicó el I-PANAS-SF adaptado por Gargurevich (2010), el cual evalúa el afecto positivo y negativo. Como resultados, el análisis factorial exploratorio del LAS arrojó una solución de seis factores (Eros, Ludus, Storge, Pragma, Manía y Ágape) que explicaron el 47.87 % de la varianza total. Las correlaciones entre las puntuaciones de los estilos Eros y Pragma y el afecto positivo fueron positivas y significativas; mientras que los estilos Manía y Ludus tuvieron correlaciones positivas y significativas con el afecto negativo. Utilizando el método de consistencia interna, la fiabilidad de los seis factores encontrados fue de .62 a .85; mientras que con el método testretest, los coeficientes de estabilidad fueron de .44 a .77. Estos resultados permiten concluir que el LAS y sus puntuaciones son una medida válida y fiable para medir las actitudes hacia el amor en la población de universitarios de Lima, Perú.

Previous research has provided insights into factors influencing attitudes toward advertising in general, and those factors influencing attitudes toward advertising in a particular medium. However, attitudes towards Facebook advertising, especially those of Generation Y, have received relatively little research attention, especially in the South African context. The Generation Y cohort (individuals born between 1986 and 2005) are heavy users of Facebook, and access the site on a daily basis. In South Africa, approximately 20 million of the country’s population of 52 982 000 fall into the Generation Y cohort; this makes them a salient market segment. Those engaged in tertiary education are of particular interest to marketers as a tertiary qualification is often an indication of higher future earning potential, and higher social status within a community. The purpose of this study was to propose and test a model of the possible determinants and inhibitors of Generation Y students‟ attitudes towards advertising, in the Facebook environment, within the South African context. The proposed model suggests that information value, entertainment value, credibility, self-brand congruity and trust in site are predictors of attitude towards advertising in the Facebook environment, while invasiveness of advertisements and time cost are inhibitors of attitude towards advertising in the Facebook environment. The study hypothesised that information value, entertainment value, credibility, self-brand congruity, trust in site, invasiveness of advertisements and time cost impact on Generation Y students‟ perceived value of advertisements on Facebook that in turn directly influence attitudes towards advertising on Facebook. The study followed a descriptive research design using a single cross-sectional sample and a self-administered survey questionnaire. A non-probability convenience sample of 450 students enrolled at three public higher education institutions (HEIs) of South Africa located in the Gauteng Province was drawn for the study. Lecturers at the three HEIs were contacted and asked if they would allow the questionnaire to be distributed to their students during class. Of the questionnaires completed, there were 306 usable self-administered questionnaires. Data were analysed using exploratory factor analysis, Pearson’s Product-Moment correlation analysis and structural equation modelling. Before testing and confirming the hypothesised construct paths, a measurement model was developed based on the exploratory factor analysis and correlation analysis. The results of the correlation analysis showed that invasiveness of advertisements and time cost did not have a significant relationship with the two endogenous constructs of value and attitude towards advertisements on Facebook. As such, the measurement model excluded these two constructs. The measurement model identified seven latent variables identifying attitudes towards advertisements in the Facebook environment as a seven-factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed, and the results confirmed the existence of convergent and discriminant validity. The measuring scale of this study also demonstrated composite reliability. The initial structural model (Structural Model A) hypothesised that information value, entertainment value, credibility, self-brand congruity and site trust directly influence perceived value, which, in turn, influences overall attitude towards advertising in the Facebook environment. Despite the fit indices indicating the overall fit of the hypothesised structural model as acceptable, the path between self-brand congruity and value, as well as the path between site trust and value, were negative and not significant. As such, a revised model based on the original measurement framework was tested. The revised structural model (Structural Model B) was tested to determine whether self-brand congruency and site trust have a direct positive influence on Generation Y students‟ overall attitude to advertising in the Facebook environment, rather than an indirect influence via their influence on perceived value. In Structural Model B, information value, entertainment value and credibility have a significant positive influence on Generation Y students‟ perceived value of advertisements on Facebook, and perceived value has a significant positive influence on attitudes towards advertisements on Facebook. Similar to the findings of previous studies, Structural Model B revealed that self-brand congruity and site trust have a significant positive and direct influence on Generation Y student‟ overall attitude towards advertising in the Facebook environment. Furthermore, the revised model (Structural Model B) appears to fit the data better than that of Structural Model B. This study contributes to the body of knowledge in the area of attitude towards advertising by empirically testing a model of factors influencing Generation Y‟s attitudes towards advertising in the Facebook environment, and ascertaining which factors act as antecedents to successful advertising on Facebook. It suggested that attitude towards advertising in the Facebook environment is a seven-factor structure composed of overall attitude, information value, entertainment value, credibility, self-brand congruity, trust in site and perceived value. The study also offers recommendations and guidance for marketers who seek to incorporate Facebook in their marketing communication mix. / PhD (Marketing Management), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014

Previous research has provided insights into factors influencing attitudes toward advertising in general, and those factors influencing attitudes toward advertising in a particular medium. However, attitudes towards Facebook advertising, especially those of Generation Y, have received relatively little research attention, especially in the South African context. The Generation Y cohort (individuals born between 1986 and 2005) are heavy users of Facebook, and access the site on a daily basis. In South Africa, approximately 20 million of the country’s population of 52 982 000 fall into the Generation Y cohort; this makes them a salient market segment. Those engaged in tertiary education are of particular interest to marketers as a tertiary qualification is often an indication of higher future earning potential, and higher social status within a community. The purpose of this study was to propose and test a model of the possible determinants and inhibitors of Generation Y students‟ attitudes towards advertising, in the Facebook environment, within the South African context. The proposed model suggests that information value, entertainment value, credibility, self-brand congruity and trust in site are predictors of attitude towards advertising in the Facebook environment, while invasiveness of advertisements and time cost are inhibitors of attitude towards advertising in the Facebook environment. The study hypothesised that information value, entertainment value, credibility, self-brand congruity, trust in site, invasiveness of advertisements and time cost impact on Generation Y students‟ perceived value of advertisements on Facebook that in turn directly influence attitudes towards advertising on Facebook. The study followed a descriptive research design using a single cross-sectional sample and a self-administered survey questionnaire. A non-probability convenience sample of 450 students enrolled at three public higher education institutions (HEIs) of South Africa located in the Gauteng Province was drawn for the study. Lecturers at the three HEIs were contacted and asked if they would allow the questionnaire to be distributed to their students during class. Of the questionnaires completed, there were 306 usable self-administered questionnaires. Data were analysed using exploratory factor analysis, Pearson’s Product-Moment correlation analysis and structural equation modelling. Before testing and confirming the hypothesised construct paths, a measurement model was developed based on the exploratory factor analysis and correlation analysis. The results of the correlation analysis showed that invasiveness of advertisements and time cost did not have a significant relationship with the two endogenous constructs of value and attitude towards advertisements on Facebook. As such, the measurement model excluded these two constructs. The measurement model identified seven latent variables identifying attitudes towards advertisements in the Facebook environment as a seven-factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed, and the results confirmed the existence of convergent and discriminant validity. The measuring scale of this study also demonstrated composite reliability. The initial structural model (Structural Model A) hypothesised that information value, entertainment value, credibility, self-brand congruity and site trust directly influence perceived value, which, in turn, influences overall attitude towards advertising in the Facebook environment. Despite the fit indices indicating the overall fit of the hypothesised structural model as acceptable, the path between self-brand congruity and value, as well as the path between site trust and value, were negative and not significant. As such, a revised model based on the original measurement framework was tested. The revised structural model (Structural Model B) was tested to determine whether self-brand congruency and site trust have a direct positive influence on Generation Y students‟ overall attitude to advertising in the Facebook environment, rather than an indirect influence via their influence on perceived value. In Structural Model B, information value, entertainment value and credibility have a significant positive influence on Generation Y students‟ perceived value of advertisements on Facebook, and perceived value has a significant positive influence on attitudes towards advertisements on Facebook. Similar to the findings of previous studies, Structural Model B revealed that self-brand congruity and site trust have a significant positive and direct influence on Generation Y student‟ overall attitude towards advertising in the Facebook environment. Furthermore, the revised model (Structural Model B) appears to fit the data better than that of Structural Model B. This study contributes to the body of knowledge in the area of attitude towards advertising by empirically testing a model of factors influencing Generation Y‟s attitudes towards advertising in the Facebook environment, and ascertaining which factors act as antecedents to successful advertising on Facebook. It suggested that attitude towards advertising in the Facebook environment is a seven-factor structure composed of overall attitude, information value, entertainment value, credibility, self-brand congruity, trust in site and perceived value. The study also offers recommendations and guidance for marketers who seek to incorporate Facebook in their marketing communication mix. / PhD (Marketing Management), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014

No description available.

This study examines middle school students' perceptions of a future career in a science, math, engineering, or technology (STEM) career field. Gender, grade, predispositions to STEM contents, and learner dispositions are examined for changing perceptions and development in career-related choice behavior. Student perceptions as measured by validated measurement instruments are analyzed pre and post participation in a STEM intervention energy-monitoring program that was offered in several U.S. middle schools during the 2009-2010, 2010-2011 school years. A multiple linear regression (MLR) model, developed by incorporating predictors identified by an examination of the literature and a hypothesis-generating pilot study for prediction of STEM career interest, is introduced. Theories on the career choice development process from authors such as Ginzberg, Eccles, and Lent are examined as the basis for recognition of career concept development among students. Multiple linear regression statistics, correlation analysis, and analyses of means are used to examine student data from two separate program years. Study research questions focus on predictive ability, RSQ, of MLR models by gender/grade, and significance of model predictors in order to determine the most significant predictors of STEM career interest, and changes in students' perceptions pre and post program participation. Analysis revealed increases in the perceptions of a science career, decreases in perceptions of a STEM career, increase of the significance of science and mathematics to predictive models, and significant increases in students' perceptions of creative tendencies.

Research has indicated that adolescents hold both negative and positive attitudes and have common misconceptions about breastfeeding that appear to result from their limited knowledge and reduced exposure to breastfeeding. The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitudes toward breastfeeding of adolescent male and female secondary school students. The study also sought to elicit information on factors that may influence the decision regarding future infant feeding methods. Self-efficacy theory was the theoretical framework to guide the study. This quantitative descriptive study, using a cross-sectional design, involved consenting secondary school students' completing a self-report questionnaire. The study employed purposive sampling and included 1845 males and females in both year-nine and year-12 at designated metropolitan and rural secondary schools in 2001. Analyses of the data were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (version 10.7). Statistical procedures involved chi-square analysis, Student's independent t-test and univariate analysis of variance. Spearman's rank order correlation coefficient was used to describe the relationship between the secondary school student respondents' knowledge of and their attitudes toward breastfeeding. The study results indicate that overall Western Australian adolescent secondary school students have less than ideal knowledge of breastfeeding which is consistent with findings from other studies. Higher breastfeeding knowledge scores were reported in year-12 for both male and female students. For both year groups, female students had higher breastfeeding knowledge scores than male students. With regards to attitudes toward breastfeeding, students had a tendency for neutral responses to attitude questions. / However, overall and for both year groups, female students were found to be more positive towards breastfeeding than male students. The comparison of rural to metropolitan students found that metropolitan students had higher breastfeeding knowledge and were more positive towards breastfeeding than rural students. The metropolitan students were also more inclined to consider breastfeeding future children than rural students. Consideration of breastfeeding future children was similar for both male and female students. Comparison of the combination of gender, year and site revealed higher breastfeeding knowledge and more positive attitudes to breastfeeding in both rural and metropolitan female year-12 respondents. Sources of efficacy information, particularly persuasion/education, were more prominent in female secondary school respondents than male secondary school respondents when considering factors influencing adolescent attitudes toward breastfeeding. The adolescent's acceptance of gender identity could be argued as a reason for the more positive breastfeeding attitudes in female respondents. Students who were breastfed or exposed to breastfeeding either through role models (ie mothers), reading about breastfeeding, media or family influence had greater knowledge and were more positive towards breastfeeding. This study suggests that breastfeeding and lactation information needs to be addressed in the early years of development in order to increase breastfeeding knowledge and promote positive attitudes. Information pertinent to the health benefits of breastfeeding needs to be included in health and nutrition education and addressed through targeted education programs. / Education and health promotion activities could be guided using the four sources of efficacy information in relation to the benefits of breastfeeding. Opportunities for the role modelling of positive breastfeeding attitudes, and consistent support from the school-based health professionals may assist to reduce the adolescent student's unmet informational needs in relation to breastfeeding. A recommendation from this study is the provision of lactation and breastfeeding education for community-based high school nurses as these health professionals are a key element in health education and health promotion in the school setting.

The intent of this study was to compare the attitudes toward school of elementary Indian and non-Indian students living in Northwestern Saskatchewan as these attitudes related to grade, school location, race and gender differences. <p>The literature was reviewed with two main themes, that of the history of Indian education and the development of Indian control of education and the relationship of academic self-concept to performance of children in an academic atmosphere. <p>To assess the differences in attitudes, the Student Attitude Measure developed by Dolan and Enos with the scales including <b>motivation for schooling, academic selfconcept performance based, academic self-concept reference based, sense of control over performance, and instructional mastery</b> were used. This instrument was administered to 1443 grades four, five and six students. All the data from the questionnaires identified as Indian (N=610) were used, but only a matched random sample of non-Indian (N=176) questionnaires were used from the students located in provincial schools. The various group mean scores were analyzed statistically by one-way analysis of variance and a Student Newman-Keuls multiple comparison was used to determine significant differences among group responses. The Canadian Test of Basic Skills was obtained for the reserve attending students and the composite score was correlated with the various measures of the Student Attitude Measure. <p> The results of the study were that:<br> 1. Non-Indian students had significantly higher scores on all five measures of the Student Attitude Measure.<br> 2. Differences by grade level were minimal with the Indian students scoring higher at the grade six level than the grade four, whereas, with the non-Indian student the grade six students scored significantly lower on one measure- that of self-concept performance based.<br> 3. Gender differences for Indian students were minimal with females having higher motivation for school scores and males having higher self-concept performance based scores. With the non-Indian students, the females scored significantly higher on motivation, self-concept reference based and control over performance.<br> 4. For the Indian students, the location of the school did make a difference. Students located in the Band controlled or rural provincial schools scored significantly higher on most SAM measures as compared to the Federal or city attending Indian students. Students in the city schools had the lowest scores.<br> 5. For the non-Indian student, school location did not produce significantly different scores on the SAM.<br> 6. There was a significant correlation between the Canadian Test of Basic Skills and the scales measuring motivation, self-concept reference based, sense of control over performance and instructional mastery.