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Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Ce projet de recherche présente les résultats d'une étude qualitative explorant la possible relation entre la distance temporelle perçue et l'intention d'adoption du camion à l'hydrogène, du camion électrique et du camion autonome par les parties prenantes de l'industrie du camionnage canadienne. Le camion à l'hydrogène et le camion électrique se présentent comme alternative aux carburants fossiles pour l'industrie du camionnage tandis que le camion autonome pourrait être une solution à la pénurie de main-d'œuvre. Les facteurs explorés furent la distance temporelle, la résistance aux changements du PDG ou de l'équipe de direction, l'attitude envers les solutions de remplacement proposées et le type de transport effectué ou consommé. Afin de collecter les données, une entrevue individuelle semi-dirigée d'environ une heure fut réalisée auprès de 31 experts de l'industrie du camionnage. La perception de la distance temporelle (élevée vs faible) a semblé être positivement liée à l'intention d'adoption pour le camion électrique ainsi que le camion autonome. Dans le cas du camion à l'hydrogène, la possible relation ne put être explorée dû à un manque de connaissance de la part des répondants. / This research project presents the results of a qualitative study exploring the possible relationship between perceived temporal distance and the intention to adopt the hydrogen truck, the electric truck and autonomous truck by stakeholders of the Canadian trucking industry. The hydrogen truck and the electric truck are presented as an alternative to fossil fuels for the trucking industry while the autonomous truck could be a solution to the labour shortage. Factors explored were temporal distance, CEO or management team resistance to change, attitude toward the proposed alternatives and the type of transport performed or consumed. In order to collect the data, an individual semi-structured interview lasting approximately one hour was conducted with 31 trucking industry experts. The perception of temporal distance (high vs. low) seemed to be positively related to the intention to adopt for the electric truck as well as the autonomous truck. In the case of the hydrogen truck, the possible relationship could not be explored due to a lack of knowledge on the part of the respondents.

Nous avons eu comme objectif de développer de nouvelles méthodologies de synthèse en utilisant un système de fer et de ligand bipyridine chiral. D’abord, pour faire suite aux résultats déjà développés dans le groupe pour la réaction d’ouverture d’époxydes méso par des anilines, nous avons engagé de nouveaux nucléophiles dans les conditions réactionnelles avec le système catalytique précédemment étudié. Dans le cas d’ouverture d’époxydes aromatiques méso par les indoles, de très hautes énantiosélectivités ont été obtenues. Après un processus d’optimisation, les conditions réactionnelles idéales ont été établies. Avec l’ajout de tamis moléculaire au milieu réactionnel, d’excellentes énantiosélectivités (>99% ee) ont été obtenues pour la plupart des substrats engagés. Ces résultats nous ont permis de proposer un modèle d’induction asymétrique pour cette réaction avec le catalyseur organométallique. Le système a aussi pu être appliqué dans le dédoublement cinétique de l’époxyde du trans-stilbène avec l’indole comme nucléophile. Nous avons aussi concentré nos recherches sur le développement d’une méthodologie utilisant le système fer-bipyrine pour la réaction de Mukaiyama aldol dans l’eau pure. Nous avons synthétisé un nouveau sel de fer, le bis(dodécylsulfate) de fer(II), agissant à la fois comme acide de Lewis et tensioactif en catalyse asymétrique. Le système s’est montré efficace pour catalyser la réaction de manière hautement énantiosélective, sans produire l’hydrolyse de l’éther d’énol silylé en conditions aqueuses. Les aldéhydes aromatiques, conjugués, hétéroaromatiques et aliphatiques ont pu être condensées efficacement avec cette méthode. Un traitement post-réactionnel par centrifugation permet de séparer les produits organiques sans utilisation de solvant. La réaction peut aussi être réalisée sur plus grande échelle, sans érosion de la stéréosélectivité. Nous avons aussi brièvement travaillé sur le développement d’une méthodologie pour la cyclisation de Nazarov. Dans ce cas, le système fer-bipyridine a donné des résultats préliminaires intéressants. Une poursuite du projet est à envisager. Nous avons aussi travaillé sur la synthèse de ligands chiraux présentant de bons potentiels en catalyse asymétrique. Une nouvelle méthode de couplage pour brancher des amino-alcools en position 2 et 2’ sur des noyaux bipyridine a été utilisée, permettant de synthétiser deux nouveaux ligands prenants notamment le L-diphénylprolinol et le (1R, 2S)-cis-aminoindanol comme unités chirales. Finalement, les ligands synthétisés ont été appliqués dans les réactions mentionnées précédemment. / We had the objective of developing new synthetic methodologies using a system of iron and a chiral bipyridine ligand. In order to continue with the results previously developed in the group for the meso epoxide-opening reaction with anilines, we tested new nucleophiles using the system. For the opening reaction of aromatic epoxides by indoles, very high enantioselectivities were obtained. After an optimization process, optimal reaction conditions were established. With the addition of molecular sieves to the reaction medium, excellent enantioselectivities ( > 99 % ee ) were obtained for most of the substrates involved . These results allowed us to propose a model for asymmetric induction of this reaction with the organometallic catalyst. The system has also been applied in the kinetic resolution of trans-stilbene oxide with indole. We also focused our research on the application of iron-bipyrine systems in the Mukaiyama aldol reaction in pure water. We have synthesized a new iron salt, i.e. iron(II) bis(dodecylsulfate), acting both as a Lewis acid and a surfactant in the reaction medium. The system was effective to catalyze the reaction in a highly enantioselective manner, without hydrolysis of the silyl enol ether in water. Aromatic, conjugated, heteroaromatic and aliphatic aldehydes could effectively be employed using the method. Centrifugation was used as post-reactional procedure, allowing to separate de products without using any solvent. The reaction may also be carried out on a larger scale, with no erosion on stereoselectivity. We also briefly worked on the development of a methodology for Nazarov cyclization. In this case, the iron-bipyridine system yielded interesting preliminary results. We also worked on the synthesis of chiral ligands with a good potential in asymmetric catalysis. A new method for coupling aminoalcohols in position 2 and 2 ' on bipyridine moieties was used to synthesize two new ligands using L-diphenylprolinol and (1R, 2S)-cis-aminoindanol as chiral units. Finally, the ligands were applied in the above-mentionned reactions.

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Multilayers provide an ideal tool to study thermodynamics of heterogeneous systems far from equilibrium. In this study, synthesis, characterization, thermal stability and phase equilibrium of multilayers are investigated based on Au-Pt system. Au-50%Pt multilayers were first formed by repeated rolling and folding. The microstructure was investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These methods revealed that the process reduced layer thicknesses to below 30nm. However, delaminating and non-uniform spacings were also observed in some regions. To get well- welded and regular multilayers, the experiment was redesigned. The improved approach, involving repeated cutting, stacking, annealing and cold rolling, has yielded uniform multilayers with interlamellar spacings as low as 6nm. XRD demonstrated the formation of a homogeneous solid solution during cold rolling at room temperature. TEM suggested that the multilayers were discontinuously homogenized via steady state motion of boundaries. The reason for the solid solution formation is that the stored interface energy is higher than the energy barrier for solid solution formation. The solid solution is unstable. It decomposes into Au and Pt after heating to 500°C at 50°C/min by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The phase diagram is strongly modified in the nanometer range when we take into account of interface energy. The grain size dependent phase diagram model of Au-Pt system shows that the melting points of Au and Pt can be lowered more than 300K if the average grain size is reduced to 10nm. The melting temperature of Au/Pt multilayers has been studied with theoretical and experimental approaches. High speed laser heating was used to minimize any modification of the multilayer structure prior to melting. The qualitative experimental results are shown to be in agreement with expectations. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is public health problem. Meta-analyses and systematic reviews show that exposure to psychosocial stressors at work is associated with cardiometabolic impairment. However, little is known about the effect of these stressors on kidney health. Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the association between psychosocial stressors at work, defined according to the effort-reward imbalance model, and renal biomarkers (glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria-creatininuria ratio (ACR)).Methods: This is a prospective cohort study, initially conducted among 9188 white-collarworkers in Quebec City, Canada with two follow-ups, one after 8 years (T2: 1999-2000) and one after 24 years (T3: 2015-2018). A subsample of 1383 participants (workers and retirees) was selected for renal biomarkers assessment at the last follow-up. Effort-reward imbalance and over commitment at work were assessed at T2 using validated scales. Glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria-creatininuria ratio were measured during last follow-up (T3).Multiple linear regression was used. Models were sequentially adjusted for socioeconomic,cardiovascular and lifestyle factors, as well as other psychosocial stressors. Results: In the fully adjusted model, workers in the highest level (upper than median) of overcommitment had a lower eGFR [mean difference=-1.9 ml/min; IC95%: -3.2; -0.6];p=0,001 when compared to those in the lowest level. No association was observed between albuminuria-creatininuria ratio and effort-reward imbalance exposure.Conclusion: In the present study, past exposure to overcommitment at work was associated with lower glomerular filtration rate. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine this association. Future research is needed to clarify to role of psychosocial stressors at work on renal markers.

El distrito minero Gualcamayo (68°38'26"O; 29°43'10"S), ubicado en la provincia de San Juan, sobre la Precordillera Central Argentina, es explorado por sus depósitos de Au. Entre ellos se destaca Quebrada del Diablo Main (QDD Main), Quebrada del Diablo Lower West (QDD Lower West) y Amelia Inés- Magdalena (AIM). En esta tesis doctoral se describen los aspectos metalogenéticos del cuerpo QDD Lower West. QDD Lower West es un cuerpo mineralizado no aflorante que se encuentra entre 500 y 600 metros de profundidad. Es elongado en sentido E-O y con dimensiones conocidas de ~500 metros de largo, ~100 metros de ancho y ~80 metros de espesor. La mineralización portadora de oro constituye principalmente el cemento de brechas caracterizadas por una importante variación en la composición y abundancia relativa de clastos, matriz y cemento, así como en el tamaño de los clastos. Las mismas fueron clasificadas, en base a sus parámetros texturales, como brechas tectónicas con asistencia de fluidos (brechas donde la matriz clástica es sumamente escasa o ausente y en las cuales los fragmentos prácticamente “flotan” en el cemento) y sin asistencia de fluidos (brechas con abundante matriz clástica, evidencia de atrición de clastos y crecimiento de arcillas. La principal orientación de las grandes estructuras del área es N- S y está relacionada a los frentes de corrimiento de las Sierras de la Batea y Alaya. A escala de distrito son importantes las estructuras NO- SE y NE- SE. El control estructural de la mineralización es a través de zonas en extensión E- O coincidente con el σ1, actuante durante el Mioceno en la formación de la faja corrida y plegada. Estas zonas en extensión son lugares donde pueden desarrollarse los cuerpos de brecha. Pudieron reconocerse dos pulsos mineralizantes que dan origen al cuerpo QDD Lower West. El primer pulso está formado por la paragénesis pirita, esfalerita, oro, marcasita, (schelita, galena, sulfosales de Pb) en ganga de cuarzo y calcita. Los fluidos responsables de este pulso tienen condiciones de pH cercano al neutro y condiciones de baja sulfuración. Los estudios isotópicos realizados indican que el S es de origen magmático y que los fluidos han tenido participación de aguas meteóricas. . El segundo pulso mineralizante, al que se asocia una paragénesis de rejalgar, oropimente, calaverita y coloradoita, se presenta en venillas con ganga de calcita blanca o bien como cemento de brechas conformadas por clastos de venillas y/o fragmentos de mena del primer pulso. Los estudios de IF indican temperaturas entre 132 y 335 ºC, con una salinidad promedio de 0,90 g/cm3 para los fluidos de esta etapa en tanto que la progresiva y simultánea disminución de la temperatura y la salinidad sugieren un fenómeno de dilución. De acuerdo a la paragénesis mineral estos fluidos tendrían condiciones de sulfuración intermedia. Se observan similitudes respecto de la asociación de mena de QDD Lower West con los depósitos tipo Carlin, aunque la mayor diferencia es el dominio del control estructural y la falta de incidencia de la litología, rasgo característico de este tipo de depósitos. / The Gualcamayo mining district (68°38'26"O; 29°43'10"S) is located in the Central Precordillera of San Juan province, Argentina. The district includes the following deposits: Quebrada del Diablo Main (QDD Main) which is a disseminated gold deposit in calcareous breccias and is currently being mined, Amelia Ines –Magdalena (AIM) which corresponds to a skarn deposit of Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn with Au mineralization and Quebrada del Diablo Lower West (QDD Lower West) which is an ore body with disseminated gold mineralization, emplaced in breccias. The regional structure consists of an imbricated fan of fault propagation folds and out of sequences thrusts related to the lifting of the Eastern Precordillera structures. In the study area, the major structures are NNW-SSE thrusts with marked deflections along the strike. QDD Lower West is a blind ore body that lies between 500 and 600 m deep. It is an E-W elongated body of 500m long, 100 m wide and 100m thick. The mineralization is hosted by breccias with a significant variation in the amounts of clasts, matrix and cement, as well as in the composition and size of the clasts. Based on their textural characteristics they were classified as tectonic breccias with fluid assistance (with scarce or lack of clastic matrix and abundant cement, see D'Annunzio et al. 2014) or without assistance of fluids (with abundant clastic matrix, attrition evidence and growth of clays, see D'Annunzio et al. 2014). Mineralogical studies reveal that the QDD Lower West ore body is the product of two mineralizing stages. The first stage is formed mainly of pyrite and marcasite with minor sphalerite and scarce gold. For this mineral paragenesis was determinated low sulfidation conditions and neutral pH. The second mineralizing stage led to a realgar, orpiment, coloradoita and calavaerite paragenesis with a calcite gangue in veinlets up to 30cm thick or as breccia cement. For this Stage, was determinated intermediate sulfidation conditions, temperatures between 132 y 335 ºC with salinities 0.90 g/cm3. The higher temperatures and salinities correspond to primary and pseudo-secondary IF while in secondary IF the values are lower suggesting that they are the result of colder and diluted fluids. Was recognized similarities in the association of QDD Lower West ore with Carlin type deposits. The main difference is the structural control and the absence of lithology control, characteristic of this type of deposits.