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A revision of the author's thesis, Australian National University. / DatabaseACLS Humanities E-Book. With a new introduction by John Hirst. Includes bibliography (p. 262-275) and index.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Queensland, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Queensland, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Queensland, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Queensland, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references.

My thesis film for the Master of Fine Arts degree is a 20-minute documentary entitled Urban Blackfellas, a film that explores various lived experiences and issues affecting urban Aboriginals predominantly in and around Sydney. The film engages with a set of characters as they navigate issues of Aboriginal identity within a dominant white Australian cultural landscape. This report traces the evolution of the filmmaking process for Urban Blackfellas, from its creation to completion. / text

　　　The Annonaceae is a large, early-divergent family of angiosperms. Although the majority is pollinated by small beetles, there is a great diversity of floral morphologies. Evolutionary shifts of pollination mechanisms have occasionally been reported in disparate lineages including shifts to pollination by large beetles, flies, thrips, bees and cockroaches. It was previously hypothesized that floral morphological changes in different lineages are adaptive and correspond to evolutionary shifts of pollination mechanisms. This hypothesis is tested here by comparing selected species that have substantial morphological differences with their close relatives. 　Comprehensive studies of the floral biology of four Annonaceae species, Dasymaschalon trichophorum, Desmos chinensis, Pseuduvaria mulgraveana and Uvaria cordata, are presented. All are beetle-pollinated. Dasymaschalon trichophorum, D. chinensis and U. cordata were inferred to be self-compatible based on inter-simple sequence repeat marker data as there was evidence of significant gene flow and a low level of genetic differentiation between populations. This was corroborated for D. chinensis and U. cordata by experimental controlled pollination tests for geitonogamy, in which both were shown to set fruit. 　　　Similar floral phenological and pollination ecological results were obtained for D. chinensis and D. trichophorum despite significant differences in floral architecture, as the former has six petals (typical of most other Annonaceae species), whilst the latter only has three. The results suggested that the substantial change in floral morphology in these two closely-related genera is probably non-adaptive as there is no change in pollination system. It is hypothesised that the morphological change is likely due to the disruption of homeotic gene expression during floral organ development. 　　　Studies of floral phenology and pollination ecology of Uvaria cordata revealed that it has a 3-day flowering rhythm and is pollinated by small beetles. The pollination ecology is unexpectedly similar to other species with typical beetle-pollination syndromes, although it lacks a pollination chamber and has pale-colored petals. It is suggested that species that lack a pollination chamber are more likely to be pollinated by guilds other than beetles or thrips as a floral chamber increases pollinator specificity. Several morphological and phenological characters are also presumably correlated with the evolution of generalist pollination to increase the pollination efficiency and assure fruit production, including torus shape, petal orientation, stigma shape, petal color, carpel and/or ovule number and the overlap of pistillate and staminate phases. 　　　Pseuduvaria is unusual in the Annonaceae as the majority of species possess unisexual flowers. Most species were previously interpreted as having staminate and structurally pistillate flowers, with infertile staminodes in the latter. The ‘pistillate’ flowers of P. mulgraveana are shown to produce viable pollen, however, contradicting this hypothesis. It is therefore recommended that floral unisexuality in the genus be reassessed by testing more species from different clades. Different strategies to promote xenogamy in the Annonaceae are reviewed, including protogyny, herkogamy, intra- and inter-individual phenological synchrony and dioecy. Three different mechanisms were recognized to achieve dioecy, including incomplete pollen development in hermaphroditic flowers, delayed anther dehiscence in hermaphroditic flowers and loss of androecium or gynoecium (with Pseuduvaria used as a paradigm). / published_or_final_version / Biological Sciences / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

This dissertation argues that the experiences of a highly specific group of female medical personnel and the representations of their experiences, both during World War II and in the immediate postwar era, provide a unique opportunity for investigating the role of Australian women in the Pacific War, as well as the processes through which personal testimonies are produced in relation to collective memory, state-sponsored rituals of commemoration, and history. Victims of one of the most infamous war crimes of World War II, the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) Sisters and their wartime experiences at the hands of the Japanese Imperial Army (JIA) on Sumatra have been accorded considerable prominence in Australian narratives of the Pacific conflict. Yet notwithstanding this attention, there has been surprisingly little focus on the nurses’ own accounts of the episode. This dissertation is the first attempt to redress the balance by offering a critical reassessment of the original source material, while exploring the broader discursive contexts within which such accounts were produced. The dissertation considers first-hand accounts of the “Bangka Island Massacre” and the AANS Sisters’ subsequent internment by the Japanese between February 1942 and September 1945. The chapters that follow explore the role of the nurses’ ordeal on Sumatra in the development of a professional Australian nursing self-identity, the episode’s incorporation in the national rituals of commemoration surrounding the remembrance of the Pacific conflict, and ultimately, the extent to which the nurses’ narratives have fed into – and helped to shape – a distinctive postwar Australian nationalism. Even before their release from captivity, the AANS Sisters had acquired iconic status in Australia, as embodiments of heroic resistance, altruistic sacrifice and bravery. The dissertation is arranged in four thematic chapters, which consider four distinct areas of the nurses’ experiences – the “Bangka Island Massacre”, internment, press representation and remembrance. Chapter 2 reassesses documentary material collected for the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) in 1946 in order to examine the murders on Bangka Island and the alleged sexual violence associated with the crime. Chapter 3 draws on the published and unpublished camp memoirs of several of the nurses to explore the ways in which the nurses characterized their internment experiences, and the possible factors influencing the construction of those narratives. Chapter 4 makes use of Australian print and broadcast media archives to investigate how the imprisoned Sisters, and civilian and military nurses more generally, were portrayed by the press, and the possible effect this may have had on postwar nation-building, nationalism and remembrance in Australia. Finally, Chapter 5 examines the inclusion of the AANS Sisters in postwar commemorative endeavours and rituals of remembrance – including monuments, shrines, museum displays, temporary exhibitions and the celebration of Anzac Day – investigating the extent to which the nurses have been incorporated into the “Anzac legend”, Australia’s militaristic interpretation of the national character. / published_or_final_version / History / Master / Master of Philosophy

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