This thesis considers the question of heresy as it relates to the context of Song dynasty China (960-1279 C.E.). It analyzes the ways in which the Song Imperial authorities constructed a religious orthodoxy and defended it through the legal system. It will deal with how heresy is defined in a multi-religious polity without a unified church, such as the Catholic Church of the medieval West. This thesis will argue that a definition of heresy derived from western heresiology is a valid analytical model and that Song China had a religious orthodoxy constructed around the person of the Emperor. / La présente thèse prend comme sujet la question d'hérésie dans le contexte de la dynastie des Song en Chine (960-1279 C.E.). Elle analyse les méthodes donc les autorités impériales des Song ont construits l'orthodoxie religieuse et comment ils l'avaient défendu en utilisant leur système légal. Elle considère aussi la question de comment peut-on définir l'hérésie dans une société multi-religieuses sans avoir une église unifié, comme l'église Catholique en Europe du moyenne âge. On suggère que la définition et modèle d'hérésie qu'on a prit des héréseologistes dans l'Ouest reste valide quand il est appliqué en ce contexte et que la Chine des Song avaient une orthodoxie religieuse construit autour du personnage de l'Empereur.

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The European Union (EU) and Australia share a significant volume of historical connections in languages, cultures, economic and trade relationships, political views and ideas. These associations have had different levels of strength and frequencies in the past, depending on how these two political entities interacted with each other in the framework of international relations. Australia and the EU jointly developed an important political and socio-economic basis for working together, and cooperation between them is deeper and more common than the public might perceive to be the case. The EU is a growing superstructure; meanwhile Australia is a developed and successful nation, a successful democracy and a middle power. Nevertheless, Australia cannot expect to match the power and position of a polity, which comprises 28 different countries. This fact can produce a certain asymmetric relationship in the connection between these two political entities' communities. These asymmetric elements in the collaboration between them are liable to create certain discrepancies and disharmonies in the development of their different agreements in general. This thesis aims to examine the scope and depth of the EU-Australia working relationship, the convergent and the divergent issues within it. This exploration provides an analysis of the philosophical and sociological foundations of international relations in general, with special regard to the framework of sociological constructivism and sociological institutionalism, as possible catalysers in the growth and furtherance of the many-sided EU-Australia collaboration. To reach the most effective and efficient cooperation between the European Union and Australia, which includes the efforts to alleviate the urgent environmental sustainability and related problems regionally, and in a globalising world, will go a long way to create peace, security, and prosperity in Eurasia and in the Pacific. The EU-Australia mutual relationship is facilitated through shared values, norms and normative principles, such as the constitutive norms of liberty, democracy, good governance; the regulative norms of the centrality of peace, human rights, social solidarity, environmental sustainability; and the evaluative norms of the rule of law, transparency, human dignity and anti-discrimination. The willingness of the European Union and Australia to partake in a joint experience of continuous social learning process, provide them the power to achieve their aims together in a changing world.

This thesis is a study of water management systems in the late imperial (1368-­‐1912) Minnan region (southern Fujian), China. Based on stone inscriptions and local gazetteers, I present case histories of several well-­‐documented water management systems. I explore trends in social organization and state-­‐society issues relevant to water management systems, with particular emphasis placed upon the means by which lineages came to control water management structures. I then consider the causes and characteristics of water management-­‐related conflict, as well as trends in government intervention in related disputes, and the principles upon which local officials adjudicated these disputes. I argue that property rights status was important to adjudication, particularly the concepts of "official," "communal" and "private" land and resources. Finally, I contextualize Minnan water management systems among systems in other parts of China. / Cette thèse étudie les systèmes de gestion de l'eau pendant les dernières années de la période impériale dans la région de Minnan (dans le sud du Fujian) en Chine. L'histoire de plusieurs systèmes bien documentés de gestion de l'eau est présentée, à partir de l'étude de pierres avec des inscriptions et de registres locaux. Les tendances dans l'organisation sociale liée aux systèmes de gestion de l'eau et les problèmes politico-­‐sociaux associés sont analysés, avec une attention toute particulière sur les moyens employés par les groupes pour contrôler les organisations qui gèrent l'eau. Les causes et les caractéristiques des conflits relatifs à la gestion de l'eau sont étudiées, ainsi que l'intervention des gouvernements et les principes suivis par les instances locales dans la résolution de ces disputes. Les auteurs soutiennent que le statut de la propriété importe dans l'attribution des ressources, en particulier les concepts de ressources « gouvernementales », « communales » et « privées ». En dernière partie, les systèmes de gestion de l'eau dans la région de Minnan sont mis en perspective avec les systèmes d'autres régions de la Chine.

This study covers the period from arrival of the first minister to union of most congregations in a Church unconnected with the Scottish parent Churches. My thesis is that reliance on the Scottish Churches was a necessary condition for establishment of the Presbyterian Church in the Colony but also the principal cause of failure to attempt to become a major religious force. Equality with the Church of England was conceded gradually and, initially, reluctantly and from the first State aid and religious rights derived from adherence to the Church of Scotland. Almost the entire ministry derived from Scotland or, to a lesser extent, Ulster, and both the Established and Free Churches of Scotland resisted recruitment of outsiders. Consequently, the ministry remained Scotland-oriented and imbued with all the passions of divided Scottish Presbyterianism. Control over State aid and recruitment assisted the Scottish Churches in forcing a disruption in 1846 and for a generation the Church remained weak, fragmented and in conflict over alleged erastianism in the Church of Scotland, indiscriminate aid and voluntaryism. These Churches involved themselves in local ecclesiastical contentions and were used against opponents by Colonial ministers with influence in Scotland. Colonial Presbyterianism was introverted, backward-looking, unassimilated holding to Scottish standards and to concepts inappropriate for the local environment. The Church appeared a sect for expatriate Scots and Ulstermen. Others, ministers and lay people, felt rejected. The native-born saw the Church as an exotic institution which did not relate to them. Some ministers espoused the Church ideal, but made little headway. Others were concerned only to retain the Established Church connection or the purity of 'Free Church principles' and some resisted accommodation of divergent viewpoints. Eventually compromise, unity, independence and assimilation were accepted as essential to progress.

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This thesis is a regional case study on the metamorphosis of state institutions at a time when China went through an important period of political division. This period was known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-979), which followed the downfall of the Tang Empire (618-907). At this time, the Kingdom of Shu, which was located approximately in the present-day province of Sichuan in Southwest China, was in the process of forming an independent political entity successively governed by two different regimes. In search of a better understanding of the evolution of this kingdom, I am analyzing the process by which a change of regime ushered in new elites to state control, which affected not only the state structure, but also the nature of the interactions between society and various levels of political power. / Ce mémoire ce veut être une étude de cas régional sur la métamorphose des institutions étatiques à une époque où la Chine traverse une importante période de division politique. Il s'agit de la période qui suit la chute de l'empire Tang (618-907), laquelle est connue sous le nom de Cinq dynasties et Dix royaumes (907-979). À cette époque, le Royaume de Shu, lequel correspondait à l'actuelle province du Sichuan dans le Sud-ouest de la Chine, formait alors une entité politique indépendante successivement gouvernée par deux régimes différents. En quête d'une meilleure compréhension de l'évolution de ce royaume, j'y analyse le processus par lequel un changement de régime amène de nouvelles élites au contrôle de l'État, ce qui non seulement affecte la structure de l'État, mais également la nature des interactions entre la société et les divers échelons du pouvoir politique.

This thesis examines images of martial women as they were produced in the biography column of the late Qing journal Nüzi shijie (NZSJ; 1904-1907). By examining the historiographic implications of revised women's biographies, I will show the extent to which martial women were written as ideal citizens at the dawn of the twentieth-century. In the first chapter I place NZSJ in its historical context by examining the journal's goals as seen in two editorials from the inaugural issue. The second and third chapters focus on biographies of individual women warriors which will be read against their original stories in verse and prose. Through these comparisons, I aim to demonstrate how these "transgressive women" were written as normative ideals of martial citizens that would appeal to men and women alike. / Cette thèse examine les images de femmes martiales reproduites dans la rubrique biographique du journal Nüzi shijie (NZSJ; 1904-1907) publiée à la fin de la dynastie Qing. En examinant les implications historiographiques des biographies révisées des femmes, j'essai de démontrer l'importance de la façon dont les femmes martiales étaient décrites come citoyennes idéales à l'aube du vingtième siècle. A travers une exploration des objectifs posés par le journal et mis en évidence dans deux éditoriaux extraits du premier numéro du journal, mon premier chapitre essaie de placer le NZSJ dans sa propre contexte historique. Le deuxième et le troisième chapitres se concentrent sur les biographies individuelles des femmes guerrières, lesquelles sont juxtaposés aux histories originales écrites sous forme de vers et prose. A travers ces juxtapositions, mon projet démontre la façon dont ces "femmes transgressives" illustraient l'idéal normatif du citoyen martiale, lequel attirait les hommes ainsi que les femmes.