Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2017-01-26T20:13:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Régia Vidal dos Santos.pdf: 1330804 bytes, checksum: 876f6b6de429e4e830d5809b53407e7d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-26T20:13:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Régia Vidal dos Santos.pdf: 1330804 bytes, checksum: 876f6b6de429e4e830d5809b53407e7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-01 / This dissertation has as subject of study the emancipatory perspective of children’s schooling process with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), and has as object the analysis of this perspective in the process of education of children with ASD enrolled in the initial years of two elementary schools of São Paulo educational system. The research was guided by the following questions: does the political-pedagogical routing of the management and teaching staff for children with ASD, translate into an emancipatory perspective? How is the educational work with children with ASD in two public schools of São Paulo school system developed? How do the agents involved in this process receive and forward this issue? It was considered the hypothesis that there is a recognition in the school community that, from a legal point of view, the inclusion of children with ASD is an assignment of the school, but, given the pedagogical, cultural and structural conditions in which it is immersed, this inclusion does not materialize in an emancipatory educational project. The theoretical reference that supported this work was the emancipatory education concept of Paulo Freire. Based on the assumptions of qualitative methodology of empirical and theoretical character, case studies were carried out from data collected though semi-structured interviews with the children with ASD, family, managers, teachers and staff at two schools of the municipality of São Paulo, with a responsible technician of the Center of Pedagogical Support Specialized (CAPE); and with a public prosecutor of Group of Special Education Actuation of the Public Ministry of State of São Paulo (GEDUC); and through a focal group with classmates of children with ASD. In the course of research and in their final considerations, we realize that there is legal recognition that the inclusion of children with ASD is a school assignment, but the emancipatory perspective, in neither of the two schools is hegemonic. In one of them that liberating approach is announced, when we look at the efforts of educators who, by betting on the dimension of “being more” of his student, seek to recreate the practice itself from the reading of the pedagogical reality, which suggests ways to build an emancipatory perspective in the educational process of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. / Esta disertación tiene como tema de estudio la perspectiva emancipadora del proceso de escolarización de los niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) y, como objeto, el análisis de esa perspectiva en el proceso de escolarización de los niños con TEA registrados en los años iniciales de la enseñanza fundamental en dos escuelas públicas del estado de São Paulo. Las siguientes preguntas guían la investigación: ¿El encaminamiento político-pedagógico del equipo de gestión y la enseñanza de niños con TEA, se traduce en una perspectiva emancipadora? ¿Cómo se desarrolla el trabajo educativo con los niños con TEA en dos escuelas públicas de este sistema escolar? ¿Cómo los agentes implicados en este proceso acogen y encaminan esa cuestión? Se consideró la hipótesis de que hay un reconocimiento en la comunidad escolar de que, del punto de vista legal, la inclusión de niños con TEA es una atribución de la escuela, pero, dadas las condiciones pedagógicas, culturales y estructurales en que la misma está inmersa, esa inclusión no se materializa en un proyecto educativo emancipador. El referencial teórico que apoya ese trabajo fue la concepción de educación emancipadora de Paulo Freire. Sobre la base de los supuestos de la metodología cualitativa de carácter empírico y teórico, estudios de caso se llevaron a cabo a partir de los datos recogidos por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas con los niños con TEA, miembros de la familia, gestores, profesores y profesionales en dos escuelas del municipio de São Paulo; con un responsable técnico del Núcleo de Apoyo Pedagógico Especializado (CAPE); y con un promotor de justicia del Grupo de Actuación Especial do Ministerio Público do Estado de São Paulo (GEDUC); y por medio de grupo focal con compañeros de clase de los niños con TEA. En el transcurrir de la investigación y en sus consideraciones finales, percibimos que hay el reconocimiento legal de que la inclusión de los niños con TEA es una atribución de la escuela, pero la perspectiva emancipadora en ninguna de las dos escuelas se hace hegemónica. En una de ellas ese enfoque libertador se anuncia, cuando observemos el esfuerzo de educadoras que, al apostar en la dimensión del “ser más” de su alumno, buscan volver a crear la propia práctica a partir de la lectura de su realidad pedagógica, lo que sugiere caminos para la construcción de una perspectiva emancipadora en el proceso educacional de niños con el Trastorno del Espectro Autista. / Esta dissertação tem como tema de estudo a perspectiva emancipadora do processo de escolarização de crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) e, como objeto, a análise dessa perspectiva no processo de escolarização de crianças com TEA matriculadas nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental de duas escolas da rede estadual de ensino paulista. Orientaram a pesquisa as seguintes questões: o encaminhamento político-pedagógico da equipe gestora e docente às crianças com TEA se traduz em uma perspectiva emancipadora? Como se desenvolve o trabalho educativo com as crianças com TEA nas duas escolas públicas dessa rede de ensino? Como os agentes envolvidos nesse processo acolhem e encaminham essa questão? Considerou-se a hipótese de que há um reconhecimento na comunidade escolar de que, do ponto de vista legal, a inclusão de crianças com TEA é uma atribuição da escola, mas, dadas as condições pedagógicas, culturais e estruturais em que a mesma está imersa, essa inclusão não se materializa em um projeto educativo emancipador. O referencial teórico que subsidiou esse trabalho foi a concepção de educação emancipadora de Paulo Freire. Com base nos pressupostos da metodologia qualitativa de caráter empírico-teórico, foram realizados estudos de caso a partir dos dados levantados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada com as crianças com TEA, familiares, gestores, professores e funcionários em duas escolas do município de São Paulo; com um técnico responsável do Núcleo de Apoio Pedagógico Especializado (CAPE); e com um promotor de justiça do Grupo de Atuação Especial de Educação do Ministério Público do Estado de São Paulo (GEDUC); e por meio de grupo focal com colegas de classe das crianças com TEA. No decorrer da pesquisa e em suas considerações finais, percebemos que há o reconhecimento legal de que a inclusão das crianças com TEA é uma atribuição da escola, mas a perspectiva emancipadora, em nenhuma das duas escolas se faz hegemônica. Em uma delas esse enfoque libertador se anuncia, quando observamos o esforço de educadoras que, ao apostar na dimensão do “ser mais” de seu aluno, procuram recriar a própria prática a partir da leitura da sua realidade pedagógica, o que sugere caminhos para a construção de uma perspectiva emancipadora no processo educacional de crianças com o Transtorno do Espectro Autista.

Il est maintenant bien établi que le cerveau humain est doté d’un système de neurones qui s’active tant à la perception qu’à l’exécution d’une action. Les neurones miroirs, ainsi que le système qu’ils forment avec des structures adjacentes appelées système neurones miroirs (SNM), ont été relié à la compréhension d’action et pourrait être impliqué dans les fonctions sociales de haut niveau tel que l’empathie et l’imitation. Dans la foulée spéculative reliant le SNM à la sphère sociale, le dysfonctionnement de ce système a rapidement gagné intérêt dans la genèse des anomalies du domaine social chez les personnes présentant le Trouble du spectre de l’autisme (TSA). Néanmoins, l’hypothèse voulant que le dysfonctionnement social des TSA repose sur une atteinte du SNM est controversée. En effet, les études soutenant cette hypothèse nécessitent des fonctions cognitives et sociales qui peuvent contribuer à l’obtention de résultats atypiques, telles que la compréhension des consignes, l’attention sur des stimuli sociaux ou la réalisation d’acte moteur. Récemment, un protocole auditif de négativité de discordance (MMN) utilisant des stimuli reliés à l’action humaine a été utilisé pour mesurer l’activité du SNM. Cette technique semble prometteuse dans la mesure où elle ne nécessite pas de capacités attentionnelles ou langagières, elle est brève et demande un montage minimal d’électrodes. Le premier article avait comme objectif principal de mesurer la validité de convergence du protocole MMN relié à l’action avec celui du rythme mu, le protocole le plus utilisé pour enregistrer l’activité miroir à l’aide de l’électroencéphalographie (EEG). Les modes de stimulation ont été délivrées en bloc successif à un groupe de 12 adultes en santé. Alors que les deux techniques ont modulé efficacement les régions fronto-centrales et centrales respectivement, mais ne sont pas corrélées, nous avons conclu qu’il est possible 2 qu’elles mesurent des aspects différents du SNM. Le deuxième article avait comme objectif principal de mesurer l’activité du SNM à l’aide du protocole MMN relié à l’action chez 10 enfants présentant un TSA ainsi que chez 12 enfants neurotypiques dans la même tranche d’âge (5-7ans). Chez les enfants TSA, nous avons montré un patron de latence inversée, comparativement aux enfants du groupe contrôle; ils traitaient plus rapidement les sons contrôles que les sons reliés à l’action humaine, alors que la tendance inverse était observée chez les contrôles. De plus, bien que les deux groupes différaient quant aux sons d’action, ils ne différaient pas quant aux sons contrôles. Quant à l’amplitude, les enfants TSA se distinguaient du groupe contrôle par une amplitude restreinte du son d’action provenant de la bouche. Par ailleurs, les mesures neurophysiologiques et neuropsychologiques n’étaient pas corrélées. En sommes, basé sur la prémisse que ce protocole MMN pourrait mesurer l’activité du SNM, cette thèse a comme but d’améliorer les connaissances quant à son utilisation chez l’adulte et l’enfant neurotypique ainsi que chez l’enfant TSA. Celui-ci pourrait ultimement être utilisé comme un biomarqueur potentiel du TSA. / Mirror-neuron system (NMS) has been suggested to underlie action understanding, which is believed to be involved in higher social functions such as empathy and imitation. Numerous studies have also provided indirect evidence supporting the existence of a MNS in the human brain using functional magnetic resonance imaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation, magnetoenceophalography and electroencephalography (EEG). As evidence relating MNS function with social cognition accumulated, its dysfunction was proposed to underlie social impairments in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Although some studies have reported structural and/or functional data supporting this hypothesis, it remains controversial. Indeed, the techniques used to probe MNS activity often require the participant to understand the task, display sustained attention and present spared visual cognitive functions, which could be altered in ASD population. This, in turn, could partly explain differences in MNS activity found between invididuals with ASD and neurotypical participants. The auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) protocol has recently been proposed as a viable tool to assess MNS activity using action-related sounds. This relatively short oddball paradigm does not require visual, attentional or language skills and can be performed with minimal electrode installation (minimal use of 4 electrodes). This action-related MMN may therefore be well-suited to investigate MNS function in very young children or populations with mental disabilities, such as ASD. The first article of this thesis assessed the convergent validity of the action-related MMN protocol with a mu rhythm suppression paradigm, which is the most commonly used EEG measure of MNS activity. To do so, both protocols were consecutively administered in healthy adults in the same experimental session. While both techniques successfully 4 modulated the fronto-central and central brain regions using action-related stimuli, they did not correlate significantly. This suggests that the two techniques may not probe the same aspects of MNS function. The second article aimed at investigating MNS activity in children with ASD using the action-related MMN protocol. Data were compared to age-matched typically developing children. We show that children with ASD present an opposite pattern to that of control children : whereas MMN latencies are shorter for action-related sounds compared to control sounds in neurotypical children, the opposite pattern is observed in children with ASD. Furthermore, although the two groups present different response patterns with regards to action-related sounds, they repond similarly to control sounds. For amplitude measurements, children with ASD display reduced amplitude to action-related sounds produced by the mouth compared to neurotypical children. In summary, this thesis aimed at determining whether and action-related MMN protocol could be used to measure MNS activity in neurotypical adults and children, as well as in ASD children. The action-related MMN could potentially be used as a biological biomarker of ASD pending further studies.