Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:59:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Debora Alves Gonzaga da Silva1.pdf: 485199 bytes, checksum: 8ad8d9c6be0e3c6fca263c141e2866c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In the objective of advancing the epidemiologic study of the bacterial stain of the tomato, the mechanisms of transmission of Xanthomonas vesicatoria from the plant to the seed and from the seed to the plant have been evaluated. The morphology of seeds and of parts of the seedlings or saplings (tegument, radicles, hypocotyl and cotyledon leaves, and definitive leaves) have also been studied by means of electronic scanning microscopy techniques. The transmission of X. vesicatoria from the plant to the seed has been evaluated upon direct and indirect isolation of parts of ripe fruit (flesh, placenta, placental liquid, water from the first washing of the seeds, entire seeds and ground seeds) in a culture of Agar Nutrient (AN). The fruit were obtained in experimental parcels, conducted at the Horticultural sector of UFRRJ, and inoculated with the phytobacteria through different methods (atomization and injection) combined with different regions of inoculation (flower cluster, flesh, and placenta), during the plant s developing phases (flower, unripened fruit, firm ripe and ripe fruit). The transmission of the phytobacteria from the seeds to the seedlings and saplings was assessed by means of isolating in an AN medium parts of the seedling or sapling (root, tegument, radicles, hypocotyl and cotyledon leaves, and definitive leaves), germinated in different substrata ( germitest paper, sand, and commercialized substrate for saplings). The morphology of seeds and parts of the seedlings was characterized through observations in electron microscope scanning by using samples of fresh seeds (extracted from inoculated fruit), of parts of seedlings or saplings (tegument, radicles, hypocotyl and cotyledon leaves, and definitive leaves) and of seeds inoculated by vacuum procedure at 7, 14, and 21 days after sowing. The treatments applied to the unripened fruit (inoculation by atomization, injection in the placenta and injection in the flesh) were more efficient in the process of transmitting the phytobacteria than the treatment applied to the firm ripe and ripe fruit. It was also observed that the X vesicatoria colonizes the tegument and every part of the seedlings and saplings during the process of germination and emergence. The seed tegument was characterized by an entanglement of trichomes, with a base in the shape of ring and cavity, which may serve as sheltering sites for pathogens, including the X vesicatoria. The process of colonization of tomato seeds by X vesicatoria characterizes itself by the formation of biofilms and fibrils. The presence of stomata colonized by X vesicatoria has been observed in radicles, of seven day old seedlings, and in primary roots originated from the radicles of 20 day old saplings. Few cells of X vesicatoria have been observed on the hypocotyl. The presence of endophytic bacteria forming aggregates with characteristics of an aggressive growth identified as Acinetobacter sp. was detected in many samples of seeds. These same bacteria were detected in many tests of germination and isolation, interfering negatively in the development and recuperation of X vesicatoria in the in vitro tests. / Com o objetivo de se avan?ar no estudo epidemiol?gico da mancha-bacteriana do tomateiro, foram avaliados os mecanismos de transmiss?o de Xanthomonas vesicatoria da planta para a semente e da semente para a planta. Foram feitos, ainda, estudos da morfologia da semente e partes da pl?ntula ou muda (tegumento, rad?cula, hipoc?tilo e folhas cotiledonares e definitivas), atrav?s de t?cnicas de microscopia eletr?nica de varredura. A transmiss?o de X. vesicatoria da planta para a semente foi avaliada a partir de isolamentos diretos e indiretos de partes de frutos maduros (mesocarpo, placenta, l?quido placent?rio, ?gua proveniente da primeira lavagem das sementes, sementes inteiras e sementes trituradas) em meio de cultura Nutriente Agar (NA). Os frutos foram obtidos em parcelas experimentais, conduzidas no setor de Horticultura da UFRRJ, e inoculados com a fitobact?ria por diferentes m?todos (atomiza??o e inje??o) combinados com diferentes regi?es de inocula??o (cacho floral, mesocarpo e placenta), durante as fases de desenvolvimento da planta (flor, frutos verdes, frutos de vez e frutos maduros). A transmiss?o da fitobact?ria das sementes para as pl?ntulas e mudas foi avaliada por isolamentos em meio NA a partir de partes da pl?ntula ou muda (raiz, tegumento, hipoc?tilo, folhas cotiledonares e folhas definitivas), germinadas em diferentes substratos (papel germitest, areia e substrato comercial para mudas). A morfologia das sementes e partes das pl?ntulas foi caracterizada por meio de observa??es em microsc?pio eletr?nico de varredura utilizando-se amostras de sementes frescas (extra?das de frutos inoculados), de partes de pl?ntulas ou mudas (raiz, hipoc?tilo, folha cotiledonar e folha definitiva) e de sementes inoculadas pelo procedimento a v?cuo aos 7, 14 e 21 dias ap?s a semeadura. Os tratamentos aplicados aos frutos verdes (inocula??o por atomiza??o, inje??o na placenta e inje??o no mesocarpo) foram mais eficientes no processo de transmiss?o da fitobact?ria que os tratamentos aplicados aos frutos de vez e maduros. Observou-se, ainda, que X. vesicatoria coloniza o tegumento e todas as partes das pl?ntulas e mudas durante o processo de germina??o e emerg?ncia. O tegumento da semente foi caracterizado por um emaranhado de tricomas, com a base em forma de anel e cavidade, que podem servir como s?tios protetores para pat?genos inclusive X. vesicatoria. O processo de coloniza??o das sementes de tomate por X. vesicatoria se caracteriza pela forma??o de biofilmes e fibrilas. Foram observados em rad?culas, de pl?ntulas com sete dias de idade, e em ra?zes prim?rias, oriundas das rad?culas de mudas com 20 dias de idade, a presen?a de est?matos colonizados por X. vesicatoria. Sobre o hipoc?tilo, foram observadas poucas c?lulas de X. vesicatoria. Em v?rias amostras de sementes foi detectada a presen?a de bact?rias endof?ticas, que formavam agregados com caracter?sticas de crescimento agressivo, identificadas como Acinetobacter sp. Esta mesma bact?ria foi detectada em v?rios testes de germina??o e isolamento interferindo negativamente no desenvolvimento e recupera??o de X. vesicatoria nos testes in vitro.