The development because of information science and technology, and the transition of economic structure, economic development has already been changed into globalization economy from national economy entered a new era in 2000 so what position of finding enterprises and the future opportunity, namely become all managers to chase from the guide goal, the tactics are to help enterprises to find the direction of development and niche existing in the future, reach this tactics goal to need according with and organizing talents of the demand. This research purport lies in carrying out the balance scorecard and setting up strategy maps with the company, build and construct by four literary compositions surface index of the strategy maps, in order to reach the goal that enterprises manage, and inspect complete degree of the human capital of the company in view of the above, on the drop gap of the human capital, through the setting-up of the function model , find out the key competitiveness of the company, already training existing human capital , or by recruiting and finding talents who accords with company's key ability. After case study, find mainly: 1.The strategy must need the support and approval of the high-order executive, construct the surface in four phases of balance scorecard, can help the company with the financial affairs and not manage by financial indexes, and pass the expansion of the strategy maps, the administrator can understand the course that the strategy carry out by this, find out the of the question, but not only have the appearing of the last result. 2.The setting-up of human capital is to quite consume the time and energy, with the setting-up of the competency model, can first inspect existing staff's behavior index of finding out the so-called the outstanding one of work again , and can develop , train even find out the successors.

The development of genome scale metabolic models have been aided by the increasing availability of genome sequences of microorganisms such as Geobacter sulfurreducens, involved in environmentally relevant processes such as the in-situ bioremediation of U(VI). Since microbial activities are the major driving forces for geochemical changes in the sub-surface, understanding of microbial behavior under a given set of conditions can help predict the likely outcome of potential subsurface bioremediation strategies. Hence, a model based lookup table was created to capture the variation in physiology of G. sulfurreducens in response to environmental perturbations. Thermodynamically feasible flux distributions were generated by incorporating thermodynamic constraints in the model. These constraints together with the mass balance constraints formed the thermodynamics based metabolic flux analysis model (TMFA). Metabolomics experiments were performed to determine the concentration of intracellular metabolites. These concentrations were posed as constraints in the TMFA model to improve the model accuracy.

Plasmodium falciparum is the causative agent of malaria, one of the world‟s most prevalent infectious diseases. The emergence of strains resistant to current therapeutics creates the urgent need to identify new classes of antimalarials. Here we present and analyse a constraints-based model (iMPMP427) of P. falciparum metabolism. Consisting of 427 genes, 513 reactions, 457 metabolites, and 5 intracellular compartments, iMPMP427 is relatively streamlined and contains an abundance of transport reactions consistent with P. falciparum’s observed reliance on host nutrients. Flux Balance Analysis simulations reveal the model to be predictive in regards to nutrient transport requirements, amino acid efflux characteristics, and glycolytic flux calculation, which are validated by a wealth of experimental data. Furthermore, enzymes deemed to be essential for parasitic growth by iMPMP427 lend support to several previously computationally hypothesized metabolic drug targets, while discrepancies between essential enzymes and experimentally annotated drug targets highlight areas of malarial metabolism that could benefit from further research.

Plasmodium falciparum is the causative agent of malaria, one of the world‟s most prevalent infectious diseases. The emergence of strains resistant to current therapeutics creates the urgent need to identify new classes of antimalarials. Here we present and analyse a constraints-based model (iMPMP427) of P. falciparum metabolism. Consisting of 427 genes, 513 reactions, 457 metabolites, and 5 intracellular compartments, iMPMP427 is relatively streamlined and contains an abundance of transport reactions consistent with P. falciparum’s observed reliance on host nutrients. Flux Balance Analysis simulations reveal the model to be predictive in regards to nutrient transport requirements, amino acid efflux characteristics, and glycolytic flux calculation, which are validated by a wealth of experimental data. Furthermore, enzymes deemed to be essential for parasitic growth by iMPMP427 lend support to several previously computationally hypothesized metabolic drug targets, while discrepancies between essential enzymes and experimentally annotated drug targets highlight areas of malarial metabolism that could benefit from further research.

Numerous recent studies have documented dynamic changes in the behaviors of large marine-terminating outlet glaciers and ice streams in Greenland, the Antarctic Peninsula, and West Antarctica. However, fewer observations of outlet glaciers and ice shelves exist for the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. In addition, most recent surface velocity mappings of the Lambert Glacier-Amery Ice Shelf system (LAS) are derived for the time period of 1997-2000. From this research, surface velocity measurements provide a more extended view of the behavior and stability of the LAS over the past two decades than can be gleaned from a single observational period. This study uses remote sensing to investigate whether significant changes in velocities have occurred from the late 1980’s through the late 2010’s and assesses the magnitude of mass balance changes observed at the grounding line. To accomplish this goal, surface velocities of the LAS from late 1980’s to late 2010’s for three separate time periods are measured. The observed surface velocities of the LAS ranged from 0 to 1300 m yr^-1 during 1988-1990. A slight slowing down is detected in the central Amery Ice Shelf front by analyzing the surface velocity measurements made along the centerlines. The mass balance is the difference between snow accumulation and the outflux of the grounded LAS and is calculated for individual sub-basin during the three time intervals of 1988-1990, 1999-2004, and 2007-2011 to illustrate the mass balance variation under sub-basin level. The flux gates of the Lambert Glacial sub-basin combined with the Mellor Glacial and the Fisher Glacial sub-basin appear to be the largest outlet of the grounded ice of the LAS. The ice mass transported from the interior region through the three flux gates in total is 43.58 Gt yr^-1, 36.72 Gt yr^-1, and 38.61 Gt yr^-1 respectively for the three time intervals above. The sub-basins in the eastern side appear differently than the western side. The outfluxes of the eastern sub-basins vary from 15.85 to 18.64 Gt yr^-1, while the western outfluxes vary from 15.85 to 18.64 Gt yr^-1. The grounded LAS has discharged ice from 84.55 to 81.60 Gt yr^-1 and to 79.20 Gt yr^-1 during 1980s-1990s and 1990s-2000s. Assuming the snow accumulation distribution is stable, the grounded LAS mass lose has increased 2.95 Gt yr^-1 from 1980s to 1990s and 2.40 Gt yr^-1 from 1990s to 2000s. These results indicate insight into the stability of the Amery Ice Shelf over the last few decades.

The development of genome scale metabolic models have been aided by the increasing availability of genome sequences of microorganisms such as Geobacter sulfurreducens, involved in environmentally relevant processes such as the in-situ bioremediation of U(VI). Since microbial activities are the major driving forces for geochemical changes in the sub-surface, understanding of microbial behavior under a given set of conditions can help predict the likely outcome of potential subsurface bioremediation strategies. Hence, a model based lookup table was created to capture the variation in physiology of G. sulfurreducens in response to environmental perturbations. Thermodynamically feasible flux distributions were generated by incorporating thermodynamic constraints in the model. These constraints together with the mass balance constraints formed the thermodynamics based metabolic flux analysis model (TMFA). Metabolomics experiments were performed to determine the concentration of intracellular metabolites. These concentrations were posed as constraints in the TMFA model to improve the model accuracy.

Many recent studies on the relative costs and benefits of biofuels have raised the need for a detailed and rigorous analysis of the operations of a biorefinery that is focused on optimization. The current thesis concentrates on the design and optimization of plants for producing biodiesel and ethanol from cellulosic biomass. We have performed numerical simulations combined with systematic parametric analyses to investigate the effect of various parameters on the overall material and energy balances of each biorefinery. The efficiency of the simulated processes was investigated by introducing and/or estimating various metrics in order to select the more beneficial directions for process improvements. Particular emphasis has been paid on heat integration and the design of highly efficient combined heat and power (CHP) units that generate the steam and electricity needed for the purification of biofuels and their co-products. The first part of the thesis is focused on biodiesel production via transesterification of soybean oil with methanol, under alkali-catalyzed conditions. We have analyzed the performance of several reactor configurations in order to improve the conversion of the reversible transesterification reactions. The effect of the oil to alcohol ratio has also been extensively explored. Furthermore, the energy requirements of the simulated process have been rigorously calculated. Since biodiesel facilities can be used either for small-scale, distributed applications or for large-scale production, we have explored whether it is more energy efficient to burn the glycerol-rich stream in a combined heat and power (CHP) plant, or purify the glycerol and use it a feedstock for producing higher-value chemicals with further biotechnological processes. The second part of the thesis focuses on the production of cellulosic ethanol. Having developed the process model, a detailed parametric analysis was carried out to determine how the energy balances and overall efficiency of the biorefinery were influenced by changes in (a) the composition of the biomass feedstock, and (b) the conversion levels of the hydrolysis and fermentation stages. Furthermore, the requirements of the utility section of the ethanol plant were calculated. The utility section included a combined heat and power unit where by-product streams of the production process were utilized for energy generation. The parametric analysis indicated that these streams were in most cases an insufficient fuel source for meeting the energy requirements of the plant and thus, additional fuel was required (biomass, coal, or natural gas). The calculations of this section indicated a significant trade-off between ethanol production and external energy inputs, thus casting some doubt on the ultimate effectiveness of efforts to develop genetically modified energy crops (with high carbohydrate content) in order to maximize fuel production.

Introduction: Ballet dancers’ body weight and BMI have been shown to be below recommended levels, and total energy intake is often sustained at a level below the predicted energy requirement. Less is known about the ability of dancers to manage energy balance (EB) during the day, as energy requirements fluctuate as a result of periods of rest and intense activity. Compromised EB may result in decreased athletic performance, higher body fat percentage, and increased injury risk. Purpose: To assess within-day energy balance (WIDEB) during a typical training day in a group of pre-professional ballet dancers and dancers in the early years of professional careers, and to assess the relationship between inadequate EB and injury rates in these dancers. Methods: A two part assessment tool was developed to measure energy intake and energy expenditure hour by hour within a single 24 hour time period. Body mass index (BMI), resting energy expenditure, total day energy balance, and energy deficits > -400 kcal were also used in analysis. Participants were asked to document number of injuries incurred within the previous dance season, and how many days the injury resulted in one or more complete or partial sessions of time lost beyond the injury itself. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, t-tests, and Spearman’s correlation to evaluate relationships between EB and injury rates. Results: Data were collected from 21 (5 males, 16 females) pre-professional and professional ballet dancers from the Atlanta Ballet. Average BMI was 21.9 ±1.4 for male dancers (MD) and 19.1 ±1.0 for female dancers (FD). Negative energy balance (EB) was found at hour 24 in 90.5% participants. Average energy intake for all dancers was 2,382 kcal (± 921) and the average predicted energy expenditure was 3,317 kcal (± 592). Mean EB at hour 24 for all participants was -781.2 (±689.4). The average day EB for males was -223.6 (±629.7) and -1156.9 (±582.5) for females. The largest energy deficits (>900 kcal) compared to estimated expenditures were found between the hours 17 and 20. Participants spent an average of 660.0 (±192.6) minutes per day in negative EB > - 400 kcal. Total group (TG) injury days and energy deficit data (number of minutes > - 400 kcal) were not significantly correlated. Number of minutes > - 400 kcal and number of injuries reported per dancer were correlated (r = -0.44 P = 0.046). MD (n = 5) injury days were significantly associated with EB at hours 1 through 7 (r = 0.90 P = 0.37). MD total number of times injured was associated with EB at hours 1 through 7 (r = 0.89 P = 0.04). A significant association was found in FD between number of times injured and deficits > - 400 kcal. Conclusions: Ballet dancers have significant energy deficits during a typical training day therefore increasing their risk for injuries. Nutrition education would be a key component of an injury prevention program for dancers.

Losing confidence in the ability to maintain balance can be more debilitating than a fall. Therefore, considering the importance of measuring balance confidence, the purpose of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the ABC-6, a shortened version of the ABC-16, among diverse older adults. Participants were 251 diverse (72.1% African Americans, 62.5% low-income, 61% low-education) older adults (M age = 71.2 years, SD = 8.9). Participants volunteered for a falls risk screening which assessed multiple falls risk factors and balance confidence. The ABC-6 had excellent internal consistency reliability, substantial intraclass correlations, significant moderate to large correlations with physical activity, mobility, balance, and total falls risk, the ability to discriminate between fallers and nonfallers, and it was the only significant predictor of total falls risk. The ABC-6 was a valid and reliable measure of balance confidence and is a suitable measure for use among diverse older adults.

This project was performed at Rochester Institute of Technology to get more understanding and knowledge about AM and FM screenings similarities and differences with considerations of the mottle. By designing a test form conformed to the specific measurements and printing it on Heidelberg's Sunday 2000 press, the project group has evaluated the questions that already existed and the ones that occurred during the project. Hence the first press run left some unexpected phenomenon therefore another press run was performed. Measurements were performed and graphs produced in Excel. The project group evaluated the results and from that able to establish facts and draw conclusions. It has been a great experience for the project group and they have learnt a lot.