Thesis advisor: Ali Banuazizi / Thesis advisor: Kathleen Bailey / An overview of trends in tribe-state relations in Afghanistan from pre-history to the present. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2011. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Islamic Civilization and Society Honors Program. / Discipline: Islamic Civilizations and Societies .

I vår samtid upplever allt fler människor obalans mellan arbete och fritid och har svårigheter i att få dessa sfärer att fungera tillsammans. Enligt de senaste undersökningarna på området förefaller akademiker finna det allra svårast att uppnå livsbalans, vilket gör dessa till en särskilt intressant grupp att studera. Syftet med denna uppsats är att öka insikterna kring arbetsgivares syn på Work-Life Balance inom organisationer med akademiker som anställda. Empirin som uppsatsens resultat grundar sig i, baseras på intervjuer med 11 respondenter i arbetsgivarpostition. Vidare utgår denna uppsats från grundad teori som metodologisk ansats, vilket innebär ett explorativt närmande av vår empiri, där svaren på våra frågeställningar vuxit fram genom fortlöpande, systematisk kodning av transkriberat intervjumaterial. De frågeställningar som besvaras för att uppnå studiens syfte handlar om vad arbetsgivare har för generell uppfattning om WLB, hur arbetsgivare arbetar med WLB i organisationen, samt vilka motiv arbetsgivare har för att arbeta med WLB. Med utgångspunkt i dessa tre frågeställningar har vi kunnat dra slutsatsen att arbetsgivare inom organisationer med akademiker som anställda, ser WLB som en gemensam angelägenhet för arbetsgivare och arbetstagare. Denna syn grundar arbetsgivarna i att arbete med WLB genererar win-win situationer för båda parter, att dagens utvecklade kommunikationsteknologi gör att arbetsgivaren måste hjälpa till att sätta tydliga gränser för arbetstagaren, samt att arbetsgivaren och arbetstagaren tillsammans, genom dialog måste se till att gränserna upprätthålls. Genom studiens resultat indikeras att det vore intressant att vid fortsatt forskning på området undersöka även andra yrkesgrupper, både icke-akademiker och akademiker inom andra verksamhetsområden och på andra platser än de som här undersökts. Detta för att bidra till en bredare bild av hur WLB betraktas av arbetsgivare och för att ta reda på om uppfattningen skiljer sig åt mellan olika grupper eller om det är en effekt av ett i grunden förändrat arbetsliv.

Thesis advisor: Robert G. Murphy / This paper examines the impact of the fixed exchange rate policy and the undervaluation of the Chinese currency (Renminbi) on the U.S.-China bilateral trade balance. Due to China's fixed exchange rate policy during the last decade, many have suspected that the Renminbi has been undervalued, and that this undervaluation has contributed to the expansion of the U.S. trade deficit. Based on previous studies, the first part of this paper explores Chinese economic policy and the possible consequences of the fixed exchange rate and the undervaluation of the Renminbi. The second part of the paper examines the following through empirical analysis: (1) the misalignment of the Renminbi through the behavioral equilibrium exchange rate (BEER) approach, (2) the relationship between the real exchange rate of the Renminbi and the U.S.-China bilateral trade balance and (3) the relationship between the undervaluation and the US bilateral trade deficit with China. The results indicate that the undervaluation of the Renminbi is neither substantial nor permanent. Moreover, the devalued Renminbi does not significantly increase China's trade surplus with the United States. The U.S. bilateral trade deficit with China is not permanently adversely affected by Renminbi undervaluation. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2007. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: International Studies. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-01

Background: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is diagnosed clinically as a loss of sensation in the feet and affects over 2 million people in the UK. One of the functional effects of DPN is a decrease in standing stability giving rise to a risk of falls. In an attempt to stabilise in the mediolateral direction, people with DPN frequently walk with a wider base of support and stand with a larger stance width. This is often seen in the elderly and is not always beneficial for stability contributing to falls risk. Standing balance requires the integration of sensory information from somatosensory, vestibular and visual systems. Alterations in distal sensory input may result in a re-weighting of the effectiveness of remaining sensations in mediating a stabilising postural response; termed sensory re-weighting. Alterations in posture such as adopting a wider stance width and wearing Ankle Foot Orthoses (AFOs) may also affect sensory input as well as altering the mechanics of the ankle and hip joints. The impact of distal sensory loss on the sensory control of balance in people with DPN compared to the healthy population is unknown. Moreover, it is not known whether standing balance or the sensory control of balance is affected by the adoption of an increased stance width and wearing (AFOs) that restrict mediolateral ankle motion. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying balance dysfunction in diabetic peripheral neuropathy and how it might be manipulated could inform the development of future interventions to improve balance. Aim: To explore the effects of ankle foot orthoses and stance width on standing balance and the sensory control of mediolateral balance in people with DPN and healthy controls. Objectives: To assess how mediolateral postural stability and the sensory control of balance is affected by (a) AFO use and alterations in stance width in healthy participants (study 1) (b) acute distal sensory loss in healthy participants (study 2) (c) chronic sensory loss in people with DPN and how this in turn is modulated by AFO use and alterations in stance width (study 3). Methods: Postural stability and the response to selective muscle vibration that stimulates muscle spindle afferents was measured by 3D motion analysis. Study 1 investigated the effects of stance width and AFOs on postural sway and the response to selective hip proprioception stimulation induced by vibration of the hip abductors in healthy participants. Study 2 investigated the effect of an acute reduction of somatosensory information induced by cooling in healthy participants on the response to ankle evertor and hip abductor vibration. This provided a model of the acute effects of sensory loss. Study 3 compared healthy people with people with chronic DPN. It investigated the impact on stance stability and whether there was a change in the postural response (gain) to ankle evertor and hip abductor vibration. It further explored the effect of altering the stance width and wearing an AFO on stability and the postural response to hip abductor vibration. Results: Study 1: In healthy controls postural sway was significantly reduced when wearing an ankle foot orthoses and when standing at wider stance widths. Whilst this was also seen during balance perturbation, trunk motion increased at larger stance widths. This could be the result of the AFO restricting ankle motion and affecting the interpretation of the hip vibratory input by the postural control system. Study 2: Experimental reduction in distal sensation by cooling resulted in a reduction in postural responses to ankle evertor muscle vibration. Conversely postural responses at the level of the hip, to proximal (hip) muscle vibration, significantly increased. Study 3: Baseline sway velocity was higher in people with DPN compared to healthy controls. Postural strategies were modified in the DPN group, with increased motion at more proximal segments of the shoulder and head. In both groups, AFO and stance width significantly reduced baseline sway velocity, and the size of postural responses (translations) to hip abductor muscle vibration. Conclusion: Alterations in stance width and the use of AFOs can affect postural sway and the response to selective proprioceptive stimulation. Whilst acute reductions in distal sensory loss are associated with sensory re-weighting of distal and proximal proprioceptive information this is not seen in people with chronic DPN, possibly resulting from long term adaptive changes in the multi-sensory control of balance. Novel differences were found in postural strategies between healthy and DPN groups. The increase in head and trunk motion in people with DPN may have a negative impact on visual acuity and therefore a risk factor for falls. In people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy AFOs and increased stance width led to a reduction in postural response size and postural sway. The effect of AFO on sway velocity was more pronounced in those with DPN at smaller stance widths. Clinically this suggests that an AFO could be used in those with diabetic peripheral neuropathy to slow down the velocity of sway and increase stability.

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by Wong Chi Shing Micky. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-149). / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The Uterine Cervix --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Cervical Secretion and its Function --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Ion Transport System in Cell Volume Regulation --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- "Regulatory Volume Decrease, RVD" --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- "Regulatory Volume Increase, RVI" --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- Signaling Pathways underlying RVD and RVI - The Role of Intracellular Free Calcium --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5 --- Swelling-induced Cl- Current --- p.12 / Chapter 1.6 --- Ca2+ activated K+ Channel --- p.14 / Chapter 1.7 --- Objectives of the Study --- p.15 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Culture Media --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Chemicals --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2 --- Preparation of Solutions --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3 --- Cell Culture --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4 --- Patch-clamp Technique --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Preparation of Electrode --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- Pulling and Polishing of Electrode --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Filling of the Electrode --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.1.3 --- Coating of Electrode --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Patch-clamp Study --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- Formation of Whole-cell Configuration --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- Data Acquisition and Analysis --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5 --- Study of Cellular Volume Regulation by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) --- p.35 / Chapter 2.6 --- Determination of Intracellular Ca2+ by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- "Regulatory Volume Decrease, RVD" --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2 --- Responses of [Ca2+］i to swelling --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3 --- KC1 Efflux in RVD in HeLa Cells --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4 --- Swelling-induced Cl- Current --- p.67 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Swelling-induced Anion and Cation Current --- p.67 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Ca2+-independence of Swelling-induced Cl- Current --- p.71 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Effect of Cl- Channel Blockers on Swelling-induced Cl- Current --- p.75 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Anion Selectivity of Swelling-induced Cl- Current --- p.85 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Cl- Dependence of Swelling-induced Cation Conductance --- p.85 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- K+ Independence of Swelling-induced Anion Conductance --- p.95 / Chapter 3.5 --- Ca2+ Activated K+ Current --- p.101 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Ionomycin Induced Cell Shrinkage under Isotonic Condition --- p.101 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Ionomycin Stimulated a Whole-cell K+ Conductance --- p.101 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- The Effect of Ionomycin on Intracellular Ca2+ Level --- p.111 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Ca2+ Dependence of Ionomycin Stimulated K+ Current --- p.111 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.124 / Regulatory Volume Decrease in HeLa Cells --- p.124 / Role of Calcium in Regulatory Volume Decrease (RVD) --- p.126 / Swelling-induced Cation and Anion Conductance --- p.128 / Ca2+ Activated K+ Current in HeLa Cells --- p.134 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Reference --- p.140

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:01:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_sms_dr_jabo.pdf: 285062 bytes, checksum: 2ff19f9c457a6961d50db465af94d58e (MD5) / Instituto Federal Triangulo Mineiro / A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) é mais frequentemente obtida em diferentes situações e locais por meio de métodos de estimativa. A não verificação do erro da ETo, devido ao uso de instrumentos de medidas, pode conduzir os trabalhos de pesquisa a resultados não confiáveis e inconsistentes. Utilizando os Métodos de Hargreaves; Radiação Solar e Penman-Monteith, com os erros da ETo fixados em 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% e 10%, determinou-se as acurácias dos instrumentos de medidas necessárias para obter a estimativa da ETo, com os erros citados. Os dados foram coletados em uma Estação Meteorológica Automatizada, modelo Vaisala, da Usina Hidroelétrica de Nova Ponte, de propriedade da CEMIG, localizada no Rio Araguari. Estes valores foram registrados por meio da média diária de cada informação. A obtenção da ETo com erros propostos neste trabalho requer instrumentos de medidas com acurácias para os Métodos: de Hargreaves com temperatura do ar de 0,2645% a 2,6335% e radiação líquida de 0,0331% a 0,3315%; de radiação solar com temperatura do ar de 0,15% a 1,47%, velocidade do vento de 0,01% a 0,04%, umidade relativa do ar de 0,14% a 0,1,43% e radiação líquida de 0,02% a 0,23% e o de Penman-Monteith com Temperatura do ar de 0,33% a 3,2%, Velocidade do vento de 0,10% a 1,00%, de Umidade Relativa do ar de 0,06% a 0,58% e de Radiação Líquida entre 0,02% a 0,17%. As acurácias obtidas permitirão selecionar instrumentos de medidas para determinação da ETo, pelos métodos de Penman-Monteith, Hargreaves e Radiação Solar com erros máximos pré-estabelecidos. O método da Radiação Solar apresentou uma maior acurácia dos equipamentos meteorológicos utilizados em relação aos métodos PM (FAO 56) e Hargreaves / The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is most often obtained in different situations and locations through estimation methods. The failure to find the error of ETo, due to the use of measuring instruments, can conduct research work to unreliable and inconsistent results. Using Hargreaves, Solar Radiation and Penman-Monteith methods, with ETo errors fixed in 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% ,5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% and 10%, determined the accuracy of the instruments necessary to acquire the estimated ETo with the errors cited. The data were obtained in an Automated Weather Station, Vaisala model, of Nova Ponte Hydroelectric Plant, owned by Cemig, located in Araguari River. These values were recorded by the daily-average of each information. The attainment of ETo with errors proposed in this work requires measurement instruments with accuracies for the methods: Hargreaves with air temperature  0.2645% to  2.6335% and Net Radiation  0.0331% to  0, 3315% of solar radiation in air temperature  0.15% to 1.47%, wind speed  0.01% to 0.04%, Relative Humidity  0.14% of the  0,1,43% and Net Radiation  0.02% to  0.23% and the Penman-Monteith with air temperature  0.33% to 3.2%, wind speed  0 ,  10% to 1.00% RH air  0.06% to 0.58% and net radiation between  0.02% to 0.17%. The accuracy obtained will allow the selection of measurement instruments to determine the ETo by the Penman-Monteith, Hargreaves and Solar Radiation methods with pre-established maximum errors. The solar radiation method showned a greater accuracy of meteorological equipment used in the methods PM (FAO 56) and Hargreaves

Submitted by Livia Marcondes Faber null (liviamfaber@gmail.com) on 2017-03-22T12:51:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação defesa imprimir.doc: 1053184 bytes, checksum: a0540b27eada2d0a7ea6b46ad5b292e1 (MD5) / Rejected by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: A versão final da dissertação/tese deve ser submetida no formato PDF (Portable Document Format). O arquivo PDF não deve estar protegido e a dissertação/tese deve estar em um único arquivo, inclusive os apêndices e anexos, se houver. Por favor, corrija o formato do arquivo e realize uma nova submissão. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-03-22T19:25:31Z (GMT) / Submitted by Livia Marcondes Faber null (liviamfaber@gmail.com) on 2017-03-23T13:07:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação defesa imprimir.pdf: 308066 bytes, checksum: 42a2e825be13eab7fdcee0ab57b20bec (MD5) / Rejected by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo a orientação abaixo: O arquivo submetido está sem a ficha catalográfica. A versão submetida por você é considerada a versão final da dissertação/tese, portanto não poderá ocorrer qualquer alteração em seu conteúdo após a aprovação. Corrija esta informação e realize uma nova submissão com o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-03-23T16:41:06Z (GMT) / Submitted by Livia Marcondes Faber null (liviamfaber@gmail.com) on 2017-04-19T12:55:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 livia defesa.pdf: 304821 bytes, checksum: 617b4250b633280bd3fd746256a9da4f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-19T13:13:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 faber_lm_me_rcla.pdf: 304821 bytes, checksum: 617b4250b633280bd3fd746256a9da4f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T13:13:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 faber_lm_me_rcla.pdf: 304821 bytes, checksum: 617b4250b633280bd3fd746256a9da4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-14 / Objetivos: Comparar o equilíbrio estático e mobilidade de idosos institucionalizados com idosos moradores da comunidade. Métodos: Foram sujeitos da pesquisa 42 idosos, de 60 anos e mais, ambos os sexos, 21 residentes de instituições de longa permanência (ILPI), na cidade de Marília SP e 21 idosos moradores da comunidade. O equilíbrio estático (path lengh, velocidade média e área 95% da elipse) foi avaliado por uma plataforma de força e a mobilidade através do teste Timed Up and Go (TUG). Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que idosos do grupo ILPI’s apresentaram valores significativamente maiores de oscilação do COP comparado com o grupo comunidade. Quanto à mobilidade, o grupo ILPI’s apresentou maior tempo para realização do teste, indicando pior mobilidade em relação ao grupo comunidade. Conclusão: Idosos institucionalizados apresentaram mais oscilação do centro de gravidade e maior mobilidade do que idosos moradores da comunidade. / Objectives: To compare the static balance and mobility of institutionalized elderly with community-dwelling elderly. METHODS: were included in the study 42 elderly patients aged 60 and over, both sexes, 21 living in long-term care facilities (ILPI), in the city of Marília SP and 21 community-dwelling elderly. The static balance was evaluated by a force platform and mobility by the Timed Up and Go test (TUG). Results: The results showed that the elderly of the ILPI's group presented significantly higher values of COP oscillation compared to the community group. Regarding mobility, the ILPI's group presented longer time to perform the test, indicating worse mobility in relation to the community group. Conclusion: Institutionalized elderly showed more center of gravity oscillation and worse mobility than community-dwelling elderly.

Ce travail décrit l’analyse de la distribution des flux de carbones au sein de deux souches de Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) : la souche sauvage nommée M145 et son mutant M1146 incapable de produire les antibiotiques actinorhodine, undecylprodigiosine, et l’antibiotique dépendant du calcium. Metabolite Balance Analysis et Isotopomer Balance Analysis sont mis en œuvre pour proposer un modèle de distribution des flux de carbones de S. coelicolor en phase exponentielle de croissance. Les souches M145 et M1146 sont cultivées dans un milieu minimum limitant en azote et leurs comportements métaboliques sont comparés. Dans la souche non productrice M1146, un taux de croissance plus élévé, un flux plus important dans la voie des pentoses phosphates, un flux plus faible au niveau du cycle de Krebs ainsi qu’une activité respiratoire plus faible sont mis en évidence. Cela traduit le coût énergétique important associé à la production d’actinorhodine par M145. De plus, ce travail propose un rôle important de la nicotinamide nucléotide transhydrogénase pour le maintien de l’homéostasie du NADPH lors de la production d’actinorhodine par M145. Comme il existe de bonnes corrélations entre les données expérimentales et celles issues de la modélisation au niveau des bilans carbones, des bilans de pouvoir réducteur et des échanges gazeux, il sera intéressant d’utiliser cette modélisation avec la technique de Flux Balance Analysis pour prédire les variations de la distribution des flux de carbones dans des mutants de S. coelicolor pour lesquels des gènes auraient été sur-exprimés ou délétés. / This work describes an analysis of carbon flux distribution in two strains of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), namely the wild type strain M145 and its derivative M1146 that is no longer able to produce the antibiotics actinorhodin, undecylprodigiosin and the calcium dependent antibiotic. Metabolite Balance Analysis and Isotopomer Balance Analysis were used to propose a model for carbon flux distribution in S. coelicolor during the exponential phase of growth. Strains M145 and M1146 were grown under nitrogen limitation in minimal medium and their metabolic behaviour were compared. In the non-producing strain M1146, a higher growth rate, a higher flux via the pentose phosphate pathway, a decreased flux through the TCA cycle and a decreased respiratory activity were evidenced. This highlighted the high energetic cost for actinorhodin production in M145. In this paper, we also propose a key role for the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase in NADPH homeostasis in M145 during actinorhodin production. As there are good correlations between experimental data and the model in terms of carbon balance, reducing power balance and gas exchanges, this model will be of great interest for Flux Balance Analysis to predict carbon-flux distribution changes in S. coelicolor strains in which gene are deleted or overexpressed.