The purpose of this thesis is to explore factors, actors and processes which condition innovative commercialization of bamboo in Ethiopia. The thesis particularly focuses on how traditional technologies and entrepreneurial innovations can be a source of knowledge and foundation for bamboo commercialization in Ethiopia. In tandem with technology development, it also attempts to shed light on how variations in value chains and market availability result in differential levels of commercialization. The research is designed based on the system of innovation and value chain approaches as main theoretical lenses. Data is collected from three districts and cities. The main data collection method was surveys of key value chain actors, complemented by expert interviews, case studies, group discussions and analysis of secondary data sources. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques including inferential statistics are used for analysis. The results demonstrate that traditional knowledge and technical skills are key sources of innovation for bamboo commercialization. These technical skills are gradually transferred from rural to urban and from traditional to semi-modern via recreational houses and furniture production. The research found that the major factors which significantly explain the differences in technical skills are bamboo income, use knowledge, market distance and management regimes. The study further reveals that there are diversity of enterprises which have a major role both in generation of innovation and production of value added products. Innovation performance is influenced by level of technology, financial access and business experience while economic performance is influenced by the age of the enterprise owner, their innovativeness, level of technology and location (urban functions). Institutional actors play an intermediary role at the production and processing levels in promoting bamboo sector development through training provision, policy development and linking actors along the value chain. Similarly, consumers are also key actors in the value chain and are the major drivers of bamboo commercialization. Rates of commercialization are found different among regions where areas with a better access to consumer markets reportedly engage more in commercial extraction and earn a correspondingly higher income from bamboo than regions far from centers of consumption. In summary, the empirical analysis depicts that innovative commercialization is the result of a combination of technological capability, entrepreneurial competency and market accessibility. Thus, future policy for bamboo resource commercialization and development should be geared towards establishing and nurturing a bamboo sector innovation system which in turn supports the development of technology-led resource commercialization and facilitates entry into the global value chain. / Diese Dissertation hat zum Ziel, Faktoren, Akteure und Prozesse zu erforschen, welche die innovative Kommerzialisierung von Bambus in Äthiopien bedingen. Insbesondere wird in dieser Arbeit darauf eingegangen, inwiefern traditionelle Technologien und unternehmerische Innovationen eine Wissensquelle und ein Fundament für die Bambuskommerzialisierung in Äthiopien sein können. Zusammen mit der Technologieentwicklung wird auch dargestellt, wie Variationen in der Wertekette und der Marktverfügbarkeit zu unterschiedlichen Graden der Kommerzialisierung führen. Die Forschung basiert auf dem System von Innovations- und Wertekettenverfahren als grundlegende theoretische Aspekte. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte in drei Distrikten und Städten. Die Haupterfassungsmethode war die Befragung von Schlüsselakteuren in den Werteketten, ergänzt durch Experteninterviews, Fallstudien, Gruppendiskussionen sowie Analysen von sekundären Datenquellen. Sowohl qualitative als auch quantitative Verfahren einschließlich der Interferenzstatistik dienen der Analyse. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass traditionelles Wissen und technische Fertigkeiten Schlüsselquellen für Innovationen in der Bambuskommerzialisierung sind. Diese technischen Fertigkeiten werden nach und nach vom Ländlichen zum Städtischen sowie vom Traditionellen zur Semimoderne überführt, was sich hauptsächlich durch den Erholungssektor sowie durch die Möbelherstellung zeigt. Die Forschung fand heraus, dass die Hauptfaktoren der Unterschiede in den technischen Fertigkeiten das durch Bambus erzielte Einkommen, das Wissen über dessen Verwendung, die Distanz zum Markt sowie Managementregime sind. Ferner zeigten die Untersuchungen, dass es eine Vielfalt von Betrieben gibt, welche eine Hauptrolle sowohl bei Innovationen als auch bei der Herstellung höherwertiger Produkte spielen. Die Innovationsleistung wird beeinflusst durch den Stand der Technik, durch finanziellen Zugang sowie Businesserfahrungen, während die ökonomische Leistung beeinflusst wird durch das Alter der Betriebsbesitzer, deren Innovation, den Stand der Technik, sowie durch die Lage (urbane Funktionen). Institutionelle Akteure spielen eine Zwischenrolle auf Produktions- und Verarbeitungsebene bei der Förderung der Entwicklung des Bambussektors durch Bereitstellung von Ausbildung, der Entwicklung von Methoden und verbindenden Akteuren entlang der Wertekette. Ähnlich sind auch die Konsumenten Schlüsselfaktoren in der Wertekette sowie Hauptantrieb für die Bambuskommerzialisierung. Die Kommerzialisierungsraten in den einzelnen Regionen sind unterschiedlich, wobei Gebiete mit besserem Marktzugang eine größere Kommerzialisierung bewirken und ein besseres Bambus-basiertes Einkommen erzeugen als Regionen, die sich fernab von den Zentren der Konsumption befinden. Zusammenfassend kann ausgeführt werden, dass die empirische Analyse zu dem Schluss kommt, dass innovative Kommerzialisierung das Ergebnis einer Kombination technischer Fähigkeit, unternehmerischer Kompetenz sowie der Marktzugänglichkeit ist. Folglich ist die zukunftsorientierte bambusbasierte Kommerzialisierung und Entwicklung so zu lenken, dass das Innovationssystem auf dem Bambussektor etabliert und gestärkt wird, wodurch auch die Entwicklung technologiegeführter Ressourcenkommerzialisierung gefördert sowie der Zugang zur globalen Wertekette begünstigt wird.

[pt] O bambu é um material compósito lignocelulósico natural, local, renovável e abundante, importante para o sequestro de carbono da atmosfera, caracterizado pela classificação funcional multidimensional e pela matriz consideravelmente porosa reforçada por fibras longas. Tais configurações proporcionam baixa densidade aliada a propriedades mecânicas adequadas à construção civil. Este trabalho propõe combinar aproveitamento adequado e alto desempenho, aplicando configurações diferenciadas a compósitos laminados, utilizando material proveniente de diferentes trechos da parede do colmo, de acordo com os requerimentos estruturais, de uma maneira viável para o desenvolvimento de formas complexas. Foram sistematizadas e propostas novas configurações para normas de ensaios de controle bem como procedimentos e ensaios específicos para a caracterização mecânica de lâminas, e para compósitos laminados de bambu. No intuito de quantificar e caracterizar a organização morfológica do bambu, principalmente relacionada à sua alta porosidade, foram conduzidas análises microestruturais diversas. Os dados foram correlacionados com as propriedades mecânicas obtidas experimentalmente de regiões similares. Desenvolveu-se ainda um método simplificado para estimar o teor total de vazios em lâminas baseado em ensaios de variação de umidade. Observou-se que a fração de vazios varia de acordo com uma classificação funcional e influencia, não somente na densidade do material, mas também em suas propriedades mecânicas. Os empacotamentos propostos para os laminados foram analisados em programa comercial de Elementos Finitos. / [en] Bamboo is a natural, local, renewable and abundant lignocellulosic material, important to mitigate greenhouse gases emissions. It is characterized by the multidimensional functionally graded structure and for its long fiber reinforced porous matrix. Such configurations provide the combination of low density and high mechanical properties, which are compatible with the ones of usual construction materials. Laminated bamboo composites are currently produced aiming either high productivity and complex geometry with low performance, or simple geometry for structural purposes with a very low productivity. This work proposes a protocol to combine productivity, possibility of complex geometry and high performance, by applying laminae obtained from different parts of the culm wall, regarding to the radial axis, according to the structural requirements. New configurations for standard mechanical test methods were proposed for material s compliance checking and both for laminae and laminates characterization. In parallel, aiming to quantify and morphologically characterize, mainly the bamboo porosity variation, several microstructural analyzes have been used. The results were compared with the ones obtained on the experimental mechanical characterization protocol. A simplified method to quantify bamboo porosity based on humidity variation tests has been developed and validated by the comparison with digital image processing. It has been observed that bamboo s porous volume fraction is functionally graded and has influence on the material s density as long as on its mechanical properties. The proposed laminate configuratons were analyzed on a commercial Finite Element Method software.

Data shows that there is an overall dearth of Asian Americans in the role of the principalship in K-12 public schools. According to the Department of Education (2019), Asian Americans made up 5% of the national student population, but less than two percent of all K-12 public school principals identified as Asian. This mixed methods study is designed to provide insight into why there is an underrepresentation of Asian Americans in roles of the principalship in K-12 public schools. Through the theoretical framework, Asian Critical Race Theory, the aim of this dissertation study is to a) examine the factors that may hinder or encourage Asian Americans from embarking on the journey towards the principalship and b) make recommendations and observations on how to break through the existing barriers that may inhibit Asian Americans from pursuing the role. The dissertation studied 92 principals and assistant principals in K-12 public schools and utilized a quantitative methodology with a questionnaire and a qualitative methodology with semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and field notes as data sources. Findings indicate that it is still difficult to be viewed as a competent, Asian American principal. Additionally, women experienced an added layer of challenges related to their gender; and first- and second-generation participants experienced greater difficulty in navigating the system. The findings hope to be the catalyst for promoting more Asian American principals in ways that their voices and stories may be heard. Moreover, this emancipatory research can serve as a liberating experience and contribute to the greater Asian American community, specifically our students. As we continue to make strides towards a more equitable and diverse society, we must prioritize our efforts to truly diversify our educational systems, which include understanding biases and breaking through the bamboo ceiling.

[pt] Neste trabalho, apresenta-se um estudo numérico e experimental sobre o comportamento estrutural de um módulo de ponte tensegrity para pedestres com materiais naturais. Inicialmente é apresentado o conceito de estruturas tensegrity, destacando-se seu surgimento e atual contexto, aplicações e estudos relacionados a este sistema estrutural. Também é apresentada a importância e os benefícios da utlização de materiais naturais na construção civil. Um projeto de ponte tensegrity para pedestres realizado previamente é selecionado como objeto de estudo. Com base em suas principais características, realiza-se um protótipo do módulo da ponte em escala 1:25. Propõe-se um método construtivo considerando técnicas ajustáveis para montagem e desmontagem. Posteriormente, um protótipo em escala de aproximadamente 1:6 é construído utilizando colmos de bambu da família Phyllostachys aurea para as estroncas e cordas de sisal para os cabos. O módulo é instrumentado e ensaiado estatica e dinamicamente a fim de avaliar a influência das perdas de pretensão por fluência e relaxação sobre o comportamento da estrutura. Os resultados obtidos dos ensaios experimentais são comparados com as previsões numéricas obtidas com auxílio de modelo computacional quanto às tensões atuantes e os modos de vibração. Através do cruzamento dos dados foi possível determinar indiretamente o nível de pretensão aplicado no módulo tensegrity e avaliar a perda de pretensão ao longo do tempo. As investigações estática e dinâmica apresentaram considerável afinidade. / [en] In this work, a theoretical and practical study of the behavior of a tensegrity based pedestrian bridge constructed with natural materials is presented. Initially it is shown the concept of tensegrity structures, highlighting its emergence and current context, applications within civil engineering and studies related to this structural system. The importance and benefits of using natural materials in civil construction are also presented. A pedestrian bridge design made using tensegrity structure is designated as study object and a prototype of the bridge s module is built in 1:25 scale. A constructive method is proposed considering deployable techniques for assembly and disassembly. Subsequently, a prototype on a 1: 6 scale is built using Phyllostachys aurea bamboo culms for the struts and sisal ropes for the cables. The module is instrumented and tested statically and dynamically in order to understand the processes of loss of prestress and creep on the structure s behavior. The results obtained from the experimental tests are compared with the numerical predictions obtained with the aid of a computational model regarding the stresses and the vibration modes. Through the crossing of the data it was possible to indirectly determine the level of prestress applied in the tensegrity module and to evaluate the loss of prestress over time. The static and dynamic investigations showed considerable affinity.

No description available.

[pt] A reação de acoplamento C-C de Suzuki, desde a sua descoberta, sempre atraiu o interesse de diversos pesquisadores e encontrou aplicação em diversos campos tanto na academia como na indústria. Movidos pelos problemas ambientais que tanto preocupam nossa sociedade e pelos princípios da química verde, criados para guiar os químicos na direção de uma ciência sustentável, pesquisadores tem buscado criar catalisadores eficientes para essa reação, que consigam uma alta seletividade em condições reacionais brandas. O desenvolvimento de catalisadores heterogêneos é motivado pela sua fácil remoção do meio reacional e seu possível reuso para um elevado número de reações. Uma abordagem para criação desses catalisadores é a ancoragem de íons metálicos ou de nanopartículas (Nps) metálicas em suportes que facilitem seu manuseio, remoção e reuso. Neste trabalho foram sintetizadas nanopartículas de paládio (Nps Pd) estabilizadas por carboximetilcelulose (CMC), em cuja síntese foi utilizado o ácido L-ascórbico (AA) como agente redutor. Essas Nps foram caracterizadas por UV-VIS, FT-IR-ATR, DLS, potencial zeta, MEV e EDS. A reação de redução do 4-nitrofenol foi utilizada como teste preliminar para verificar a atividade catalítica dessas Nps e, em diferentes condições, a reação ocorreu com tempos que variaram de 3 a 10 minutos. Depois, foram empregadas três diferentes metodologias para a síntese de Nps Pd que utilizaram a CMC como agente redutor e estabilizador a fim de eliminar o uso do AA. As três Nps sintetizadas foram usadas para catalisar uma reação de acoplamento entre o ácido fenilborônico e o 4-iodofenol com rendimentos de 68-76 por cento em duas horas. As Nps que obtiveram maior rendimento foram escolhidas para dar prosseguimento ao projeto. Foram caracterizadas por UV-VIS, FT-IR-ATR, DLS, potencial zeta, MEV e EDS e foram utilizadas para catalisar mais três acoplamentos de Suzuki com rendimentos de 74 por cento a 86 por cento. Um suporte lignocelulósico, mecanicamente e termicamente resistente, feito a partir da biomassa de bambu foi funcionalizado com 1-oxil-2,2,6,6-tetrametilpiperidina (TEMPO) e caracterizado por FT-IR-ATR. Foi, então, impregnado para a imobilização de Na2PdCl4 (T_PdCl2) e das Nps Pd reduzidas e estabilizadas com CMC escolhidas (T_PdCMC_R). Os catalisadores desenvolvidos foram caracterizados por FT-IR-ATR, MEV e EDS. O catalisador T_PdCl2 foi utilizado em 4 reações seguidas com perdas de rendimento a cada reação (de 92,2 por cento até 18,4 por cento). Por ICP OES foi determinado que a quantidade de paládio lixiviada foi de 0,20 ppm na primeira reação e de 0,10 ppm nas reações seguintes. O catalisador T_PdCMC_R foi usado para a reação acoplamento entre ácido fenilborônico e 4-iodofenol e, em diferentes condições, obteve rendimentos de 35 por cento e 43 por cento. / [en] Suzuki C-C coupling reaction, since its discovery, has always attracted the interest of researchers and has found application in several fields both in academia and industry. Driven by environmental problems that concern our society so much and by the principles of green chemistry, created to guide chemists towards a sustainable science, researchers have sought to create efficient catalysts for this reaction, which achieve high selectivity in mild reaction conditions. The development of heterogeneous catalysts is motivated by its easy removal from the reaction medium and its possible reuse for a high number of reactions. One approach for creating these catalysts is to anchor metallic ions or metallic nanoparticles (Nps) in supports that facilitate their handling, removal and reuse. In this work, palladium nanoparticles (Nps Pd) reduced by ascorbic acid (AA) and stabilized by carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were synthesized. These Nps were characterized by UV-VIS, FT-IR-ATR, DLS, zeta potential, SEM and EDS. The 4-nitrophenol reduction reaction was used as a preliminary test to verify the catalytic activity of these Nps and, under different conditions, the reaction occurred with times ranging from 3 to 10 minutes. Then, three different methodologies for the synthesis of Nps Pd using CMC as reducing and stabilizing agent were proposed in order to eliminate the use of AA. The three synthesized Nps were used to catalyze the coupling reaction between phenylboronic acid and 4-iodophenol with yields of 68-76 percent in two hours. The Nps that obtained the highest yield were chosen to be used in the next steps of the project. These Nps were characterized by UV-VIS, FT-IR-ATR, DLS, zeta potential, SEM and EDS and were used to catalyze three more Suzuki couplings with yields of 74-86 percent. A mechanically and thermally resistant lignocellulosic support, made of bamboo biomass, was functionalized with 1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TEMPO) and characterized by FT-IR-ATR. It was then impregnated for the immobilization of Na2PdCl4 (T_PdCl2) and the chosen Nps Pd reduced and stabilized by CMC (T_PdCMC_R). The developed catalysts were characterized by FT-IR-ATR, MEV and EDS. The catalyst T_PdCl2 was used in 4 reactions in a row with yield losses for each reaction (from 92.2 percent to 18.4 percent). By ICP OES it was determined that the amount of palladium leached was 0.20 ppm in the first reaction and 0.10 ppm in the following reactions. The catalyst T_PdCMC_R was used for the coupling reaction between phenylboronic acid and 4-iodophenol and, under different conditions, obtained yields of 35 percent and 43 percent.

[pt] Enquanto fonte renovável, amplamente disponível no mundo, de baixo custo e ecologicamente amigável, o bambu tem se mostrado uma alternativa promissora para alcançar um cenário mais sustentável na indústria da construção. Assim, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar o uso do bambu como reforço para estruturas de concreto, com foco no comportamento ao cisalhamento de vigas. Foram usados colmos da espécie Phyllostachys aurea como armadura longitudinal e para reforço transversal diferentes técnicas empregando materiais naturais foram testadas: fibras de sisal discreta, estribo de bambu, cordão de sisal, além de vigas sem reforços. As vigas foram submetidas a ensaio de flexão em três pontos a fim de analisar o comportamento ao cisalhamento. Além disso, técnica de Correlação de Imagem Digital (CID) foi empregada para adquirir a cinemática das fissuras e estimar as contribuições dos mecanismos de cisalhamento. Os resultados dos ensaios apontam um aumento na capacidade de carga das vigas pelo uso de diferentes materiais. Estribos de bambu aumentaram a carga última em 15,85 por cento, cordão de sisal em 12,30 por cento e fibra discreta de sisal em 1,32 por cento, destacando o impacto positivo desses artifícios na capacidade de carga. Esta pesquisa ressalta a possibilidade de substituir materiais não renováveis com alta pegada de carbono em construções de pequeno porte, especialmente em habitações populares. Isso permite promover práticas de construção sustentáveis e seguras, ao mesmo tempo em que fortalece o desenvolvimento rural e preserva recursos globais. / [en] As a renewable resource, highly available across the world, low-cost and eco-friendly material, bamboo has shown to be a promising alternative for achieving a more sustainable scenario in the construction industry. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the use of bamboo as reinforcement for concrete structures, focusing on the shear behavior of beams. Bamboo culms from the specie Phyllostachys aurea are used as longitudinal reinforcement while for shear reinforcement different techniques employing local materials are tested: discrete sisal fibers, bamboo stirrups, sisal yarn, and no shear reinforcement. The beams were subjected to three-point bending tests in order to analyze the shear behavior. Moreover, the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique was employed to acquire the crack kinematics and the contributions of shear mechanisms were estimated. The test results demonstrated improvements in the load-carrying capacity of the beams through the utilization of different materials. Bamboo stirrups increased the ultimate load by 15.85 percent, sisal yarn by 12.30 percent, and discrete sisal fibers by 1.32 percent, highlighting their positive impact on load-bearing capacity. This research underscores the possibility of replacing non-renewable carbon intensive materials such as steel with bamboo in low-rise buildings, particularly for social housing. Thereby it allows to promote sustainable and safe construction practices while empowering rural development and conserving global resources.

[pt] O bambu é um recurso natural, típico de regiões tropicais e subtropicais, cujas fibras vêm atraindo interesse para reforço de materiais compósitos, pelas suas excelentes propriedades mecânicas. Entretanto, como toda fibra vegetal, as fibras de bambu apresentam alto grau de higroscopicidade, inchando quando da presença de água, limitando seu uso devido à perda de durabilidade. Dessa forma, este trabalho visa estudar melhorias nas propriedades de flexão do bambu através do processo de hornificação por ciclos de molhagem e secagem, tratamento muito utilizado em polpas de madeira ou papel, que leva a reduções na capacidade de absorção e retenção de água das fibras, reduzindo seus poros e tornando sua estrutura mais enrijecida. Para isso foram investigados os efeitos de 3, 5 e 10 ciclos de molhagem e secagem sobre as propriedades físicas e comportamento mecânico (flexão e módulo de elasticidade) do bambu da espécie Moso (Phyllostachys pubescens). Com relação às propriedades físicas foram avaliadas as variações na capacidade de absorção e retenção de água do bambu ao longo dos ciclos, incluindo avaliação das variações dimensionais dos feixes vasculares ao final dos ciclos, realizada por meio de análise e processamento de imagens obtidas por microscópio estereoscópico. Ademais, o comportamento à flexão foi estudado por meio de ensaios de flexão a quatro pontos, avaliando possíveis melhorias na resistência à flexão, deflexão e módulo de elasticidade do bambu após os ciclos de molhagem e secagem, incluindo análise da influência do cisalhamento na flexão. As análises físicas demonstraram que com os ciclos ocorreu redução na capacidade de retenção de água do bambu, além de reduções na área superficial de seus feixes de fibras. Na flexão houve ganho de rigidez após os ciclos, chegando a aumentar em 70 por cento o módulo de elasticidade. / [en] Bamboo is a natural resource, typical of tropical and subtropical regions, whose fibers are attracting interest to reinforce composite materials, due to its excellent mechanical properties. However, like all plant fibers, bamboo fibers present a high degree of hygroscopicity, swelling when water is present, limiting its use due to loss of durability. Thus, this work aims to study improvements in the flexural properties of bamboo through the process of hornification by wetting and drying cycles, a treatment that is widely used in pulps of wood or paper, leading to reductions in the water absorption and retention capacity of the fibers, reducing its pores and making its structure stiffer. The effects of 3, 5 and 10 wetting and drying cycles on the physical properties and mechanical behavior (flexure and modulus of elasticity) of the Moso bamboo species (Phyllostachys pubescens) were investigated. Regarding the physical properties, the variations in the bamboo water absorption and retention capacity were evaluated along the cycles, including evaluation of the dimensional variations of the vascular bundles at the end of the cycles, performed by means of analysis and processing of images obtained by a stereoscopic microscope. In addition, the flexural behavior was studied by means of four-point flexural tests, evaluating possible improvements in flexural strength, deflection and modulus of elasticity of the bamboo after the wetting and drying cycles, including analysis of the influence of shear on flexion. The physical analyzes showed that with the cycles there was a reduction in the water retention capacity of bamboo, as well as reductions in the surface area of its fiber bundles. In flexion, there was a gain of stiffness after the cycles, increasing the modulus of elasticity by 70 per cent.

Cette étude vise à évaluer le rôle du silicium (Si) sur l’amélioration de la croissance et de la tolérance au cuivre (Cu) du bambou, plante utilisée en phytoremédiation. Plusieurs approches ont été choisies. Dans un premier temps, la répartition et la variabilité de Cu et Si ont été étudiées dans plusieurs espèces de bambous se développant dans un contexte pédoclimatique naturel afin d’établir des concentrations de référence pour ces éléments. Des cultures hydroponiques ont ensuite permis de caractériser de manière macroscopique la réponse des bambous à des apports de Si et Cu, et, parallèlement, d’étudier la spéciation de Cu et la localisation de Si et Cu au sein des différents organes du bambou (racines, tiges, feuilles).Les concentrations en Si et Cu présentent des différences significatives entre les principaux types de bambous, suggérant l’importance d’un caractère génotypique responsable de l’absorption de ces éléments. Face à une toxicité au cuivre, un apport de Si modifie la spéciation de Cu dans les tissus du bambou, sans toutefois améliorer significativement sa tolérance. Il apparaît que la stratégie principale du bambou pour gérer de fortes concentrations de Cu est tout d’abord une importante séquestration dans les racines, puis une complexation de Cu avec des composés soufrés organiques et inorganiques. Les résultats de cette étude permettront d’optimiser les technologies liées aux capacités épuratives des bambous face à une pollution métallique. / This study aims at assessing the role of silicon (Si) on the plant growth and alleviation of copper (Cu) toxicity in bamboos. Several approaches have been performed. Firstly, the distribution and variability of Si and Cu were investigated in several bamboo species grown under natural pedo-climatic conditions in order to obtain reference values for Cu and Si in bamboos. Secondly, hydroponic experiments were carried out to characterize the macroscopic response of bamboo plants exposed to Si and Cu and, investigated in parallel the Cu speciation and Si and Cu localisation in different part of bamboos (roots, stems, leaves).Significant differences were measured between bamboo species, suggesting that a genotypic character may be responsible for Si and Cu accumulation. Silicon supplementation modified the Cu speciation but did not induce significant improvement of Cu tolerance. The main strategy of bamboo to cope with high Cu concentrations in its tissues is initially an important sequestration in the roots apoplast, mainly in epidermis, and then a Cu complexation with organic and inorganic sulphur compounds. These results will allow the optimisation of phytoremediation processes using bamboo plants.

[pt] As três medidas de sobrevivência logo após a ocorrência de desastres ambientais, de acordo com a Cruz Vermelha Internacional, são: o fornecimento de alimentos, medicação e abrigo. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma solução sustentável para atender às famílias desabrigadas em desastres ambientais, imediatamente. Para viabilizar o provimento de abrigo num curto espaço de tempo foi desenvolvido um painel de bambu, tipo sanduíche, utilizando-se uma composição de materiais naturais como: bambu e óleo de mamona, e placas de resíduos reciclados, que não são poluentes, têm baixo custo e baixo consumo de energia. Para a montagem dos painéis foram utilizadas placas recicladas nas faces e o núcleo de bambu em estrutura alveolar que é fixado às placas através de adesivo de poliuretano vegetal, à base de óleo de mamona. O comportamento mecânico do painel sanduíche de bambu desenvolvido neste trabalho foi analisado para aplicação em edificações. Este é um estudo pioneiro, não foram encontradas referências no Brasil nem no exterior, nem estudos semelhantes. O resultado deste estudo é um abrigo modular, em que o módulo proposto é o núcleo de uma habitação que poderá ser expandida e se tornar definitiva. O abrigo é também desmontável podendo ser recolhido e transportado para outros lugares onde haja necessidade. / [en] The International Red Cross listed the three relief priorities in Environmental Disasters: food, medicine and shelter. Providing shelter allows quickly returning to normal life, and keeps families connected. Furthermore establishing the routine stimulates the reconstruction of affected areas. This work presents a quick solution aligned to concepts of sustainability, green building and waste recycling, to catch up affected families needs on environmental disasters events. In order to provide shelter in a very short time, a sandwich panel composed of a bamboo honeycomb core was developed, in a new approach of bamboo utilization, and recycled material panels glued with castor oil resin. The material used are natural and non pollutant, recycled, low-carbon, low-cost housing and low energy consumption. A sandwich panel was developed and its mechanical behavior analyzed for building applications. The main objective of this work was developing a resistant material, ecologic, sustainable, using residues, and local, ingenious and natural materials, that must be strong enough to substitute conventional materials and, at the same time economically feasible, to address emergency sheltering. As a result, a modular shelter is proposed, in which the minimum module is like a core house nevertheless it can be expanded turn in a permanent home. The shelter is also portable as it can be collected and transferred to other places, wherever needed.