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This work develops theoretical and applied results for variational convex analysis. First we present the basic tools of analysis necessary to develop the core theory and applications. New results concerning duality principles for systems originally modeled by non-linear differential equations are shown in chapters 9 to 17. A key aspect of this work is that although the original problems are non-linear with corresponding non-convex variational formulations, the dual formulations obtained are almost always concave and amenable to numerical computations. When the primal problem has no solution in the classical sense, the solution of dual problem is a weak limit of minimizing sequences, and the evaluation of such average behavior is important in many practical applications. Among the results we highlight the dual formulations for micro-magnetism, phase transition models, composites in elasticity and conductivity and others. To summarize, in the present work we introduce convex analysis as an interesting alternative approach for the understanding and computation of some important problems in the modern calculus of variations. / Ph. D.

Tensor products of Banach Spaces are studied. An introduction to tensor products is given. Some results concerning the reciprocal Dunford-Pettis Property due to Emmanuele are presented. Pelczyriski's property (V) and (V)-sets are studied. It will be shown that if X and Y are Banach spaces with property (V) and every integral operator from X into Y* is compact, then the (V)-subsets of (X⊗F)* are weak* sequentially compact. This in turn will be used to prove some stronger convergence results for (V)-subsets of C(Ω,X)*.

In this paper the weak completeness of certain sequence spaces is examined. In particular, we show that each of the sequence spaces c0 and 9, 1 < p < c, is a Banach space. A Riesz representation for the dual space of each of these sequence spaces is given. A Riesz representation theorem for Hilbert space is also proven. In the third chapter we conclude that any reflexive space is weakly (sequentially) complete. We give 01 as an example of a non-reflexive space that is weakly complete. Two examples, c0 and YJ, are given of spaces that fail to be weakly complete.

Neste trabalho aplicamos técnicas de combinatória infinitária e forcing na teoria dos espaços de Banach, investigando propriedades dos espaços de Banach da forma C(K), formado pelas funções reais contínuas sobre K com a norma do supremo, com poucos operadores, no sentido de que todo operador em C(K) é da forma gI+S, onde I é o operador identidade, g pertence a C(K) e S é fracamente compacto. Enfatizamos as construções onde K é conexo, o que implica que C(K) é indecomponível. Assumindo Axioma Diamante, um axioma combinatório mais forte que a Hipótese do Contínuo, construímos um espaço de Banach C(K) tal que C(L) tem poucos operadores, para todo L subespaço fechado de K. Sob a Hipótese do Contínuo construímos um espaço C(K) indecomponível com poucos operadores tal que K contém $\\beta N$ homeomorficamente. Em ZFC construímos um espaço C(K) com poucos operadores em um sentido estritamente mais fraco. Também mostramos a existência de pelo menos contínuo espaços de Banach C(K) indecomponíveis dois a dois essencialmente incomparáveis. Usando forcing provamos que existe consistentemente um espaço de Banach C(K) de densidade menor que contínuo com poucos operadores e um C(K) indecomponível de densidade menor que contínuo. / In this work we apply techniques of infinitary combinatorics and forcing in Banach spaces theory, investigating the compact topological spaces K such that the Banach space C(K), consisting of the continuous real-valued functions on K with the supremum norm, has few operators, in the sense that all operators on C(K) have the form gI+S, where I is the identity operator, g\\ belongs to C(K) and S is weakly compact. We emphasize the constructions where K is connected, which implies that C(K) is indecomposable. Assuming Diamond Axiom, a combinatoric axiom stronger than the continuum hypothesis, we construct a Banach space C(K) where C(L) has few operators, for every L closed subspace of K. Under continuum hypothesis we construct an indecomposable C(K) with few operators such that K contains $\\beta \\mathbb$ homeomorphically. In ZFC we construct a space C(K) with few operators in a strictly weaker sense. We also show the existence of at least continuum pairwise essentially incomparable indecomposable Banach spaces C(K). Using forcing, we prove that there exists consistently a Banach space C(K) of density smaller than continuum having few operators and an indecomposable C(K) of density smaller than continuum.

Neste trabalho aplicamos técnicas de combinatória infinitária e forcing na teoria dos espaços de Banach, investigando propriedades dos espaços de Banach da forma C(K), formado pelas funções reais contínuas sobre K com a norma do supremo, com poucos operadores, no sentido de que todo operador em C(K) é da forma gI+S, onde I é o operador identidade, g pertence a C(K) e S é fracamente compacto. Enfatizamos as construções onde K é conexo, o que implica que C(K) é indecomponível. Assumindo Axioma Diamante, um axioma combinatório mais forte que a Hipótese do Contínuo, construímos um espaço de Banach C(K) tal que C(L) tem poucos operadores, para todo L subespaço fechado de K. Sob a Hipótese do Contínuo construímos um espaço C(K) indecomponível com poucos operadores tal que K contém $\\beta N$ homeomorficamente. Em ZFC construímos um espaço C(K) com poucos operadores em um sentido estritamente mais fraco. Também mostramos a existência de pelo menos contínuo espaços de Banach C(K) indecomponíveis dois a dois essencialmente incomparáveis. Usando forcing provamos que existe consistentemente um espaço de Banach C(K) de densidade menor que contínuo com poucos operadores e um C(K) indecomponível de densidade menor que contínuo. / In this work we apply techniques of infinitary combinatorics and forcing in Banach spaces theory, investigating the compact topological spaces K such that the Banach space C(K), consisting of the continuous real-valued functions on K with the supremum norm, has few operators, in the sense that all operators on C(K) have the form gI+S, where I is the identity operator, g\\ belongs to C(K) and S is weakly compact. We emphasize the constructions where K is connected, which implies that C(K) is indecomposable. Assuming Diamond Axiom, a combinatoric axiom stronger than the continuum hypothesis, we construct a Banach space C(K) where C(L) has few operators, for every L closed subspace of K. Under continuum hypothesis we construct an indecomposable C(K) with few operators such that K contains $\\beta \\mathbb$ homeomorphically. In ZFC we construct a space C(K) with few operators in a strictly weaker sense. We also show the existence of at least continuum pairwise essentially incomparable indecomposable Banach spaces C(K). Using forcing, we prove that there exists consistently a Banach space C(K) of density smaller than continuum having few operators and an indecomposable C(K) of density smaller than continuum.

We study weak convergence of sequences in Banach spaces. In particular, we compare the notions of weak and norm convergence. Although these modes of convergence usually differ, we show that in ℓ¹ they coincide. We then show a theorem of Rosenthal's which states that if {𝓍ₙ} is a bounded sequence in a Banach space, then {𝓍ₙ} has a subsequence {𝓍'ₙ} satisfying one of the following two mutually exclusive alternatives; (i) {𝓍'ₙ} is weakly Cauchy, or (ii) {𝓍'ₙ} is equivalent to the unit vector basis of ℓ¹.

Spreading models have become fundamental to the study of asymptotic geometry in Banach spaces. The existence of spreading models in every Banach space, and the so-called good sequences which generate them, was one of the first applications of Ramsey theory in Banach space theory. We use Ramsey theory and other techniques from infinitary combinatorics to examine some old and new questions concerning spreading models and good sequences. First, we consider the lp spreading model problem which asks whether a Banach space contains lp provided that every spreading model of a normalized block basic sequence of the basis is isometrically equivalent to lp. Next, using the Hindman-Milliken-Taylor theorem, we prove a new stabilization theorem for spreading models which produces a basic sequence all of whose normalized constant coefficient block basic sequences are good. When the resulting basic sequence is semi-normalized, all the spreading models generated by the above good sequences must be uniformly equivalent to lp or c0. Finally, we investigate the assumption that every normalized block tree on a Banach space has a good branch. This turns out to be a very strong assumption and is equivalent to the space being 1-asymptotic lp. We also show that the stronger assumption that every block basic sequence is good is equivalent to the space being stabilized 1-asymptotic lp.

We investigate properties of Koszmider spaces. We show that if K and L are compact Hausdor spaces with no isolated points, K is Koszmider and C(K) is isomorphic to C(L), then K and L are homeomorphic and, in particular, L is also Koszmider. We also analyse topological properties of Koszmider spaces and show that a connected Koszmider space is strongly rigid. In addition to Koszmider spaces, we introduce the notion of weakly Koszmider spaces. Having established an alternative characterisation thereof, we show that, while it is evident that every Koszmider space is weakly Koszmider, the reverse implication does not hold. We also prove that if C(K) and C(L) are isomorphic and K is weakly Koszmider, then so is L. However, if K is Koszmider, there always exists a non-Koszmider space L such that C(K) and C(L) are isomorphic. In the second part of the thesis we present two separable Koszmider spaces the construction of which does not use any set-theoretical assumptions except for the usual (ZFC) axioms. The first space is zero-dimensional, being the Stone space of a Boolean algebra. The second construction results in a separable connected Koszmider space.