This thesis will study the development of the Palestinian women's movement in the West Bank and Gaza Strip from the Mandate period (1920) to the outbreak of the Al Aqsa Intifada (2000). This work will attempt to outline the evolution of this movement and the impact of two factors that have significantly affected the form and course of its development; the first of which and the principal force is Palestinian Nationalism; the second is Islamism. / Nationalism and Islamism are presented here as two formations that functioned separately and in conjunction to present impediments to the ability of an independent Palestinian women's movement to develop and implement a social feminist agenda aimed at establishing gender equality and ensuring women's legal and political rights within Palestinian society.

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South Africa's adherence to the Gold Standard while many other countries abandoned it, placed the country in a difficult position. This was exacerbated by the worldwide economic depression that resulted in the sharp decline of primary commodity prices, a decrease in demand and unemployment. The commercial banks in South Africa were obviously also affected by the prevailing circumstances and the position of one of them, Barclays Bank (Dominion, Colonial and Overseas) will be the focus of this study. One of the most important questions that will receive attention is to what extent the bank was affected by the gold standard crisis. Linked closely to this is the question of the nature of the problems encountered by the bank and the measures, if any, it took to overcome these difficulties. In this regard it will be necessary to investigate the most important areas of the imperial banks' business and the type of customers they served. Another question or issue to be investigated is the relationship between the two British banks on the one hand and the South African Reserve Bank and the government on the other. The establishment of the Reserve Bank was not openly welcomed by the imperial banks as they feared competition from the Bank while, with their considerable balances overseas, they were not convinced that there existed a need for a central bank in South Africa. In this respect, the question of co-operation between the two banks will also receive attention. / Prof. G Verhoef

O Banco Mundial parece estar se engajando cada vez mais em ofertar idéias acerca das políticas que seriam adequadas aos países ditos em desenvolvimento. Estudei o desenvolvimento e a oferta dessas propostas de política, dedicando especial atenção as propostas de políticas de saúde. Concebendo-as como um conjunto de argumentos elaborados com vistas a persuadir um certo auditório, busquei compreender a gênese dessas propostas a partir da hipótese de que esse auditório relevante era constituído pela comunidade internacional do desenvolvimento. Para tal, empreendi três movimentos de investigação. Primeiramente caracterizei esse auditório a comunidade internacional de ajuda ao desenvolvimento traçando um esboço de sua história e descrevendo as principais características das instituições que a integram. Depois me voltei para as práticas internas do Banco Mundial. Procurei identificar as regras básicas que têm norteado o processo de reprodução e transformação das práticas naquela instituição ao longo de sua existência, para contextualizar o engajamento do Banco com a oferta de idéias. Por fim, examinei as propostas de política de saúde (apenas as relativas à configuração dos sistemas nacionais de saúde) identificando os principais argumentos e estratégias de argumentação utilizados. A narrativa que apresento ressalta uma dimensão do fenômeno da oferta de idéias ainda pouco discutidas na literatura sobre o Banco Mundial: que elas podem ser compreendidas no bojo da dinâmica de competição e cooperação no interior da comunidade internacional de ajuda ao desenvolvimento. / The World Bank seems to be more and more engaged in offering ideas of the more adequate policies to the so-called developing countries. I have studied the development and offer of such proposals, paying special attention health policies proposals. In conceiving them as a set of arguments designed to persuade a certain audience, I've tried to understand the genesis of such proposals, departing from the hypothesis that this relevant audience was the international development community.So I considered three movements of investigation. First I characterized the audience the international development assistance community , sketching an outline of its history and describing the main features of its institutions. Then I focused on the World Bank's internal practices. I tried to identify the basic rules which have guided the reproduction and transformation process within that institution along its existence, in order to contextualize the Bank's commitment to the offer of ideas. Finally, I have examined the health policies proposals (only the ones concerning the configuration of national health systems), identifying the main arguments and strategies employed. The narrative presented here points out the dimension of the phenomenon of the offer of ideas not much discussed yet in the literature on the World Bank: that these ideas can be understood within the dynamics of competition and cooperation in the international development assistance community.

O Banco Mundial parece estar se engajando cada vez mais em ofertar idéias acerca das políticas que seriam adequadas aos países ditos em desenvolvimento. Estudei o desenvolvimento e a oferta dessas propostas de política, dedicando especial atenção as propostas de políticas de saúde. Concebendo-as como um conjunto de argumentos elaborados com vistas a persuadir um certo auditório, busquei compreender a gênese dessas propostas a partir da hipótese de que esse auditório relevante era constituído pela comunidade internacional do desenvolvimento. Para tal, empreendi três movimentos de investigação. Primeiramente caracterizei esse auditório a comunidade internacional de ajuda ao desenvolvimento traçando um esboço de sua história e descrevendo as principais características das instituições que a integram. Depois me voltei para as práticas internas do Banco Mundial. Procurei identificar as regras básicas que têm norteado o processo de reprodução e transformação das práticas naquela instituição ao longo de sua existência, para contextualizar o engajamento do Banco com a oferta de idéias. Por fim, examinei as propostas de política de saúde (apenas as relativas à configuração dos sistemas nacionais de saúde) identificando os principais argumentos e estratégias de argumentação utilizados. A narrativa que apresento ressalta uma dimensão do fenômeno da oferta de idéias ainda pouco discutidas na literatura sobre o Banco Mundial: que elas podem ser compreendidas no bojo da dinâmica de competição e cooperação no interior da comunidade internacional de ajuda ao desenvolvimento. / The World Bank seems to be more and more engaged in offering ideas of the more adequate policies to the so-called developing countries. I have studied the development and offer of such proposals, paying special attention health policies proposals. In conceiving them as a set of arguments designed to persuade a certain audience, I've tried to understand the genesis of such proposals, departing from the hypothesis that this relevant audience was the international development community.So I considered three movements of investigation. First I characterized the audience the international development assistance community , sketching an outline of its history and describing the main features of its institutions. Then I focused on the World Bank's internal practices. I tried to identify the basic rules which have guided the reproduction and transformation process within that institution along its existence, in order to contextualize the Bank's commitment to the offer of ideas. Finally, I have examined the health policies proposals (only the ones concerning the configuration of national health systems), identifying the main arguments and strategies employed. The narrative presented here points out the dimension of the phenomenon of the offer of ideas not much discussed yet in the literature on the World Bank: that these ideas can be understood within the dynamics of competition and cooperation in the international development assistance community.

L’industrie cimentière française possède une influence internationale considérable. L’entreprise Lafarge est aujourd’hui le numéro un mondial du ciment. Ses concurrents français sont tout aussi performants. On peut citer Vicat, entreprise familiale, ou la société Ciment Français, filiale du groupe Heidelberg-Italcementi. Ciments Français est une entreprise héritière du groupe Poliet et Chausson. En 1971, suite au rachat de la branche cimentière de Poliet et Chausson par Ciments Français, les départements des ciments des deux groupes fusionnent. Puis, Poliet et Chausson est transformée en société holding de distribution de matériaux de construction sous le nom de Poliet S.A. Elle est rachetée par Saint Gobain en 1996 et son nom disparaît. La firme a pourtant été la première entreprise française de ciment en 1930. C’est la monographie de cette entreprise que s’attache à retranscrire cette thèse. L’histoire de Poliet et Chausson au cours du XXe siècle est tortueuse. Par un effet d’aubaine, cette entreprise parisienne de matériaux de construction, profite de l’invention du marché du ciment pour devenir l’un des plus grands producteurs de ciment français au cours des années 1930. Sa trajectoire est parallèle à celle de l’entreprise Lafarge. Elle en diffère cependant par bien des points. Émaillée d’embûches, elle oscille entre des moments de succès considérables et des périodes plus troublées. Entre industrialisation et désindustrialisation, l’histoire de Poliet et Chausson s’écrit dans l’ombre de son concurrent plus brillant, Lafarge. Comment expliquer la réussite de l’un et la disparition de l’autre ? / The French cement industry has considerable international influence. Lafarge is now the world's largest cement company. Its French competitors are equally performing. These include Vicat, a family business, or Ciment Français, a subsidiary of the Italcementi group. Ciments Français is a company inheriting from the group Poliet and Chausson. In 1971, following the purchase of the cement sector of Poliet and Chausson by Ciments Français, the cement departments of the two groups merged. Then Poliet and Chausson was transformed into a holding company for the distribution of building materials under the name Poliet S.A. It was bought by Saint Gobain in 1996 and its name disappeared. The firm was, however, the first French cement company in 1930. This thesis attempts to transcribe the monography of Poliet and Chausson. The history of Poliet and Chausson during the twentieth century is tortuous. Through a windfall effect, this Parisian company of building materials, profits from the invention of the cement market to become one of the largest producers of French cement in the 1930s. Its trajectory is parallel to that of the Lafarge company. However, it differs in many aspects. It is fraught with obstacles, and oscillates between moments of considerable success and more troubled periods. Between industrialization and desindustrialization, the story of Poliet and Chausson is written in the shadow of its brighter competitor, Lafarge. How can we explain the success of the one and the disappearance of the other?

The Diploma Thesis deals with the banking crisis and aims to account for different approaches to the understanding of the nature of banking crisis. The Thesis further aims to provide answers why the banking crisis are caused and why so far there are no measures that would effectivelly prevent such crisis. At first, the Thesis states the definition of banking with the emphasis on banks as the institutional backbone of the current functioning of the financial system. The Thesis pays specific attention to the characteristics of two basic legal banking instruments, particulary loans and deposits. While acknowledging the loan expansion, the thesis argues the role of regulatory authorities and the limits of their competences in regards to the prevention of crisis. Followingly, the Thesis offers a view on a banking crisis phenomenon with appropriate historical overview outlining the banking crisis in Czechoslovakia in years 1918 to 1939 and after 1989, the loan expension influence on the business cycles and approaches to banking crisis solving in respect to stabilization of the banking system and restructuring of banks. At last but not least, the Thesis sums up the global financial crisis that started as a banking crisis, respectively as a crisis of one segment of the banking market in the United States...