This thesis considers the relationship between practices, communities and continuity in intermittent organisational arrangements. Cultural festivals are argued to offer one such particularly rich and nuanced research context; within this study their potential to transcend intermittent enactment emerged as a significant avenue of enquiry. The engagement of organisation studies with theories of practice has produced a rich practice-based corpus, diverse in both theoretical concerns and empirical approaches to the study of practice. Nevertheless, continuity presents an, as yet, under-theorised aspect of this field. Thus, the central questions of this thesis concern: the practices that underpin the enactment of festivals; the themes emerging from these practices for further consideration; and relationships between festivals and the wider context within which they are enacted. These issues were explored empirically through a qualitative study of the enactment of a community-centred film festival. Following from the adoption of a ‘practice-lens approach', this study yielded forty-eight practices, through which to explore five themes emerging from analysis: Safeguarding, Legitimising, Gatekeeping, Connecting and Negotiating Boundaries. This study revealed an aspect of the wider field of practice that has not yet been fully examined by practice-based studies: the cementing or anchoring mechanisms that contribute to temporal continuity in intermittent, temporary or project-based organisations. The findings of this thesis suggest a processual model, which collectively reinforces an organisational memory that survives periods of latency and facilitates the re-emergence of practice, thus potentially enabling organisations to endure across intermittent enactment and, ultimately, transcend temporality and ephemerality. The themes examined and insights offered in this thesis seek to contribute to: practice-based studies and film-festival studies; forging a new path linking these two disciplines; and generating both theoretical and practical insights of interest to festival organisers and stakeholders of project-based, temporary or intermittent organisational arrangements.

The assessment of the direct and indirect requirements for energy is known as embodied energy analysis. For buildings, the direct energy includes that used primarily on site, while the indirect energy includes primarily the energy required for the manufacture of building materials. This thesis is concerned with the completeness and reliability of embodied energy analysis methods. Previous methods tend to address either one of these issues, but not both at the same time. Industry-based methods are incomplete. National statistical methods, while comprehensive, are a ‘black box’ and are subject to errors. A new hybrid embodied energy analysis method is derived to optimise the benefits of previous methods while minimising their flaws. In industry-based studies, known as ‘process analyses’, the energy embodied in a product is traced laboriously upstream by examining the inputs to each preceding process towards raw materials. Process analyses can be significantly incomplete, due to increasing complexity. The other major embodied energy analysis method, ‘input-output analysis’, comprises the use of national statistics. While the input-output framework is comprehensive, many inherent assumptions make the results unreliable. Hybrid analysis methods involve the combination of the two major embodied energy analysis methods discussed above, either based on process analysis or input-output analysis. The intention in both hybrid analysis methods is to reduce errors associated with the two major methods on which they are based. However, the problems inherent to each of the original methods tend to remain, to some degree, in the associated hybrid versions. Process-based hybrid analyses tend to be incomplete, due to the exclusions associated with the process analysis framework. However, input-output-based hybrid analyses tend to be unreliable because the substitution of process analysis data into the input-output framework causes unwanted indirect effects. A key deficiency in previous input-output-based hybrid analysis methods is that the input-output model is a ‘black box’, since important flows of goods and services with respect to the embodied energy of a sector cannot be readily identified. A new input-output-based hybrid analysis method was therefore developed, requiring the decomposition of the input-output model into mutually exclusive components (ie, ‘direct energy paths’). A direct energy path represents a discrete energy requirement, possibly occurring one or more transactions upstream from the process under consideration. For example, the energy required directly to manufacture the steel used in the construction of a building would represent a direct energy path of one non-energy transaction in length. A direct energy path comprises a ‘product quantity’ (for example, the total tonnes of cement used) and a ‘direct energy intensity’ (for example, the energy required directly for cement manufacture, per tonne). The input-output model was decomposed into direct energy paths for the ‘residential building construction’ sector. It was shown that 592 direct energy paths were required to describe 90% of the overall total energy intensity for ‘residential building construction’. By extracting direct energy paths using yet smaller threshold values, they were shown to be mutually exclusive. Consequently, the modification of direct energy paths using process analysis data does not cause unwanted indirect effects. A non-standard individual residential building was then selected to demonstrate the benefits of the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method in cases where the products of a sector may not be similar. Particular direct energy paths were modified with case specific process analysis data. Product quantities and direct energy intensities were derived and used to modify some of the direct energy paths. The intention of this demonstration was to determine whether 90% of the total embodied energy calculated for the building could comprise the process analysis data normally collected for the building. However, it was found that only 51% of the total comprised normally collected process analysis. The integration of process analysis data with 90% of the direct energy paths by value was unsuccessful because: • typically only one of the direct energy path components was modified using process analysis data (ie, either the product quantity or the direct energy intensity); • of the complexity of the paths derived for ‘residential building construction’; and • of the lack of reliable and consistent process analysis data from industry, for both product quantities and direct energy intensities. While the input-output model used was the best available for Australia, many errors were likely to be carried through to the direct energy paths for ‘residential building construction’. Consequently, both the value and relative importance of the direct energy paths for ‘residential building construction’ were generally found to be a poor model for the demonstration building. This was expected. Nevertheless, in the absence of better data from industry, the input-output data is likely to remain the most appropriate for completing the framework of embodied energy analyses of many types of products—even in non-standard cases. ‘Residential building construction’ was one of the 22 most complex Australian economic sectors (ie, comprising those requiring between 592 and 3215 direct energy paths to describe 90% of their total energy intensities). Consequently, for the other 87 non-energy sectors of the Australian economy, the input-output-based hybrid analysis method is likely to produce more reliable results than those calculated for the demonstration building using the direct energy paths for ‘residential building construction’. For more complex sectors than ‘residential building construction’, the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method derived here allows available process analysis data to be integrated with the input-output data in a comprehensive framework. The proportion of the result comprising the more reliable process analysis data can be calculated and used as a measure of the reliability of the result for that product or part of the product being analysed (for example, a building material or component). To ensure that future applications of the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method produce reliable results, new sources of process analysis data are required, including for such processes as services (for example, ‘banking’) and processes involving the transformation of basic materials into complex products (for example, steel and copper into an electric motor). However, even considering the limitations of the demonstration described above, the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method developed achieved the aim of the thesis: to develop a new embodied energy analysis method that allows reliable process analysis data to be integrated into the comprehensive, yet unreliable, input-output framework. Plain language summary Embodied energy analysis comprises the assessment of the direct and indirect energy requirements associated with a process. For example, the construction of a building requires the manufacture of steel structural members, and thus indirectly requires the energy used directly and indirectly in their manufacture. Embodied energy is an important measure of ecological sustainability because energy is used in virtually every human activity and many of these activities are interrelated. This thesis is concerned with the relationship between the completeness of embodied energy analysis methods and their reliability. However, previous industry-based methods, while reliable, are incomplete. Previous national statistical methods, while comprehensive, are a ‘black box’ subject to errors. A new method is derived, involving the decomposition of the comprehensive national statistical model into components that can be modified discretely using the more reliable industry data, and is demonstrated for an individual building. The demonstration failed to integrate enough industry data into the national statistical model, due to the unexpected complexity of the national statistical data and the lack of available industry data regarding energy and non-energy product requirements. These unique findings highlight the flaws in previous methods. Reliable process analysis and input-output data are required, particularly for those processes that were unable to be examined in the demonstration of the new embodied energy analysis method. This includes the energy requirements of services sectors, such as banking, and processes involving the transformation of basic materials into complex products, such as refrigerators. The application of the new method to less complex products, such as individual building materials or components, is likely to be more successful than to the residential building demonstration.

[pt] Como os padrões de ação são (re)criados em um ambiente altamente regulamentado? Este estudo objetiva apresentar proposições teóricas acerca de que quanto mais as pessoas vivenciam rotinas adaptativas em um ambiente altamente regulamentado, mais os padrões de ação são recompostos e legitimados a partir do repertório de práticas. Devido ao seu papel efetivo no organizing e ao seu poder generativo em produzir novos padrões de ação ao longo do tempo (PENTLAND e HAEREM, 2015), as rotinas foram aplicadas como unidades de análise para compreender os elementos constituintes da rotina adaptativa no contexto social (PENTLAND et al., 2011) de uma organização altamente regulamentada, além de possibilitar a análise de como ocorre o processo de (re)criação dos padrões de ação tendo como fundamento os Estudos Baseados na prática (FELDMAN e ORLIKOWSKI, 2011). A regulamentação foi analisada abordando as dimensões apresentadas no trabalho de Pentland (1995), com foco na estrutura organizacional, cultura, tecnologia, coordenação e processos, aplicados ao modelo construtivista de Orlikowski (2000), que contribuiu para a construção da visão macro de distintos contextos presentes nas práticas sociais analisadas na organização. Após a construção da visão macro do contexto do ambiente altamente regulamentado, aplicou-se o modelo do sistema generativo interacionista simbólico de Dionysiou e Tsoukas (2013), que proporcionou o entendimento de como os padrões de ação na prática são criados, compartilhados, mantidos e alterados coletivamente, por meio de ciclos de interação coletivos a partir do mecanismo de tomada de papéis de Mead (1934). Assim, por meio do método do estudo de caso interacionista simbólico, a pesquisa de campo foi dividida em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa de coleta de dados realizou-se a observação direta, que ocorreu no período de 22 de agosto a 14 de outubro de 2016, gerando dados primários das práticas dos sujeitos in loco, evidenciados pelas notas de campo, e dados secundários oriundos da análise documental das políticas internas da empresa, documentos normativos, múltiplos documentos do sistema de gestão da qualidade como as instruções de trabalho, formulários de distintos setores e informações sobre as tecnologias e sistemas de TI para execução dos procedimentos da empresa. A segunda etapa de coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas com 24 pessoas, para captar a percepção dos atores sobre suas práticas. Os dados foram sistematizados pela análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 2011) com auxílio do sistema ATLAS.ti. Os resultados do estudo apresentaram três formas distintas de como os padrões de ação podem variar em ambiente altamente regulamentado, sustentando, assim, que o tipo de agencement (GHERARDI, 2016), ou seja, o tipo de conexões estabelecidas na relação entre agentes, agência, estrutura, artefatos falantes e silenciosos, componentes não humanos e ação que compõem o contexto, e sua conexão com os elementos intervenientes (estilo de gestão, tipo de área funcional, accountability, integração da equipe, experiência, cognitivo, motivação, engajamento de recursos pessoais, engajamento afetivo e amplitude da network) afetam a variação dos padrões de ação. Outro aspecto relevante é que quanto maior a necessidade de inclusão de indivíduos de grupos distintos (outras áreas e de níveis hierárquicos diferentes) no processo de validação consensual coletiva, maior a necessidade de ciclos de interação para o alinhamento das ações. Assim, aumenta-se a complexidade desse processo, além de diminuir a sua dinâmica e fluidez para a adaptação das ações dos atores diante das incertezas do contexto. Enfim, o estudo propõe ponderações para a literatura das rotinas organizacionais na prática social, explorando as rotinas adaptativas em ambiente altamente regulamentado que induzem a (re)recomposição de padrões de ação a partir do repertório de práticas. Nesse contexto, o céu é o limite para criatividade dos atores / [en] How are action patterns (re) created in a highly regulated environment? This study aims to present theoretical propositions about how more people experience adaptive routines in a highly regulated environment, but the patterns of action are recomposed and legitimized from the repertoire of practices. Due to its effective role in organizing and its generative power to produce new patterns of action over time (PENTLAND and HAEREM, 2015), routines were applied as units of analysis to understand the constituent elements of the adaptive routine in the social context PENTLAND et al., 2011) of a highly regulated organization, besides allowing the analysis of how the process of (re) creation of action patterns occurs on the basis of Practice-Based Studies (FELDMAN and ORLIKOWSKI, 2011). The regulation was analyzed by addressing the dimensions presented in the work of Pentland (1995), focusing on the organizational structure, culture, technology, coordination and processes, applied to the constructivist model of Orlikowski (2000), which contributed to the construction of the macro view of different Contexts present in the social practices analyzed in the organization. After constructing the macro view of the highly regulated environment context, the Dionysiou and Tsoukas (2013) symbolic interactional generative system model was applied, which provided an understanding of how patterns of action in practice are created, shared, maintained and Altered collectively, by means of collective interaction cycles from the paper-making mechanism of Mead (1934). Thus, through the method of the symbolic interactionist case study, field research was divided into two stages. In the first stage of data collection, a direct observation was performed, which occurred from August 22 to October 14, 2016, generating primary data of the in loco practices, evidenced by field notes, and secondary data Document analysis of the company s internal policies, normative documents, multiple quality management system documents such as work instructions, forms from different sectors and information on IT technologies and systems to carry out company procedures. The second stage of data collection took place through the interviews with 24 people, to capture the actors perception of their practices. The data were systematized by the content analysis (BARDIN, 2011) with the aid of the ATLAS.ti system. The results of the study presented three different ways in which patterns of action may vary in a highly regulated environment, thus maintaining that the type of agencement (GHERARDI, 2016), in other words, the type of connections established in the relationship between agents, agency, (Management Style, Functional Area Type, Accountability, Team Integration, Experience, Cognitive, Motivation, Engagement) Of Personal Resources, Affective Engagement, and Network Amplitude) that all of these aspects together affect the variation of action patterns. Another relevant aspect is the greater the need to include individuals from different groups (other areas and different hierarchical levels) in the collective consensual validation process, the greater the need for interaction cycles for the alignment of actions and, thus, increases The complexity of this process, in addition to reducing its dynamics and fluidity for the adaptation of the actors actions in the face of the uncertainties of the context. Finally, the study proposes weightings for the literature of organizational routines in social practice, exploring the adaptive routines in a highly regulated environment that induce (re) recomposition of action patterns from the repertoire of practices. In this context, the sky is the limit for the creativity of actors to (re) create their action patterns, but it is imperative to keep your feet on the ground revering the mantle of regulation.

This dissertation describes the credibility judgment process using social psychological theories of dual-processing, which state that information processing outcomes are the result of an interaction “between a fast, associative information- processing mode based on low-effort heuristics, and a slow, rule-based information processing mode based on high-effort systematic reasoning” (Chaiken & Trope, 1999, p. ix). Further, this interaction is illustrated by describing credibility judgments as a choice between examining easily identified peripheral cues (the messenger) and content (the message), leading to different evaluations in different settings. The focus here is on the domain of the Web, where ambiguous authorship, peer- produced content, and the lack of gatekeepers create an environment where credibility judgments are a necessary routine in triaging information. It reviews the relevant literature on existing credibility frameworks and the component factors that affect credibility judgments. The online encyclopedia (instantiated as Wikipedia and Encyclopedia Britannica) is then proposed as a canonical form to examine the credibility judgment process. The two main claims advanced here are (1) that information sources are composed of both message (the content) and messenger (the way the message is delivered), and that the messenger impacts perceived credibility; and (2) that perceived credibility is tempered by information need (individual engagement). These claims were framed by the models proposed by Wathen & Burkell (2002) and Chaiken (1980) to forward a composite dual process theory of credibility judgments, which was tested by two experimental studies. The independent variables of interest were: media format (print or electronic); reputation of source (Wikipedia or Britannica); and the participant’s individual involvement in the research task (high or low). The results of these studies encourage a more nuanced understanding of the credibility judgment process by framing it as a dual-process model, and showing that certain mediating variables can affect the relative use of low-effort evaluation and high- effort reasoning when forming a perception of credibility. Finally, the results support the importance of messenger effects on perceived credibility, implying that credibility judgments, especially in the online environment, and especially in cases of low individual engagement, are based on peripheral cues rather than an informed evaluation of content. / text